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Zhou X, Dai N, Yu D, Niu T, Wang S. Exploring galectin-3's role in predicting mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes and its regulation by miRNAs. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1443133. [PMID: 39144658 PMCID: PMC11322075 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1443133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the role of galectin-3 (Gal-3; coded by LGALS3 gene), as a biomarker for MCI in T2DM patients and to develop and validate a predictive nomogram integrating galectin-3 with clinical risk factors for MCI prediction. Additionally, microRNA regulation of LGALS3 was explored. Methods The study employed a cross-sectional design. A total of 329 hospitalized T2DM patients were recruited and randomly allocated into a training cohort (n = 231) and a validation cohort (n = 98) using 7:3 ratio. Demographic data and neuropsychological assessments were recorded for all participants. Plasma levels of galectin-3 were measured using ELISA assay. We employed Spearman's correlation and multivariable linear regression to analyze the relationship between galectin-3 levels and cognitive performance. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify independent risk factors for MCI in T2DM patients. Based on these analyses, a predictive nomogram incorporating galectin-3 and clinical predictors was developed. The model's performance was evaluated in terms of discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility. Regulatory miRNAs were identified using bioinformatics and their interactions with LGALS3 were confirmed through qRT-PCR and luciferase reporter assays. Results Galectin-3 was identified as an independent risk factor for MCI, with significant correlations to cognitive decline in T2DM patients. The developed nomogram, incorporating Gal-3, age, and education levels, demonstrated excellent predictive performance with an AUC of 0.813 in the training cohort and 0.775 in the validation cohort. The model outperformed the baseline galectin-3 model and showed a higher net benefit in clinical decision-making. Hsa-miR-128-3p was significantly downregulated in MCI patients, correlating with increased Gal-3 levels, while Luciferase assays confirmed miR-128-3p's specific binding and influence on LGALS3. Conclusion Our findings emphasize the utility of Gal-3 as a viable biomarker for early detection of MCI in T2DM patients. The validated nomogram offers a practical tool for clinical decision-making, facilitating early interventions to potentially delay the progression of cognitive impairment. Additionally, further research on miRNA128's regulation of Gal-3 levels is essential to substantiate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Zhou
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of ENT, Maanshan People’s Hospital, Maanshan, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Niu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Ramírez Hernández E, Hernández Zimbrón LF, Segura Pérez E, Sánchez Salgado JL, Pereyra Morales MA, Zenteno E. Galectin-9 and Tim-3 are upregulated in response to microglial activation induced by the peptide Amyloid-β (25-35). Neuropeptides 2024; 105:102426. [PMID: 38527407 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Galectins are a group of β-galactoside-binding lectins associated with regulating immunological response. In the brains of AD patients and 5xFAD (familial AD) mice, galectin-3 (Gal-3) was highly upregulated and found to be expressed in microglia associated with Aβ plaques. However, the participation of other galectins, specifically galectin-9 (Gal-9) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) receptors, are unknown in the inflammatory response. The experimental model of the Aβ25-35 peptide will allow us to study the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and describe the changes in the expression of the Gal-9 and Tim-3 receptor. This study aimed to evaluate whether Aβ25-35 peptide administration into the lateral ventricles of rats upregulated Gal-9 and Tim-3 implicated in the modulation of neuroinflammation. The vehicle or Aβ25-35 peptide (1 μg/μL) was bilaterally administered into the lateral ventricles of the rat, and control group. After the administration of the Aβ25-35 peptide, animals were tested for learning (day 29) and spatial memory (day 30) in the novel object recognition test (NOR). On day 31, hippocampus was examined for morphological changes by Nilss stain, biochemical changes by NO2 and MDA, immunohistochemical analysis by astrocytes (GFAP), microglia (Iba1), Gal-9 and Tim-3, and western blot. Our results show the administration of the Aβ25-35 peptide into the lateral ventricles of rats induce memory impairment in the NOR by increases the oxidative stress and inflammatory response. This result is associated with an upregulation of Gal-9 and Tim-3 predominantly detected in the microglia cells of Aβ25-35-treated rats with respect to the control group. Gal-9 and Tim-3 are upregulated in activated microglia that could modulate the inflammatory response and damage in neurodegenerative processes induced by the Aβ25-35 peptide. Therefore, we suggest that Gal-9 and Tim-3 participate in the inflammatory process induced by the administration of the Aβ25-35 peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Ramírez Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Emmanuel Segura Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Sánchez Salgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mohamed Ali Pereyra Morales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Nucleic acid drug vectors for diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:39. [PMID: 36650130 PMCID: PMC9844208 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid drugs have the advantages of rich target selection, simple in design, good and enduring effect. They have been demonstrated to have irreplaceable superiority in brain disease treatment, while vectors are a decisive factor in therapeutic efficacy. Strict physiological barriers, such as degradation and clearance in circulation, blood-brain barrier, cellular uptake, endosome/lysosome barriers, release, obstruct the delivery of nucleic acid drugs to the brain by the vectors. Nucleic acid drugs against a single target are inefficient in treating brain diseases of complex pathogenesis. Differences between individual patients lead to severe uncertainties in brain disease treatment with nucleic acid drugs. In this Review, we briefly summarize the classification of nucleic acid drugs. Next, we discuss physiological barriers during drug delivery and universal coping strategies and introduce the application methods of these universal strategies to nucleic acid drug vectors. Subsequently, we explore nucleic acid drug-based multidrug regimens for the combination treatment of brain diseases and the construction of the corresponding vectors. In the following, we address the feasibility of patient stratification and personalized therapy through diagnostic information from medical imaging and the manner of introducing contrast agents into vectors. Finally, we take a perspective on the future feasibility and remaining challenges of vector-based integrated diagnosis and gene therapy for brain diseases.
