Post-stroke depression: an update

Trajectory and predictors of post-stroke depression among patients with newly diagnosed stroke: A prospective longitudinal study

BACKGROUND

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most prevalent neuropsychological disorder among stroke patients, affecting approximately one-third of stroke survivors at any one time after a stroke. We identified between-person associations between post-stroke depression trajectories across 3 timepoints and predictors affecting trajectory classification among stroke patients.

METHODS

This is a prospective longitudinal study using a convenience sample of 119 participants from 2 tertiary hospitals from March 2022 to September 2022. Clinical assessments and data collection were performed at diagnosis (T1), 3 months (T2), and 6 months (T3) after diagnosis. The instruments were Demographic and Disease Information Sheet and PROMIS-Depression 8a. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0 for descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and the Mplus program for growth mixture model analysis.

RESULTS

Two stroke survivors depression trajectory classes (Class 1, moderate level decreasing- [37.8 %], and Class 2, high level increasing- [62.2%]) were delineated. Class 1 experienced moderate depression post-stroke, with a smooth diminishing pattern at T2 and T3, while Class 2 had a higher baseline depressive score and a significant increase at T2 and T3. The best growth mixture model was Class 2 model (LMR, p=0.010, BLRT, p≤0.01, AIC=2611.934, BIC=2650.842, aBIC=2606.583, Entropy= 0.944). The logistic regression results revealed that Class 2 of depression trajectory had a significant association with a lower score on cognitive function (B=-5.29, 95%CI: -8.80, -1.78, p <0.05) compared with Class 1. The stroke type, marital status, and monthly income were predictors of the Class 2 depression trajectory group among stroke patients. Precisely, ischemic stroke is associated with lower risk of class 2 trajectory.

CONCLUSION

The trajectory of post-stroke depression changes over time. This research has the potential to serve as a foundation for the assessment of high-risk stroke patients, the development of precise management programs, the implementation of risk stratification, and the enhancement of prognosis.

Electroacupuncture attenuates depressive-like behaviors in poststroke depression mice through promoting hippocampal neurogenesis and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact and underlying molecular mechanisms of electroacupuncture on mice with poststroke depression (PSD). Mice were randomly allocated into sham, PSD, and electroacupuncture groups. Mice in the PSD and electroacupuncture groups underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery following with sedentary behavior. Electroacupuncture targeting Zusanli (ST36) acupoint was performed 24 h after MCAO for 4 weeks in electroacupuncture group. The sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, open field test, tail suspension test, elevated plus maze, Catwalk analysis, RNA sequencing, Nissl staining, Golgi staining, TUNEL staining, Edu labeling, and doublecortin staining were performed. Lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and expression of Iba1/CD86, Iba1/NLRP3, TLR4/p38/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways in the hippocampus were detected. Electroacupuncture effectively protected against the development of depression-like symptoms. The number of granulosa cells and doublecortin-positive cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) were significantly decreased in PSD group, which were significantly upregulated ( P  < 0.01) by electroacupuncture. Electroacupuncture also significantly reduced ( P  < 0.05) TUNEL-positive cells in the DG and CA1. RNA-seq revealed that electroacupuncture may exert antidepressant effect by regulating the inflammation mediated by TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway in hippocampus. Electroacupuncture remarkably elevated ( P  < 0.01) the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells and percentage of CD3-CD49b+ cells in CD45+CD49b+ cells in the peripheral blood. Electroacupuncture significantly reduced ( P  < 0.05) the high levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iba1, TLR4, p-p38, p-NF-κB, and NLRP3 and sedentary behavior. Electroacupuncture was observed to mitigate depression symptoms and increase hippocampal neurogenesis in mice with PSD, possibly by inhibiting TLR4/p38/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways and improving the microglia-mediated inflammatory microenvironment in the hippocampus.

Heart rate variability biofeedback enhances cognitive, motor, psychological, and autonomic functions in post-stroke rehabilitation

Post-stroke patients often experience psychological distress and autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation, impacting their well-being. This study evaluated the effectiveness of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback on cognitive, motor, psychological, and ANS functions in sixty-two ischemic stroke patients (43 males, mean age = 60.1) at a Medical Center in southern Taiwan. To prevent interaction, we allocated patients to the HRV biofeedback or control (usual care) group based on their assigned rehabilitation days, with 31 patients in each group. Assessments conducted at baseline, three, and six months included the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremities (FMA-UE), Perceived Stress Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales (HADS), and HRV indices. Mixed-effect models were used to analyze Group by Time interactions. The results revealed significant interactions across all functions. At 3 months, significant improvements in the HRV biofeedback group were observed only in MoCA, FMA-UE, and HADS-depression scores compared to the control group. By 6 months, all measured outcomes demonstrated significant improvements in the biofeedback group relative to the control group. These results suggest that HRV biofeedback may be an effective complementary intervention in post-stroke rehabilitation, warranting further validation.

Comparing the Symptomatology of Post-stroke Depression with Depression in the General Population: A Systematic Review

Previous research into the phenomenological differences of post-stroke depression (PSD) has typically focused on comparisons of symptom profiles between stroke and non-stroke population controls. This systematic review aimed to synthesize these findings with results from other methodological approaches that contribute to an understanding of phenomenological differences. Articles were identified via a systematic search of seven databases and additional manual searching. A narrative synthesis approach was adopted because of the high methodological heterogeneity. Twelve articles comparing the symptomatology of depression between stroke and non-stroke controls were included. Three distinct methodological approaches, relevant to the aim, were identified: comparisons of profiles among groups with similar overall depression severity, comparisons of the strengths of correlations between a symptom and depression, and comparisons of latent symptom severity. The symptomatology of depression was generally similar between the groups, including somatic symptoms, despite the hypothesized interference of comorbid physical stroke effects. Despite high heterogeneity, there was a tentative indication that post-stroke depression manifests with comparatively less severe/prevalent anhedonia. Possible mechanisms for the observed similarities and differences are explored, including suggestions for future research.

