NOP01, a NOP receptor agonist, produced potent and peripherally restricted antinociception in a formalin-induced mouse orofacial pain model

Role of neuropeptides in orofacial pain: A literature review

BACKGROUND

Neuropeptides play a critical role in regulating pain and inflammation. Despite accumulating evidence has further uncovered the novel functions and mechanisms of different neuropeptides in orofacial pain sensation and transmission, there is deficient systematic description of neuropeptides' pain modulation in the orofacial region, especially in the trigeminal system.

OBJECTIVES

The present review aims to summarise several key neuropeptides and gain a better understanding of their major regulatory roles in orofacial inflammation and pain.

METHODS

We review and summarise current studies related to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), opioid peptide (OP), galanin (GAL) and other neuropeptides' functions and mechanisms as well as promising targets for orofacial pain control.

RESULTS

A number of neuropeptides are clearly expressed in the trigeminal sensory system and have critical functions in the transduction and pathogenesis of orofacial pain. The functions, possible cellular and molecular mechanisms have been introduced and discussed. Neuropeptides and their agonists or antagonists which are widely studied to be potential treatment options of orofacial pain has been evaluated.

CONCLUSIONS

Various neuropeptides play important but distinct (pro-nociceptive or analgesic) roles in orofacial pain with different mechanisms. In summary, CGRP, SP, NPY, NKA, HK-1, VIP mainly play proinflammatory and pro-nociceptive effects while OP, GAL, OXT, OrxA mainly have inhibitory effects on orofacial pain.

Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2022

This paper is the forty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2022 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).

Synergistic interaction between DAMGO-NH2 and NOP01 in peripherally acting antinociception in two mouse models of formalin pain

The most commonly used opioid analgesics are limited by their severe side-effects in the clinical treatment of pain. Preliminary reports indicate that the combination of classical opioids and N/OFQ receptor (NOP) ligands may be an effective strategy to reduce unwanted side-effects and improve antinociception. But the interaction of these two receptor ligands in pain regulation at the peripheral level remains unclear. In this study, the antinociception of a designed amide analogue of the mu opioid receptor (MOP) peptide agonist DAMGO, DAMGO-NH₂, and its antinociceptive interaction with the peripherally limited NOP peptide agonist NOP01 was investigated in two mouse models of formalin pain. Our results showed that DAMGO-NH₂ acted as a MOP agonist in in vitro functional assays. Moreover, local subcutaneous or intraplantar injection of DAMGO-NH₂ exerted dose-related antinociception in both phases of the formalin orofacial and intraplantar pain, which could be mediated by the classical opioid receptor. Peripheral but not central pretreatment with the peripherally restricted opioid antagonist naloxone methiodide inhibited local DAMGO-NH₂-induced antinociception, supporting the involvement of the peripheral opioid receptor in local DAMGO-NH₂-induced antinociception. Furthermore, co-administration of the inactive doses of DAMGO-NH₂ and NOP01 produced effective antinociception. More importantly, isobolographic analysis indicates that the combination of DAMGO-NH₂ and NOP01 elicited supra-additive antinociception in these two models of formalin pain. In addition, the combination of DAMGO-NH₂ and NOP01 did not change motor function of mice in rotarod test. In conclusion, these data suggest that peripheral DAMGO-NH₂ and particularly its combination therapy with NOP01 may be effective for pain management.