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Jayaswamy PK, Vijaykrishnaraj M, Patil P, Alexander LM, Kellarai A, Shetty P. Implicative role of epidermal growth factor receptor and its associated signaling partners in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 83:101791. [PMID: 36403890 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a pivotal role in early brain development, although its expression pattern declines in accordance with the maturation of the active nervous system. However, recurrence of EGFR expression in brain cells takes place during neural functioning decline and brain atrophy in order to maintain the homeostatic neuronal pool. As a consequence, neurotoxic lesions such as amyloid beta fragment (Aβ1-42) formed during the alternative splicing of amyloid precursor protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD) elevate the expression of EGFR. This inappropriate peptide deposition on EGFR results in the sustained phosphorylation of the downstream signaling axis, leading to extensive Aβ1-42 production and tau phosphorylation as subsequent pathogenesis. Recent reports convey that the pathophysiology of AD is correlated with EGFR and its associated membrane receptor complex molecules. One such family of molecules is the annexin superfamily, which has synergistic relationships with EGFR and is known for membrane-bound signaling that contributes to a variety of inflammatory responses. Besides, Galectin-3, tissue-type activated plasminogen activator, and many more, which lineate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18) result in severe neuronal loss. Altogether, we emphasized the perspectives of cellular senescence up-regulated by EGFR and its associated membrane receptor molecules in the pathogenesis of AD as a target for a therapeutical alternative to intervene in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K Jayaswamy
- Central Research Laboratory, KS. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - M Vijaykrishnaraj
- Central Research Laboratory, KS. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Prakash Patil
- Central Research Laboratory, KS. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Lobo Manuel Alexander
- Department of Neurology, KS. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Adithi Kellarai
- Department of General Medicine, KS. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveenkumar Shetty
- Central Research Laboratory, KS. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India; Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
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Sleep-Disturbance-Induced Microglial Activation Involves CRH-Mediated Galectin 3 and Autophagy Dysregulation. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010160. [PMID: 36611953 PMCID: PMC9818437 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep disturbances (CSDs) including insomnia, insufficient sleep time, and poor sleep quality are major public health concerns around the world, especially in developed countries. CSDs are major health risk factors linked to multiple neurodegenerative and neuropsychological diseases. It has been suggested that CSDs could activate microglia (Mg) leading to increased neuroinflammation levels, which ultimately lead to neuronal dysfunction. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying CSD-mediated microglial activation remain mostly unexplored. In this study, we used mice with three-weeks of sleep fragmentation (SF) to explore the underlying pathways responsible for Mg activation. Our results revealed that SF activates Mg in the hippocampus (HP) but not in the striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFc). SF increased the levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the HP. In vitro mechanism studies revealed that CRH activation of Mg involves galectin 3 (Gal3) upregulation and autophagy dysregulation. CRH could disrupt lysosome membrane integrity resulting in lysosomal cathepsins leakage. CRHR2 blockage mitigated CRH-mediated effects on microglia in vitro. SF mice also show increased Gal3 levels and autophagy dysregulation in the HP compared to controls. Taken together, our results show that SF-mediated hippocampal Mg activation involves CRH mediated galectin 3 and autophagy dysregulation. These findings suggest that targeting the hippocampal CRH system might be a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate CSD-mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Nitro Capsaicin Suppressed Microglial Activation and TNF-α-Induced Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Damage. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112680. [DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronically activated microglia and brain vascular damage are major causes of neuroinflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of nitro capsaicin, a newly modified capsaicin with less irritating characteristics, against microglial activation and brain microvascular endothelial cell damage. Using the SIMA9 microglia cell line, we found that nitro capsaicin reduced nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-activated microglia better than its parent compound, capsaicin. Nitro capsaicin also decreased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and enhanced the levels of anti-inflammatory factors, IL-4 and IL-10, both at the mRNA and protein levels. In the TNF-α-induced vascular damage model, nitro capsaicin decreased expression and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Phosphorylated NF-κB p65, a key transcription factor that stimulates the signaling of inflammatory pathways, was also reduced in the presence of nitro capsaicin, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effects of nitro capsaicin were created through reducing NF-κB activation. Together, we concluded that nitro capsaicin has the potential to be further developed as an anti-neuroinflammatory agent.