Vitamin D Deficiency in the Acute Phase of Stroke May Predict Post-stroke Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

To conduct the association between vitamin D levels in the acute phase of stroke and post-stroke depression (PSD) in stroke patients.

METHODS

Five international databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE(R), Cochrane Library) and one Chinese database (Wanfang Data) were searched for observational studies in any language reporting on PSD and vitamin D levels tested in the acute phase of stroke in stroke patients from inception to May 2024. Data extraction and study quality assessment were conducted by two authors independently. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of data were performed. The meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42023398581).

RESULTS

We included 7 studies containing 3537 participants in the systematic review and meta-analysis. All studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were conducted in China. Vitamin D levels in the acute phase of stroke were lower in PSD patients compared with non-PSD patients (weighted mean difference = -14.97 nmol/L; 95% confidence interval = -19.54, -10.40). Stroke patients with vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) had an increased risk of PSD compared with stroke patients with vitamin D sufficiency (≥75 nmol/L) (odds ratio = 3.59; 95% confidence interval = 2.05, 6.27). However, the association between vitamin D insufficiency (50-75 nmol/L) and PSD were not statistically significant (odds ratio = 4.15; 95% confidence interval = 0.87, 19.78).

CONCLUSION

Vitamin D deficiency in the acute phase of stroke may be a risk factor for PSD.

Exploring the potential molecular intersection of stroke and major depression disorder

Stroke and major depression disorder are common neurological diseases, and a large number of clinical studies have shown that there is a close relationship between the two diseases, but whether the two diseases are linked at the genetic level needs to be further explored. The purpose of this study was to explore the comorbidity mechanism of stroke and major depression by using bioinformatics technology and animal experiments. From the GEO database, we gathered transcriptome data of stroke and depression mice (GSE104036, GSE131712, GSE81672, and GSE146845) and identified comorbid gene set through edgR and WGCNA analyses. Further analysis revealed that these genes were enriched in pathways associated with cell death. Programmed cell death gene sets (PCDGs) are generated from genes related to apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy. The intersection of PCDGs and comorbid gene set resulted in two hub genes, Mlkl and Nlrp3. Single-cell sequencing analysis indicated that Mlkl and Nlrp3 are mainly influential on endothelial cells and microglia, suggesting that the impairment of these two cell types may be a factor in the relationship between stroke and major depression. This was experimentally confirmed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining. Our research revealed that two specific genes, namely, Mlkl and Nlrp3, play crucial roles in the complex mechanism that links stroke and major depression. Additionally, we have predicted six possible therapeutic agents and the outcomes of docking simulations of target proteins and drug molecules.

Development of a Situation-Specific Theory for the Transition of Survivors of Stroke With Dysphagia

The process by which stroke survivors move toward health while facing various difficulties can be construed as a "transition." Importantly, nurses need to understand and support this state of transition effectively. This study developed a situation-specific theory to explain post-stroke transition by integrating the findings of a qualitative study that explored the rehabilitation experiences of stroke survivors with dysphagia with a scoping review of qualitative studies using the theoretical framework of transition theory. This theory will help understand the transitions that stroke survivors with dysphagia undergo during recovery and provide a framework for exploring nursing care to support healthy transitions.

Association between dysphagia and symptoms of depression and anxiety after ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Dysphagia is associated with poor outcome, higher mortality, reduced quality of life, and social isolation. We investigate the relationship between swallowing impairment and symptoms of anxiety and depression after ischemic stroke.

METHODS

Consecutive patients with ischemic stroke participating in the prospective STROKE-CARD Registry study from 2020 to 2022 were assessed for dysphagia on hospital admission (clinical swallowing assessment) and for persistence until discharge and 3-month follow-up (SINGER Independency Index). Anxiety and depression symptoms were recorded using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at 3-month follow-up.

RESULTS

Of 648 patients, 19.3% had dysphagia on admission, persisting in 14.8% at discharge and 6.8% at 3-month follow-up. With the presence or duration of dysphagia (no dysphagia, dysphagia at baseline, at discharge, at 3 months), score (mean ± SD) increased on the BDI (7.9 ± 6.7, 12.5 ± 8.7, 13.5 ± 9.0, 16.5 ± 10.2), HADS-D (4.4 ± 3.7, 7.1 ± 4.2, 7.7 ± 4.4, 9.8 ± 4.3), and HADS-A (4.4 ± 3.5, 5.4 ± 3.6, 6.0 ± 3.6, 7.0 ± 3.6). In linear regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, dementia, and either functional disability or stroke severity, BDI and HADS-D scores were significantly higher in patients with dysphagia across all points in time (admission, discharge, 3-month follow-up). An independent association with HADS-A scores was only evident in patients with persisting dysphagia after 3 months. Patients with dysphagia were more likely to receive antidepressants, antipsychotics, or benzodiazepines at discharge and 3-month follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

Dysphagia after stroke is common and severely affects psychosocial functioning of individuals. Our results highlight swallowing impairment as an independent predictor for poststroke depressive and, to a lesser extent, anxiety symptoms.

Exploring tacit knowledge based on an expert nurse's practice for stroke patients

This study explored tacit knowledge based on an expert nurse's practice who cares for stroke patients by using the hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The participant ('Ms. A') was a nursing researcher and college faculty member involved in the education of advanced practice nurses; her specialty was stroke rehabilitation nursing. She was asked to describe the meaning and value she gained from her memorable nursing experiences. Four interviews-approximately 1 h each-were conducted, and the associated data were interpreted together with the participant based on the method of interpretive circulation. Notably, the analysis was ended when a fusion of horizons was recognized. The participant recalled her nursing experiences based on six model cases. During the analysis, the following five elements were extracted: [belief in the ability of vulnerable people to survive]; [being together]; [respect for human dignity]; [preparedness to respond to and bear suffering together]; and [theoretical knowledge base approaches true understanding of patient experience]. Further, the nursing model-the Roy Adaptation Model-utilized by Ms. A in the process of recognizing humans as whole beings was deeply interpreted and implemented as a guideline for her implicit advanced practice. Moreover, her deep understanding and utilization of theoretical knowledge base also built the foundation for her implicit advanced practice. In conclusion, Ms. A's tacit knowledge and the elements support the process of tacit knowledge acquisition. Her narratives, hermeneutic attitude as an interpreter, and learning attitude throughout interaction with others will strongly help her knowledge development. We intend to continue the study with multiple participants and explore the structure of tacit knowledge possessed by advanced practitioners. Future endeavours will include the development of a tacit knowledge learning strategy.

Liver function test indices-based prediction model for post-stroke depression: a multicenter, retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Post-stroke depression (PSD) was one of the most prevalent and serious neuropsychiatric effects after stroke. Nevertheless, the association between liver function test indices and PSD remains elusive, and there is a lack of effective prediction tools. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the liver function test indices and PSD, and construct a prediction model for PSD.

METHODS

All patients were selected from seven medical institutions of Chongqing Medical University from 2015 to 2021. Variables including demographic characteristics and liver function test indices were collected from the hospital electronic medical record system. Univariate analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and logistic regression analysis were used to screen the predictors. Subsequently, logistic regression, random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), categorical boosting (CatBoost) and support vector machine (SVM) were adopted to build the prediction model. Furthermore, a series of evaluation indicators such as area under curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, F1 were used to assess the performance of the prediction model.

RESULTS

A total of 464 PSD and 1621 stroke patients met the inclusion criteria. Six liver function test items, namely AST, ALT, TBA, TBil, TP, ALB/GLB, were closely associated with PSD, and included for the construction of the prediction model. In the test set, logistic regression model owns the AUC of 0.697. Compared with the other four machine learning models, the GBDT model has the best predictive performance (F1 = 0.498, AUC = 0.761) and was chosen to establish the prediction tool.

CONCLUSIONS

The prediction model constructed using these six predictors with GBDT algorithm displayed a promising prediction ability, which could be used for the participating hospital units or individuals by mobile phone or computer.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for stroke rehabilitation: insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuroinflammation

Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide, with most survivors reporting dysfunctions of motor, sensation, deglutition, cognition, emotion, and speech, etc. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), one of noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, is able to modulate neural excitability of brain regions and has been utilized in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Moreover, a large number of studies have shown that the rTMS presents positive effects on function recovery of stroke patients. In this review, we would like to summarized the clinical benefits of rTMS for stroke rehabilitation, including improvements of motor impairment, dysphagia, depression, cognitive function, and central post-stroke pain. In addition, this review will also discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying rTMS-mediated stroke rehabilitation, especially immune regulatory mechanisms, such as regulation of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the neuroimaging technique as an important tool in rTMS-mediated stroke rehabilitation has been discussed, to better understanding the mechanisms underlying the effects of rTMS. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of rTMS-mediated stroke rehabilitation are also elucidated with the intention to accelerate its widespread clinical application.

Gender Differences in the Risk of Depression in Community-Dwelling Stroke Survivors Compared to the General Population without Stroke

This study examined the gender-specific association between stroke status and depression in South Korea. A total of 5,746 men and 7,608 women aged ≥30 years who participated in the 2014, 2016, and 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in the analysis. The cross-sectional surveys targeted the general population consisting of nationally representative adults (≥19 years) residing in Korea. A 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire score of 10 or more was regarded as depression. A higher risk of depression in stroke survivors compared to the non-stroke population was not observed in men (odds ratio [OR], 1.51; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.82-2.81), while it was observed in women (OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.64-3.77). Compared to non-stroke women, women stroke survivors with a younger age at diagnosis (<60 years) (OR, 4.05; 95% CI, 2.28-7.20) and stroke with duration of ≥10 years (OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.63-5.97) had a higher risk for depression. Gender aspects should be more intensively considered in the association between stroke status and depression in community settings.

Establishment and verification of a nomogram model for predicting the risk of post-stroke depression

Objective

The purpose of this study was to establish a nomogram predictive model of clinical risk factors for post-stroke depression (PSD).

Patients and Methods

We used the data of 202 stroke patients collected from Xuanwu Hospital from October 2018 to September 2020 as training data to develop a predictive model. Nineteen clinical factors were selected to evaluate their risk. Minimum absolute contraction and selection operator (LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression were used to select the best patient attributes, and seven predictive factors with predictive ability were selected, and then multi-factor logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine six predictive factors and establish a nomogram prediction model. The C-index, calibration chart, and decision curve analyses were used to evaluate the predictive ability, accuracy, and clinical practicability of the prediction model. We then used the data of 156 stroke patients collected by Xiangya Hospital from June 2019 to September 2020 for external verification.