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Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Panduratin A against LPS-Induced Microglial Activation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102587. [PMID: 36289849 PMCID: PMC9599841 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled and excessive microglial activation is known to contribute to inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration. Therefore, reducing neurotoxic microglial activation may serve as a new approach to preventing neurodegeneration. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of panduratin A against microglial activation induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the SIMA9 microglial cell line. We initially examined the anti-inflammatory properties of panduratin A by measuring LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Panduratin A significantly reduced NO levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines’ production and secretion. In addition, panduratin A enhanced the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. The anti-inflammatory effects of panduratin A are related to the suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Together, these results demonstrate the anti-inflammatory properties of panduratin A against LPS-induced microglial activation, suggesting panduratin A has the potential to be further developed as a new agent for the prevention of neuroinflammation-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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8
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Mijailović NR, Vesic K, Arsenijevic D, Milojević-Rakić M, Borovcanin MM. Galectin-3 Involvement in Cognitive Processes for New Therapeutic Considerations. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:923811. [PMID: 35875353 PMCID: PMC9296991 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.923811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment may be a consequence of the normal aging process, but it may also be the hallmark of various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Early identification of individuals at particular risk for cognitive decline is critical, as it is imperative to maintain a cognitive reserve in these neuropsychiatric entities. In recent years, galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of the galectin family, has received considerable attention with respect to aspects of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms behind the putative relationship between Gal-3 and cognitive impairment are not yet clear. Intrigued by this versatile molecule and its unique modular architecture, the latest data on this relationship are presented here. This mini-review summarizes recent findings on the mechanisms by which Gal-3 affects cognitive functioning in both animal and human models. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of Gal-3 in modulating the inflammatory response as a fine-tuner of microglia morphology and phenotype. A review of recent literature on the utility of Gal-3 as a biomarker is provided, and approaches to strategically exploit Gal-3 activities with therapeutic intentions in neuropsychiatric diseases are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša R. Mijailović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Nataša R. Mijailović,
| | - Katarina Vesic
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Milica M. Borovcanin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Ramírez Hernández E, Alanis Olvera B, Carmona González D, Guerrero Marín O, Pantoja Mercado D, Valencia Gil L, Hernández-Zimbrón LF, Sánchez Salgado JL, Limón ID, Zenteno E. Neuroinflammation and galectins: a key relationship in neurodegenerative diseases. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:685-699. [PMID: 35653015 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10064-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a pathological condition that is associated with the loss of neuronal function and structure. In neurodegenerative diseases, mounting evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is a common factor that contributes to neuronal damage and neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation is characterized by the activation of microglia, the neuroimmune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), which have been implicated as active contributors to neuronal damage. Glycan structure modification is defining the outcome of neuroinflammation and neuronal regeneration; moreover, the expression of galectins, a group of lectins that specifically recognize β-galactosides, has been proposed as a key factor in neuronal regeneration and modulation of the inflammatory response. Of the different galectins identified, galectin-1 stimulates the secretion of neurotrophic factors in astrocytes and promotes neuronal regeneration, whereas galectin-3 induces the proliferation of microglial cells and modulates cell apoptosis. Galectin-8 emerged as a neuroprotective factor, which, in addition to its immunosuppressive function, could generate a neuroprotective environment in the brain. This review describes the role of galectins in the activation and modulation of astrocytes and microglia and their anti- and proinflammatory functions within the context of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, it discusses the potential use of galectins as a therapeutic target for the inflammatory response and remodeling in damaged tissues in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Ramírez Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Beatriz Alanis Olvera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniela Carmona González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Guerrero Marín
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Denisse Pantoja Mercado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucero Valencia Gil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis F Hernández-Zimbrón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Sánchez Salgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Moyse E, Krantic S, Djellouli N, Roger S, Angoulvant D, Debacq C, Leroy V, Fougere B, Aidoud A. Neuroinflammation: A Possible Link Between Chronic Vascular Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:827263. [PMID: 35663580 PMCID: PMC9161208 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.827263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various age-related diseases involve systemic inflammation, i.e. a stereotyped series of acute immune system responses, and aging itself is commonly associated with low-grade inflammation or inflamm’aging. Neuroinflammation is defined as inflammation-like processes inside the central nervous system, which this review discusses as a possible link between cardiovascular disease-related chronic inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. To this aim, neuroinflammation mechanisms are first summarized, encompassing the cellular effectors and the molecular mediators. A comparative survey of the best-known physiological contexts of neuroinflammation (neurodegenerative diseases and transient ischemia) reveals some common features such as microglia activation. The recently published transcriptomic characterizations of microglia have pointed a marker core signature among neurodegenerative diseases, but also unraveled the discrepancies with neuroinflammations related with acute diseases of vascular origin. We next review the links between systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, beginning with molecular features of respective pro-inflammatory cells, i.e. macrophages and microglia. Finally, we point out a gap of knowledge concerning the atherosclerosis-related neuroinflammation, which is for the most surprising given that atherosclerosis is established as a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Moyse
- University of Tours, EA4245, Transplantation, Immunologie, Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Slavica Krantic
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Inserm U938, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nesrine Djellouli
- University of Tours, EA4245, Transplantation, Immunologie, Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Roger
- University of Tours, EA4245, Transplantation, Immunologie, Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Denis Angoulvant
- University of Tours, EA4245, Transplantation, Immunologie, Inflammation, Tours, France
- Department of Cardiology, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Camille Debacq
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Victoire Leroy
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
- University of Tours, EA7505, Education, Ethics, Health, Tours, France
| | - Bertrand Fougere
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
- University of Tours, EA7505, Education, Ethics, Health, Tours, France
- *Correspondence: Bertrand Fougere,
| | - Amal Aidoud
- University of Tours, EA4245, Transplantation, Immunologie, Inflammation, Tours, France
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
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Yue Q, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Hoi MPM. Murine Beta-Amyloid (1-42) Oligomers Disrupt Endothelial Barrier Integrity and VEGFR Signaling via Activating Astrocytes to Release Deleterious Soluble Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031878. [PMID: 35163801 PMCID: PMC8836933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) overexpress mutations of the human amyloid protein precursor (APP) and presenilin-1 (PSEN1) genes, which are known causes of amyloid pathology in familial AD. However, animal models for studying AD in the context of aging and age-related co-morbidities, such as blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruptions, are lacking. More recently, aged and progeroid mouse models have been proposed as alternatives to study aging-related AD, but the toxicity of murine amyloid-beta protein (Aβ) is not well defined. In this study, we aimed to study the potential toxicity of murine Aβ on brain endothelial cells and astrocytes, which are important components of the BBB, using mouse brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3) and astrocytes (C8-D1A). Murine-soluble Aβ (1–42) oligomers (sAβO42) (10 µM) induced negligible injuries in an endothelial monolayer but induced significant barrier disruptions in a bEnd.3 and C8-D1A co-culture. Similar results of endothelial perturbation were observed in a bEnd.3 monolayer treated with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) generated by astrocytes exposed to sAβO42 (ACM-sAβO42), while additional exogenous sAβO42 did not cause further damage. Western blot analysis showed that ACM-sAβO42 altered the basal activities of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), eNOS, and the signaling of the MEK/ERK and Akt pathways in bEnd.3. Our results showed that murine sAβO42 was moderately toxic to an endothelial and astrocyte co-culture. These damaging effects on the endothelial barrier were induced by deleterious soluble factors released from astrocytes, which disrupted endothelial VEGFR2 signaling and perturbed cell survival and barrier stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China; (Q.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Xinhua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China; (Q.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Maggie Pui Man Hoi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China; (Q.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +853-8822-4876
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Galectin-1-Dependent Mitochondria Apoptosis Plays an Essential Role in the Potential Protein Targets of DBDCT-Induced Hepatotoxicity as Revealed by Quantitative Proteomic Analyses. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:5176300. [PMID: 35154294 PMCID: PMC8824758 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5176300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-n-butyl-di-(4-chlorobenzohydroxamato) tin(IV) (DBDCT), a new patent agent, exhibited strong antitumor activity. In some cases, its activity was close to or even higher than cisplatin, a first-line clinical metallic agent. Similar to platinum compounds, it also showed toxicity. However, the effective targets and mechanisms for specific toxicity and biological activity are still unclear. In this study, proteomic analysis revealed that 146 proteins (98 upregulated and 48 downregulated) were differentially identified by label-free LC-MS/MS after DBDCT treatment. Meanwhile, network analysis of these differential proteins suggested that protein Galectin-1 (Gal-1) could regulate the apoptosis process (15 related proteins), which played an essential role in the potential targets of DBDCT-induced hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that DBDCT might promote ROS production, activate NF-κB p65, inhibit Ras and p-ERK1/2 expressions, increase the level of Gal-1, subsequently upregulate the expressions of Bax, p53, Fas, and FasL, and downregulate the expression of Bcl-2. As a result of these modulations, caspase cascades were finally activated, which executed apoptosis in HL7702 liver cells. Correspondingly, NAC (inhibitor of ROS), PDTC (inhibitor of NF-κB), EGF (ERK1/2 activator), and OTX008 (inhibitor of Gal-1) were found to reverse and abolish the DBDCT-associated cytotoxicity partially. In conclusion, Gal-1 might be the potential target for toxicity and biological activity. Moreover, the present study will lay the groundwork for future research about di-n-butyl-di-(4-chlorobenzohydroxamato) tin structure optimization and developing it into a new potential anticancer agent.