Results

The selected predictors including work style, number of children, time from onset to hospitalization, history of hyperlipidemia, stroke area, and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. The model showed good prediction ability and a C index of 0.773 (95% confidence interval: [0.696-0.850]). It reached a high C-index value of 0.71 in bootstrap verification, and its C index was observed to be as high as 0.702 (95% confidence interval: [0.616-0.788]) in external verification. Decision curve analyses further showed that the nomogram of post-stroke depression has high clinical usefulness when the threshold probability was 6%.

Conclusion

This novel nomogram, which combines patients' work style, number of children, time from onset to hospitalization, history of hyperlipidemia, stroke area, and NIHSS score, can help clinicians to assess the risk of depression in patients with acute stroke much earlier in the timeline of the disease, and to implement early intervention treatment so as to reduce the incidence of PSD.

Quality of life and mood disorders of mild to moderate stroke survivors in the early post-hospital discharge phase: a cross-sectional survey study

BACKGROUND

Exploring sociodemographic and disease characteristics that contribute to patient-reported outcomes can inform targeting of strategies to support recovery and adaptation to stroke. This study aimed to examine among a sample of stroke survivors at three months post-hospital discharge: (1) self-reported physical and mental health quality of life scores; (2) self-reported depressive and anxiety symptoms; and (3) sociodemographic and clinical predictors of these outcomes.

METHODS

This cross-sectional survey study recruited stroke survivors from eight hospitals in one Australian state. Adult survivors recently discharged from hospital stroke wards (within 3 months) were mailed a study information package and invited to complete a pen-and paper survey. Survey items assessed: quality of life (SF12v2), depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7) and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Predictors were examined using multiple linear regression analysis.

RESULTS

Of the 1161 eligible patients who were posted a recruitment pack, 401 (35%) returned a completed survey. Participants reported a mean SF-12v2 Physical Composite Score (PCS) quality of life score of 44.09 (SD = 9.57); and a mean SF-12v2 Mental Composite Score (MCS) quality of life score of 46.84 (SD = 10.0). Approximately one third of participants (34%; n = 132) were classified as depressed (PHQ-9 ≥ 10); and 27% (n = 104) were classified as anxious (GAD-7 ≥ 8). Lower PCS was associated with being female, not employed and having a comorbid diagnosis of diabetes and atrial fibrillation. Lower MCS was associated with a history of transient ischemic attack (TIA). Males and those with higher levels of education, had greater odds of having lower depression severity; those with a history of TIA or diabetes had lower odds of having lower depression severity. Males had greater odds of having lower anxiety severity; those with a history of TIA had lower odds of having lower anxiety severity.

CONCLUSION

Sub-groups of stroke survivors may be at-risk of poorer quality of life and psychological morbidity in the early post-discharge phase. These findings support the role of early identification and prioritisation of at-risk survivors at discharge, as they may require modifications to standard hospital discharge processes tailored to their level of risk.

Efficacy of the therapeutic use of video games on the depressive state of stroke patients: Protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM

To assess the effects of virtual reality (VR) on the depressive state of patients with stroke admitted to neuro-rehabilitation units. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.

METHODS

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) focusing on the effects of virtual reality on depressive state as a primary outcome will be included. Grey literature and the following databases will be consulted: PubMed, Cinahl, PsycInfo, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. The recently revised Cochrane risk of bias tool will be used to assess the quality of included studies. Data will be extracted and meta-analyses will be performed within the specific condition of the emotional state of stroke patients admitted to neurorehabilitation units. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses will be used to identify effective modes and patterns of therapy delivery. The approach of assessment, development and evaluation of recommendations will be applied to reach a convincing conclusion.

DISCUSSION

An accurate, transparent and standardized review process is expected to provide recommendations on the use of VR technology in the healthcare of stroke patients.

IMPACT

Emotional difficulties are common after stroke and have an impact on rehabilitation outcome. VR seems to have an important role in the treatment and depression in neurological patients, as it is able to improve levels of well-being, coping strategies and social relationships. The systematic review may contribute to a more convincing and specific conclusion compared to existing studies of this type.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Systematic review registration: CRD42022303968.

Poststroke Depression, An Underrated Clinical Dilemma: 2022

It is known that the majority of patients are prone to develop depression following a stroke. Several biological factors, including the disruption of the hypothalamic and adrenal axis and changes in cortisol and interleukin 6 (IL6), are said to have an essential role in its development. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans point toward white matter lesions and lacunar infarcts as the primary pathological culprit. People affected by poststroke depression (PSD) are more likely to commit suicide or develop another ischemic event after the initial episode, which can likely increase the mortality related to PSD and stroke. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the mainstay of treatment for PSD. However, it has a poor safety profile and is not very productive, making the use of SSRIs controversial, and further studies are required to prove its benefits concerning PSD. This literature review discusses the importance of PSD, how it impacts the quality of life of people affected by stroke, and its treatment.

The Impact of Depression on the Functional Outcome of the Elderly Stroke Victim from a Gender Perspective: A Systematic Review

(1) Background: The aim of this systematic review focused on analyzing the impact of depression on the functional outcome of the elderly stroke victim and how this disorder affects both the female and the male population. (2) Methods: We conducted a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The review was registered in PROSPERO (ID 346284). The systematic search for clinical trials was performed in the databases Pubmed, Otseeker, Scopus, Web of Science, Psycinfo, Medline Complete, ScienceDirect, SciELO, and Dialnet. Articles were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, including those dealing with post-stroke depression in adults whose psychological status had changed. Studies that only assessed the psychological state of caregivers were excluded. (3) Results: In total, 609 articles were identified, of which 11 randomized controlled trials were finally included in the review. The results indicate that post-stroke depression influences the recovery of functionality and quality of life. In addition, the need to detect the mood of the adult population after the stroke and to provide individualized treatment according to the characteristics of the person is highlighted. (4) Conclusions: This systematic review shows how early detection of post-stroke depressive symptoms can improve the degree of disability and quality of life of the person, especially in women.