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13
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Nio-Kobayashi J, Itabashi T. Galectins and Their Ligand Glycoconjugates in the Central Nervous System Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:767330. [PMID: 34720894 PMCID: PMC8554236 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.767330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside-binding lectins consisting of 15 members in mammals. Galectin-1,-3,-4,-8, and -9 are predominantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and regulate various physiological and pathological events. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the cellular expression and role of galectins in the CNS, and discusses their functions in neurite outgrowth, myelination, and neural stem/progenitor cell niches, as well as in ischemic/hypoxic/traumatic injuries and neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Galectins are expressed in both neurons and glial cells. Galectin-1 is mainly expressed in motoneurons, whereas galectin-3-positive neurons are broadly distributed throughout the brain, especially in the hypothalamus, indicating its function in the regulation of homeostasis, stress response, and the endocrine/autonomic system. Astrocytes predominantly contain galectin-1, and galectin-3 and−9 are upregulated along with its activation. Activated, but not resting, microglia contain galectin-3, supporting its phagocytic activity. Galectin-1,−3, and -4 are characteristically expressed during oligodendrocyte differentiation. Galectin-3 from microglia promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, while galectin-1 and axonal galectin-4 suppress its differentiation and myelination. Galectin-1- and- 3-positive cells are involved in neural stem cell niche formation in the subventricular zone and hippocampal dentate gyrus, and the migration of newly generated neurons and glial cells to the olfactory bulb or damaged lesions. In neurodegenerative diseases, galectin-1,-8, and -9 have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Galectin-3 facilitates pro-inflammatory action; however, it also plays an important role during the recovery period. Several ligand glycoconjugates have been identified so far such as laminin, integrins, neural cell adhesion molecule L1, sulfatide, neuropilin-1/plexinA4 receptor complex, triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2, and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain. N-glycan branching on lymphocytes and oligodendroglial progenitors mediated by β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (Mgat5/GnTV) influences galectin-binding, modulating inflammatory responses and remyelination in neurodegenerative diseases. De-sulfated galactosaminoglycans such as keratan sulfate are potential ligands for galectins, especially galectin-3, regulating neural regeneration. Galectins have multitudinous functions depending on cell type and context as well as post-translational modifications, including oxidization, phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, and cleavage, but there should be certain rules in the expression patterns of galectins and their ligand glycoconjugates, possibly related to glucose metabolism in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Itabashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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14
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da Rosa MM, de Aguiar Ferreira M, de Oliveira Lima CA, Santos Mendonça AC, Silva YM, Sharjeel M, de Melo Rego MJB, Pereira MC, da Rocha Pitta MG. Alzheimer's disease: Is there a role for galectins? Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 909:174437. [PMID: 34450113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the world's leading cause of neurological dysfunction, cognitive decline, and neuronal loss in the elderly. The sedimentation of beta amyloid (Aβ)-containing plaque, and formation of tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) along with extensive neuroinflammation, are the events that characterize the pathogenesis of AD. Galectins (gal) are carbohydrate-containing-ligand molecules recognized as potential modulators of the brain microglia polarization, immunosurveillance, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection. Galectins 1, 3, 4, 8, and 9 are amongst the 15 members of the galectin family which are expressed in the brain. These galectins possess a significant correlation with neuromodulation through the glial cell-induced cytokine production that plays either a complementary or antagonistic role in the disturbance of the CNS physiology. Therefore, elaborating the hypothesis of galectins in the development of AD is of potential interest. This review aims at discussing the interaction between galectins and the neuropathophysiology of AD. An understanding about how galectins communicate with AD progression could lead to the development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this leading cause of dementia worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Melgarejo da Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Center for Therapeutic Innovation - Suelly Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Recife, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michelly Cristiny Pereira
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation - Suelly Galdino (NUPIT-SG), Recife, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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15
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Soares CB, Daré LR, Lima KR, Lopes LF, Santos AGD, Schimidt HL, Carpes FP, Lloret A, Viña J, Mello-Carpes PB. Multicomponent Training Prevents Memory Deficit Related to Amyloid-β Protein-Induced Neurotoxicity. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:143-154. [PMID: 34275902 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of the amyloid-β peptide in the brain, leading to early oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. It has been suggested that physical exercise could be beneficial in preventing AD, but studies with multicomponent training are scanty. OBJECTIVE Verify the effects of multicomponent exercise training to prevent deficits in recognition memory related to Aβ neurotoxicity. METHODS We subjected Wistar rats to multicomponent training (including aerobic and anaerobic physical exercise and cognitive exercise) and then infused amyloid-β peptide into their hippocampus. RESULTS We show that long-term multicomponent training prevents the amyloid-β-associated neurotoxicity in the hippocampus. It reduces hippocampal lipid peroxidation, restores antioxidant capacity, and increases glutathione levels, finally preventing recognition memory deficits. CONCLUSION Multicomponent training avoids memory deficits related to amyloid-β neurotoxicity on an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leticia Rossi Daré
- Federal University of Pampa, campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jose Viña
- University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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16
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Tan Y, Zheng Y, Xu D, Sun Z, Yang H, Yin Q. Galectin-3: a key player in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:78. [PMID: 33906678 PMCID: PMC8077955 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is characterized by the deposition of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ), the formation of intraneuronal tau neurofibrillary tangles and microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation. One of the key molecules involved in microglial activation is galectin-3 (Gal-3). In recent years, extensive studies have dissected the mechanisms by which Gal-3 modulates microglial activation, impacting Aβ deposition, in both animal models and human studies. In this review article, we focus on the emerging role of Gal-3 in biology and pathobiology, including its origin, its functions in regulating microglial activation and neuroinflammation, and its emergence as a biomarker in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. These aspects are important to elucidate the involvement of Gal-3 in AD pathogenesis and may provide novel insights into the use of Gal-3 for AD diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yanqun Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Dongshan Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, 276017, Shandong, China
| | - Daiwen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The People Hospital of Huaiyin Jinan, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhanfang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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17
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Amyloid Beta Peptides and Th1 Cytokines Modulate Human Brain Vascular Smooth Muscle Tonic Contractile Capacity In Vitro: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:64-75. [PMID: 35366270 PMCID: PMC8830442 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized both by the presence of tau protein neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid beta (Aβ) containing extracellular "plaques". The cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) yields several Aβ peptides. Although Aβ toxicity to neurons has been described extensively, its effects on other components of the neurovasculature such as vascular smooth muscle cells have been less well characterized. AD is now also recognized as a neurovascular disease characterized by cerebral microbleeds and disturbances in autoregulation. AD is also a neuroinflammatory condition in which several proinflammatory cytokines are elevated and may contribute to the intensification of AD severity. Cerebral autoregulation (the mechanism by which brain blood flow is maintained despite changes in perfusion pressure) is extremely tightly controlled in the brain and shows disturbances in AD. The failure of autoregulation in AD may make the brain susceptible to cerebral microbleeds through a reduced capacity to limit blood flow when pressure is increased. Conversely, reduced vasodilation during low flow might could also exacerbate tissue hypoxia. Currently, whether and how Aβ peptides and inflammatory cytokines depress brain smooth muscle cell tonic contraction is not known, but could reveal important targets in the preservation of autoregulation which is disturbed in AD. We used a collagen gel contractility assay to evaluate the influence of Aβ25-35, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 peptides and inflammatory cytokines on the tonic contractility of human brain vascular smooth muscle cells (HBVSMC) as an in vitro model of cerebral autoregulation. We found that 5 and 10 μM Aβ1-42 significantly depressed HBVSM contractility, while Aβ1-40 5-20 μM had no effect on contractility. Conversely, Aβ25-35 (1-50 μM) increased contractility. Interestingly, the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (20 ng/mL), IL-1β (20 ng/mL) and IFN-γ (1000 U/mL) also depressed HBVSM tonic contractility alone and in combination. These data suggest that both the inflammatory milieu in AD as well as the abundance of Aβ peptides may promote autoregulatory failure and increase brain susceptibility to dysregulated perfusion and microbleeds which are an important and devastating characteristic of AD.
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18
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Cao B, Zeng M, Zhang Q, Zhang B, Cao Y, Wu Y, Feng W, Zheng X. Amentoflavone Ameliorates Memory Deficits and Abnormal Autophagy in Aβ 25-35-Induced Mice by mTOR Signaling. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:921-934. [PMID: 33492604 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease in which autophagy plays a crucial role. Amentoflavone is a flavonoid obtained from various plants and has been shown to have AD-resistant neuroprotective effects. This study investigated the role of amentoflavone on memory impairment and abnormal autophagy in amyloid-β25-35 (Aβ25-35)-induced mice to elucidate the mechanisms by which it exerts neuroprotective effects. In this experiment, the AD mouse model was established by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ25-35 peptides, and amentoflavone was administered orally for 4 weeks. Behavioral changes in mice and pathological changes in the hippocampus were observed, and levels of inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy in the brain were detected and analyzed. PC-12 and APPswe-N2a cells were used in vitro to further investigate the effect of amentoflavone on the level of intracellular autophagy. Molecular docking was used to determine the action sites of amentoflavone. The results showed that amentoflavone improved memory function, eased anxiety symptoms in Aβ25-35-induced mice, and reduced atrophic degeneration of neurons in the hippocampus. Moreover, amentoflavone lessened the oxidative stress and inflammation in the brains of mice. Through in vivo and in vitro experiments, we found that amentoflavone may enhance autophagy, by way of binding to the ATP site of the mTOR protein kinase domain. Amentoflavone not only interacted with mTOR, but also improved Aβ25-35-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice by enhancing autophagy, attenuating levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, and reducing apoptosis in brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cao
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengnan Zeng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yangang Cao
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China. .,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
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19
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Deng L, Zhong W, Zhao L, He X, Lian Z, Jiang S, Chen CYC. Artificial Intelligence-Based Application to Explore Inhibitors of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurorobot 2020; 14:617327. [PMID: 33414713 PMCID: PMC7783404 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2020.617327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common factor in neurodegenerative diseases, and it has been demonstrated that galectin-3 activates microglia and astrocytes, leading to inflammation. This means that inhibition of galectin-3 may become a new strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Based on this motivation, the objective of this study is to explore an integrated new approach for finding lead compounds that inhibit galectin-3, by combining universal artificial intelligence algorithms with traditional drug screening methods. Based on molecular docking method, potential compounds with high binding affinity were screened out from Chinese medicine database. Manifold artificial intelligence algorithms were performed to validate the docking results and further screen compounds. Among all involved predictive methods, the deep learning-based algorithm made 500 modeling attempts, and the square correlation coefficient of the best trained model on the test sets was 0.9. The XGBoost model reached a square correlation coefficient of 0.97 and a mean square error of only 0.01. We switched to the ZINC database and performed the same experiment, the results showed that the compounds in the former database showed stronger affinity. Finally, we further verified through molecular dynamics simulation that the complex composed of the candidate ligand and the target protein showed stable binding within 100 ns of simulation time. In summary, combined with the application based on artificial intelligence algorithms, we unearthed the active ingredients 1,2-Dimethylbenzene and Typhic acid contained in Crataegus pinnatifida and Typha angustata might be the effective inhibitors of neurodegenerative diseases. The high prediction accuracy of the models shows that it has practical application value on small sample data sets such as drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leping Deng