Evaluation and Treatment of Depression in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review

Those who received early diagnosis and treatment for poststroke depression had lower mortality rates, cognitive impairments, improved long-term disability, a higher quality of life, and lower rates of suicidal thoughts than those who did not. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 standards were used to conduct this systematic review. Until May 1, 2022, a systematic search was conducted utilizing ScienceDirect, Cochrane, PubMed, Google Scholar, and PubMed central databases, which have been used during the previous 10 years. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, systematic reviews, review articles, case reports, clinical studies, and meta-analyses were included in the research, which covered post-stroke depression patients and how to identify and treat them. There were 545 possibly related titles found in the database search. Finally, each publication was given a quality rating, and 10 studies with a score of higher than 70% were allowed into the review. Because of their brevity and ease of use, they employed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 screening instruments in stroke patients. According to pooled studies, the risk of acquiring post-stroke depression (PSD) was lower in participants undergoing pharmacological therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), especially after a year. Identifying further features of the PSD process, we believe, is the most pressing need for future study since it might lead to a more precise treatment strategy.

Serum Dickkopf-1 levels and poststroke depression in ischemic stroke patients

BACKGROUND

Serum Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) levels are associated with poor ischemic stroke prognosis, although their impact on poststroke depression (PSD) remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between serum Dkk-1 levels and PSD.

METHODS

Serum Dkk-1 levels were measured in 564 patients with ischemic stroke who participated in the China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke (CATIS). The patients' depression status at 3 months after stroke was assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD-24). The HRSD score cutoff point for the diagnosis of depression was ≥8.

RESULTS

A total of 224 (39.72%) patients were categorized as having PSD 3 months after ischemic stroke. After adjusting for potential confounders, including age, sex, and other important covariates, elevated Dkk-1 levels were associated with an increased risk of PSD (odds ratio [OR], 1.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-3.22; P_trend = 0.037). Similarly, each standard deviation (SD) increase in log-transformed Dkk-1 levels was associated with a 24% increased risk of PSD (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.03-1.49; P = 0.025). Subgroup analyses further confirmed the significant associations between Dkk-1 levels and PSD.

CONCLUSION

Higher serum Dkk-1 levels at baseline are independently associated with an increased risk of PSD at 3 months after stroke, suggesting that Dkk-1 levels may be a promising prognostic biomarker for PSD.

LIMITATIONS

This study measured serum Dkk-1 levels only in the acute phase of stroke not in different phases; therefore, the relationship between dynamic changes in Dkk-1 levels and PSD could not be evaluated.

Depressive symptoms due to stroke are strongly predicted by the volume and location of the cerebral infarction, white matter hyperintensities, hypertension, and age: A precision nomothetic psychiatry analysis

OBJECTIVES

To delineate the effects of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) as measured by Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and infarction volume as measured by Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) on post-stroke depression symptoms.

METHODS

Baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS) and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores, and FLAIR and DWI MRIs to assess WMHs and acute infarct volumes, respectively, were assessed in 47 patients (≥55 years) with acute ischemic stroke and 17 normal controls. The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MDRS) was assessed three months after the stroke.

RESULTS

The MADRS score was significantly increased in stroke patients as compared with normal controls. The MADRS scale is not unidimensional and cannot be used as an accurate indicator of depression severity in stroke patients. Three months after stroke, key depressive (sadness and inability to feel) and concentration-tension symptoms, and lassitude are significantly predicted by the infarct volume. Right side infarction strongly predicts key depressive symptoms and left side infarction strongly predicts concentration-tension and lassitude scores. Total WMHs significantly predict key depressive and concentration-tension symptoms, and lassitude, with these effects being mediated by right and left DWI stroke volumes and associated disabilities.

CONCLUSIONS

Interactions between age, hypertension, a chronic atherosclerotic process, and acute stroke account for the onset of key depressive symptoms three months after the acute infarct. Chronic and acute neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative stress pathways associated with the formation of WMHs and acute stroke may explain the incidence of post-stroke key depressive and concentration-tension symptoms, and lassitude.

No add-on effect of tDCS on fatigue and depression in chronic stroke patients: A randomized sham-controlled trial combining tDCS with computerized cognitive training

BACKGROUND

Fatigue and emotional distress rank high among self-reported unmet needs in life after stroke. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may have the potential to alleviate these symptoms for some patients, but the acceptability and effects for chronic stroke survivors need to be explored in randomized controlled trials.

METHODS

Using a randomized sham-controlled parallel design, we evaluated whether six sessions of 1 mA tDCS (anodal over F3, cathodal over O2) combined with computerized cognitive training reduced self-reported symptoms of fatigue and depression. Among the 74 chronic stroke patients enrolled at baseline, 54 patients completed the intervention. Measures of fatigue and depression were collected at five time points spanning a 2 months period.

RESULTS

While symptoms of fatigue and depression were reduced during the course of the intervention, Bayesian analyses provided evidence for no added beneficial effect of tDCS. Less severe baseline symptoms were associated with higher performance improvement in select cognitive tasks, and study withdrawal was higher in patients with more fatigue and younger age. Time-resolved symptom analyses by a network approach suggested higher centrality of fatigue items (except item 1 and 2) than depression items.