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weihe Zhong
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuedong He
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zongkai Lian
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shancheng Jiang
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Calvin Yu-Chian Chen
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, China.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taiwan, China
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20
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Lowther MK, Tunnell JP, Palka JM, King DR, Salako DC, Macris DG, Italiya JB, Grodin JL, North CS, Brown ES. Relationship between inflammatory biomarker galectin-3 and hippocampal volume in a community study. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 348:577386. [PMID: 32927397 PMCID: PMC7673815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is expressed by microglia and performs functions including adhesion; activation of macrophages and fibroblasts, and mediates inflammatory responses in the hippocampus. The present study examined whether serum Gal3 levels predict hippocampal volume in a multi-ethnic, community-based sample. Results of a multiple linear regression (controlling for depression, serum creatinine level, age, BMI, total brain volume, MoCA score, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, history of diabetes) showed that Gal3 levels significantly predicted left (p = .027) but not right hippocampal volume. The relationship was stronger in men than women. Findings suggest this novel inflammatory biomarker is associated with human hippocampal volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Lowther
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America
| | - Jarrod P Tunnell
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America
| | - Jayme M Palka
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America
| | - Darlene R King
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America
| | - Damilola C Salako
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America
| | - Dimitri G Macris
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America
| | - Jay B Italiya
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America
| | - Justin L Grodin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8830, United States of America
| | - Carol S North
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America; The Altshuler Center for Education & Research, Metrocare Services, 1250 Mockingbird Lane, Suite 330, Dallas, TX 75247, United States of America
| | - E Sherwood Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8849, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, United States of America.
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21
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Pan D, Xu M, Chang X, Xia M, Fang Y, Fu Y, Shen W, Wang Y, Sun X. Laser Capture Microdissection-Based RNA Microsequencing Reveals Optic Nerve Crush-Related Early mRNA Alterations in Retinal Ganglion Cell Layer. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:30. [PMID: 33173609 PMCID: PMC7594581 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.11.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To establish a method of laser capture microdissection (LCM) and RNA microsequencing for exploring optic nerve crush (ONC)–related early mRNA alterations in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Methods An LCM protocol was developed using retinal tissue sections to obtain high-quality RNA for microsequencing. Cells in the RGC layer were collected by laser pressure catapulting (LPC) using a PALM Zeiss UV LCM system. The effect of section thickness and slide type on tissue capture success and RNA yield and the integrity after LCM were evaluated. The optimal LCM protocol was used to explore ONC-related early mRNA alterations in the RGC layer. Candidate genes were validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction of the RGC layer tissue dissected by “cut and LPC” using the same LCM system. Results We successfully established an optimal LCM protocol using 30-µm–thick retinal tissue sections mounted on glass slides and laser pressure catapulting (LPC) to collect cells in the RGC layer and to obtain high-quality RNA for microsequencing. On the basis of our protocol, we identified 8744 differentially expressed genes that were involved in ONC-related early mRNA alterations in the RGC layer. Candidate genes included Atf3, Lgals3, LOC102551701, Plaur, Tmem140, and Maml1. Conclusions The LCM-based single-cell RNA sequencing allowed a new sight into the early mRNA changes of RGCs highlighting new molecules associated to ONC. Translational Relevance This technique will be helpful for more accurate transcriptome analysis of clinical pathological samples of ophthalmology and provide important reference for the discovery of new pathological diagnosis indicators and drug development targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Lab of Cell Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengqiao Xu
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mao Xia
- The 12th Hospital of PLA, China
| | - Yibin Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghua Fu
- College of Optoelectronic Information and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Lab of Cell Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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22
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Srejovic I, Selakovic D, Jovicic N, Jakovljević V, Lukic ML, Rosic G. Galectin-3: Roles in Neurodevelopment, Neuroinflammation, and Behavior. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050798. [PMID: 32455781 PMCID: PMC7277476 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a plethora of evidence to suggest that Galectin-3 plays an important role in normal functions of mammalian cells, as well as in different pathogenic conditions. This review highlights recent data published by researchers, including our own team, on roles of Galectin-3 in the nervous system. Here, we discuss the roles of Galectin-3 in brain development, its roles in glial cells, as well as the interactions of glial cells with other neural and invading cells in pathological conditions. Galectin-3 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. On the other hand, there is also evidence of the protective role of Galectin-3 due to its anti-apoptotic effect in target cells. Interestingly, genetic deletion of Galectin-3 affects behavioral patterns in maturing and adult mice. The results reviewed in this paper and recent development of highly specific inhibitors suggests that Galectin-3 may be an important therapeutic target in pathological conditions including the disorders of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Srejovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Dragica Selakovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Nemanja Jovicic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Vladimir Jakovljević
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Department of Physiology—Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Correspondence: (M.L.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Gvozden Rosic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.L.); (G.R.)
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Ramírez Hernández E, Sánchez-Maldonado C, Mayoral Chávez MA, Hernández-Zimbrón LF, Patricio Martínez A, Zenteno E, Limón Pérez de León ID. The therapeutic potential of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:439-448. [PMID: 32303136 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1750955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Neuroinflammation has been proposed as a common factor and one of the main inducers of neuronal degeneration. Galectins are a group of β-galactoside-binding lectins, that play an important role in the immune response, adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell growth. Up to 15 members of the galectin's family have been identified; however, the expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 has been considered a key factor in neuronal regeneration and modulation of the inflammatory response. Galectin-1 is necessary to stimulate the secretion of neurotrophic factors in astrocytes and promoting neuronal regeneration. In contrast, galectin-3 fosters the proliferation of microglial cells and modulates cellular apoptosis, therefore these proteins are considered a useful alternative for the treatment of degenerative diseases.Areas covered: This review describes the roles of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in the modulation of neuroinflammation and their potential as therapeutic targets in the treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.Expert opinion: Although data in the literature vary, the effects of galectin-1 and galectin-3 on the activation and modulation of astrocytes and microglia has been described. Due to its anti-inflammatory effects, galectin-1 is proposed as a molecule with therapeutic potential, whereas the inhibition of galectin-3 could contribute to reduce the neuroinflammatory response in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Ramírez Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Sánchez-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Miguel A Mayoral Chávez
- Centro de Investigaciones Médicas UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México
| | - Luis F Hernández-Zimbrón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.,Departamento de Investigación, Asociación Para Evitar la Ceguera en México, "Hospital Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Aleidy Patricio Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - I Daniel Limón Pérez de León
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
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24
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Patricio-Martínez A, Sánchez-Zavaleta R, Angulo-Cruz I, Gutierrez-Praxedis L, Ramírez E, Martínez-García I, Limón ID. The Acute Activation of the CB1 Receptor in the Hippocampus Decreases Neurotoxicity and Prevents Spatial Memory Impairment in Rats Lesioned with β-Amyloid 25-35. Neuroscience 2019; 416:239-254. [PMID: 31400487 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Given their anti-inflammatory properties, cannabinoids have been shown to be neuroprotective agents and to reduce excitotoxicity, through the activation of the Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1r). These properties have led to CB1r being proposed as pharmacological targets for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases. Amyloid-β 25-35 (Aβ25-35) induces the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and increases nitric oxide (NO●) levels. It has been observed that increased NO● concentrations trigger biochemical pathways that contribute to neuronal death and cognitive damage. This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of an acute activation of CB1r on spatial memory and its impact on iNOS protein expression, NO● levels, gliosis and the neurodegenerative process induced by the injection of Aβ(25-35) into the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus. ACEA [1 μM/1 μL] and Aβ(25-35) [100 μM/1 μL] and their respective vehicle groups were injected into the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus. The animals were tested for spatial learning and memory in the eight-arm radial maze, with the results revealing that the administration of ACEA plus Aβ(25-35) improves learning and memory processes, in contrast with the Aβ(25-35) group. Moreover, ACEA plus Aβ(25-35) prevented both the increase in iNOS protein and NO● levels and the reactive gliosis induced by Aβ(25-35). Importantly, neurodegeneration was significantly reduced by the administration of ACEA plus Aβ(25-35) in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus. The data obtained in the present research suggest that the acute early activation of CB1r is crucial for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleidy Patricio-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Sánchez-Zavaleta
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Isael Angulo-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Liliana Gutierrez-Praxedis
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Eleazar Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Isabel Martínez-García
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.
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Nanowired delivery of cerebrolysin with neprilysin and p-Tau antibodies induces superior neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 245:145-200. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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