CONCLUSION

The results reveal no add-on effect of tDCS on fatigue or depression but support the notion of fatigue as a relevant clinical symptom with possible implications for treatment adherence and response.

Natural Products for the Treatment of Post-stroke Depression

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most frequent and important neuropsychiatric consequence of stroke. It is strongly associated with exacerbated deterioration of functional recovery, physical and cognitive recoveries, and quality of life. However, its mechanism is remarkably complicated, including the neurotransmitters hypothesis (which consists of a monoaminergic hypothesis and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity hypothesis), inflammation hypothesis, dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and neurotrophic hypothesis and neuroplasticity. So far, the underlying pathogenesis of PSD has not been clearly defined yet. At present, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been used as the first-line drugs to treat patients with PSD. Additionally, more than SSRIs, a majority of the current antidepressants complied with multiple side effects, which limits their clinical application. Currently, a wide variety of studies revealed the therapeutic potential of natural products in the management of several diseases, especially PSD, with minor side effects. Accordingly, in our present review, we aim to summarize the therapeutic targets of these compounds and their potential role in-clinic therapy for patients with PSD.

Decreased Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Poststroke Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUNDS

There were conflicting results on the comparison of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels between poststroke depression (PSD) patients and stroke patients without PSD among previous studies. Thus, we conducted this systemic review and meta-analysis to explore the alteration of serum BDNF levels in PSD.

METHODS

This study included articles from the Web of Science and PubMed databases that were published before December 2021. STATA 12.0 software was used to compute the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) regarding the comparison of serum BDNF in PSD and stroke patients without PSD.

RESULTS

We collected the mean value and standard deviation (SD) of serum BDNF in PSD and stroke patients without PSD from six studies (PSD: n = 268, stroke patients without PSD: n = 425). The present meta-analysis showed decreased serum BDNF level in patients with PSD, compared to stroke patients without PSD with a random-effects model (mean value of BDNF level [PSD vs. stroke patients without PSD]: 14.106 vs. 17.995 ng/ml; SMD = -1.578; 95% CI: -2.820, -0.337; I ² = 97.8%, p-value for Q test < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor may work as a potential biomarker to predict the risk of PSD among stroke survivors. More large-sample clinical trials exploring the alteration of serum BDNF levels in PSD among stroke patients need to be conducted to verify this result.

Efficacy of sequential N-butylphthalide therapy on psychiatric and behavioral functions in acute ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND

Stroke can cause physical and mental problems. This study examined how the sequential therapy of N-butylphthalide (NBP) could effectively improve physical movement, life activities, and psychological disorders in stroke patients.

METHODS

This double-blind, randomized controlled trial included middle-aged or elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke that had commenced within 48 hours before enrolment in the study. The experimental group was administered 100 mL NBP injections twice a day in the first 14 days, and a sequential 200 mg NBP soft capsule 3 times a day for the next 76 days. The control group was administered 100 mL NBP placebo injections twice a day in the first 14 days and 200 mg sequential NBP placebo soft capsule 3 times a day for the next 76 days. Primary outcomes were the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, the Barthel Index of activities of daily living, and Modified Rankin Scale which were evaluated at day 0, day 14, and month 1 or at day 14, month 3, and month 6. Secondary outcomes included the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Hamilton Depression Scale, all were evaluated on day 0, month 3, and month 6. Moreover, the adverse reaction of NBP or other serious adverse events were evaluated at each time.

RESULTS

Our therapy significantly increased the Barthel Index of activities of daily living scores, decreased the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and Modified Rankin Scale scores, and the incidence of the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Hamilton Depression Scale of ischemic stroke patients (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

Our results indicated that 90 days' sequential therapy with NBP as an additional therapy in the treatment of ischemic stroke can better improve patients' psychological and behavioral functions without significant side effects.

Role of citicoline and choline in the treatment of post-stroke depression: an exploratory study

Objective

To compare selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and nootropic drugs in the reduction of anxiety and depressive symptoms in post-stroke patients.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with post-stroke depression that were treated with either SSRIs or nootropic drugs (i.e. citicoline or choline alphoscerate). Depression and anxiety were assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scales. Statistical associations between the use of nootropic drugs and mood disorder improvements were determined by measuring assessment scores at 6-months.

Results

A total of 44 post-stroke patients with depression (aged 45–75 years) were enrolled in the study: 20 were treated with SSRIs and 24 received nootropic drugs. From baseline to follow-up, the SSRI group showed a large effect size with regard depression (success rate difference [SRD] 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.21, 0.79) and anxiety (SRD 0.49; 95% CI 0.14, 0.74), whereas the nootropic group showed a small effect size for depression (SRD 0.16; 95% CI –0.17, 0.46) and a small effect size for anxiety (SRD 0.36; 95% CI –0.03, 0.62).

Conclusion

The administration of nootropic drugs could be a valid therapeutic strategy to manage post-stroke patients suffering from mild–moderate anxiety or anxious-depressive syndrome, but this requires further research.

Prevalence and Predictors of Fatigue and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients with Minor Ischemic Stroke

OBJECTIVES

Patients who are victims of a mild stroke are vulnerable to several invisible and neglected neurological sequelae. In parallel, it is known that fatigue and neuropsychiatric symptoms are common complications after a stroke in general. Our aim was to describe the prevalence and the factors associated with these two outcomes after a minor stroke.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a prospective observational cohort study that included consecutive patients diagnosed with minor ischemic stroke between 2015 and 2019. Minor stroke was defined as NIHSS < 4 and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) < 2. Patients were followed for 12 months after the index stroke. The primary endpoints included fatigue and neuropsychiatric impairment, which were evaluated with the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), respectively.

RESULTS

A total of sixty patients were followed in our cohort. The mean age was 53.0 (SD 15.0) and 51.7% were male. There were 32 (53.3%) and 25 (41.7%) patients who developed PSF and post-stroke neuropsychiatric symptoms, respectively. The use of antidepressants and statins were associated with post-stroke fatigue, while women and younger patients were more likely to develop neuropsychiatric symptoms after the stroke (p < 0.05). Eighteen (30.0%) patients were diagnosed with both post-stroke fatigue and psychiatric disorders.

CONCLUSIONS

Post-stroke fatigue and neuropsychiatric symptoms are prevalent in minor stroke and should be independently addressed as a part of the recovery goal.

The Use of the Term Virtual Reality in Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review and Commentary

Virtual reality (VR) offers many opportunities for post-stroke rehabilitation. However, "VR" can refer to several types of computer-based rehabilitation systems. Since these systems may impact the feasibility and the efficacy of VR interventions, consistent terminology is important. In this study, we aimed to optimize the terminology for VR-based post-stroke rehabilitation by assessing whether and how review papers on this topic defined VR and what types of mixed reality systems were discussed. In addition, this review can inspire the use of consistent terminology for other researchers working with VR. We assessed the use of the term VR in review papers on post-stroke rehabilitation extracted from Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed. We also developed a taxonomy distinguishing 16 mixed reality systems based on three factors: immersive versus semi-immersive displays, the way in which real and virtual information is mixed, and the main input device. 64% of the included review papers (N = 121) explicitly defined VR and 33% of them described different subtypes of VR, with immersive and non-immersive VR as the most common distinction. The most frequently discussed input devices were motion-capture cameras and handheld devices, while regular 2D monitors were the most frequently mentioned output devices. Our analysis revealed that reviews on post-stroke VR rehabilitation did not or only broadly defined "VR" and did not focus on a specific system. Since the efficacy and feasibility of rehabilitation may depend on the specific system, we propose a new data-driven taxonomy to distinguish different systems, which is expected to facilitate communication amongst researchers and clinicians working with virtual reality.

Depression after stroke

Stroke treatment has dramatically improved in recent decades. However, although new treatments have reduced its mortality and the severity of its physical and cognitive sequelae, many people still have incapacitating disabilities following a stroke. Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder following stroke; it is important to recognise and treat as it limits motor and cognitive rehabilitation. Antidepressant medication is an effective treatment and can improve adherence to clinically recommended physical and cognitive tasks, thereby enhancing functional remodelling of neuronal pathways and improving rehabilitation outcomes.

Ketamine Induces Lasting Antidepressant Effects by Modulating the NMDAR/CaMKII-Mediated Synaptic Plasticity of the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus in Depressive Stroke Model

Background

Ketamine has been shown to possess lasting antidepressant properties. However, studies of the mechanisms involved in its effects on poststroke depression are nonexistent.

Methods

To investigate these mechanisms, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a single local dose of ketamine after middle cerebral artery occlusion and chronic unpredicted mild stress. The effects on the hippocampal dentate gyrus were analyzed through assessment of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor/calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (NMDAR/CaMKII) pathway, synaptic plasticity, and behavioral tests.

Results

Ketamine administration rapidly exerted significant and lasting improvements of depressive symptoms. The biochemical analysis showed rapid, selective upregulation and downregulation of the NMDAR2-β and NMDAR2-α subtypes as well as their downstream signaling proteins β-CaMKII and α-phosphorylation in the dentate gyrus, respectively. Furthermore, the colocalization analysis indicated a significant and selectively increased conjunction of β-CaMKII and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) coupled with a notable decrease in NMDAR2-β association with PSD95 after ketamine treatment. These changes translated into significant and extended synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus.

Conclusions

These findings not only suggest that ketamine represents a viable candidate for the treatment of poststroke depression but also that ketamine's lasting antidepressant effects might be achieved through modulation of NMDAR/CaMKII-induced synaptic plasticity in key brain regions.

Simple acupuncture combined with fluoxetine in the treatment of poststroke depression: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Poststroke depression is a common secondary mental disorder after stroke, which increases the recurrence rate and mortality rate after stroke and hinders the recovery of function. As a combination therapy, simple acupuncture combined with fluoxetine has achieved good clinical effect, but there is a lack of evidence-based medicine. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with fluoxetine in the treatment of poststroke depression by meta-analysis.

METHODS

Search Chinese and English databases: China national knowledge infrastructure, VP information Chinese Journal Service Platform, Wanfang, the China Biomedical Database, PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and web of science. A randomized controlled trial of simple acupuncture combined with fluoxetine in the treatment of poststroke depression will be selected. The retrieval time is of the establishment of the database in January 2021. Selected literature is extracted and deleted by 2 researchers, and the quality of the included literature is evaluated. The included literature is analyzed by Meta with RevMan5.3 software.

RESULTS

In this study, the efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with fluoxetine in the treatment of post-stroke depression are evaluated by Hamilton Depression scale (HAMD) and its reduction rate, Treatment Emergency Symptom Scale, Self-rating Depression Scale, and Activities of Daily living scale.

CONCLUSION

This study will provide reliable evidence-based evidence for the clinical application of acupuncture combined with fluoxetine in the treatment of post-stroke depression.

OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER

DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/5J896.

Resilience as the Mediating Factor in the Relationship Between Sleep Disturbance and Post-stroke Depression of Stroke Patients in China: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis

Background: Stroke patients may suffer from a variety of symptoms which can result in sleep disturbance and post-stroke depression (PSD). Whereas, resilience can alleviate sleep disturbance and help maintain well-being after stroke. Objective: The aim of this study is to explore whether resilience plays a mediating role in the relationship between sleep disturbance and PSD of stroke patients in China. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a multi-stage sampling was carried out in Liaoning Rehabilitation Center and the Third People's Hospital of Chongqing in China from May to September 2019. A total of 353 stroke patients were enrolled in this study. Structural equation model (SEM) was used to test the mediating effect of resilience on the relationship between sleep disturbance and PSD. Results: The prevalence of PSD of stroke patients was 34.56%. Sleep disturbance contributed most to the variance of PSD and had a significantly positive association with PSD among stroke patients (P < 0.01). Resilience was negatively associated with PSD, and acted as a mediator between sleep disturbance and PSD (a ^* b = 0.201, BCa 95% CI: 0.156~0.254). Conclusions: The prevalence of PSD was high among the Chinese stroke patients. Sleep disturbance was highly associated with PSD, resulting in the increased risk of PSD. Furthermore, resilience has a mediating effect on the relationship between sleep disturbance and PSD, and could reduce the negative effect of sleep disturbance on the development of PSD.

Role of functional pharmacological therapy in post-stroke depression: a narrative review

Objective

We conducted a narrative review to investigate whether antidepressant therapy, including the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) or the use of supportive drugs (i.e., citicoline or choline alfoscerate) as a substitute for antidepressant therapy, reduces depression in patients with cerebrovascular diseases.

Methods

A systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science databases was performed, including review articles and other studies to identify additional citations. Only 4 of 1566 publications met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and were selected.

Results

Studies showed that post-stroke depression (PSD) could be treated with antidepressant therapy, as well as supportive drugs such as citicoline or choline alfoscerate, which may have antidepressant effects.

Conclusions

The findings support the efficacy of citicoline as a treatment for depression. Studies aimed to discover the characteristics of these psychostimulants in relation to PSD treatment should be performed.

Complementary and alternative therapies for poststroke depression: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Poststroke depression (PSD) is an important complication of stroke, resulting in increased disability and mortality, which is a great threat to stroke survivors and public health. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies is widely used in the treatment of PSD, However, the selection strategies of different CAM approaches in clinical practice is still not clear, and the purpose of this protocol is to compare the efficacy and acceptability of different CAM therapies using systematic review and network meta-analysis.

METHODS

According to the strategy, the authors will retrieve a total of seven electronic databases by August 2020, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMbase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biological Medicine, Chinese Scientific Journals Database, and Wan-fang databases. The network meta-analysis will be performed using Aggregate Data Drug Information System 1.16.8 and Stata 13.0 software. In addition, the Cochrane Collaboration's tool is employed for the methodological quality, and the quality of evidence will be evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system.

RESULTS

This study will provide a reliable evidence for the selection strategy of CAM therapies for PSD.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study will provide references for evaluating the effects of different CAM therapies on PSD, and provide decision-making references for clinical practitioners, patients, and health policy makers.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This study does not require ethical approval. the results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication.

OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER

DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/TNGH6.

Serum Kynurenines Correlate With Depressive Symptoms and Disability in Poststroke Patients: A Cross-sectional Study

Background

Poststroke depression (PSD) is related to adverse functional and cognitive prognosis in stroke patients. The participation of kynurenine pathway metabolites in depression has been previously proposed; however, there are few studies on its role in PSD and disability in stroke.

Objective

To investigate if there is a correlation between serum kynurenines levels with poststroke anxiety and depression symptoms and disability scales.

Methods

A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted in patients with first stroke, of >1 month and <1 year of evolution, with no history of previous psychiatric or neurological disorders; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), functional evaluations (Barthel index, Functional Independence Measure [FIM]) were applied and serum kynurenines (Kyns) were determined.

Results

Sixty patients were included; significant depressive symptoms were found in 63% of the cases; a significant and positive correlation was obtained between levels of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) with HADS-T ( r = 0.30, P = .025) and HADS-D ( r = 0.28, P = .039). Depressed patients showed significantly higher levels of 3HK ( P = .048) and KYNA ( P = .0271) than nondepressed patients; the 3HK levels were inversely correlated with functional scales: Barthel index ( r = −0.31, P = .02), FIM ( r = −0.40, P = .01); in addition, serum 3HK levels were significantly higher in patients with poor sleep quality ( P = .0190).

Conclusions

Serum Kyns show correlation with the presence and severity of depressive symptoms and with the disability and sleep quality. Kyns may be a potential marker of depression risk and disability in stroke in future.

Novel TMS for Stroke and Depression (NoTSAD): Accelerated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Safe and Effective Treatment for Post-stroke Depression

Background: Post-stroke depression (PSD) affects up to 50% of stroke survivors, reducing quality of life, and increasing adverse outcomes. Conventional therapies to treat PSD may not be effective for some patients. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is well-established as an effective treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and some small trials have shown that rTMS may be effective for chronic PSD; however, no trials have evaluated an accelerated rTMS protocol in a subacute stroke population. We hypothesized that an accelerated rTMS protocol will be a safe and viable option to treat PSD symptoms. Methods: Patients (N = 6) with radiographic evidence of ischemic stroke within the last 2 weeks to 6 months with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) scores >7 were recruited for an open label study using an accelerated rTMS protocol as follows: High-frequency (20-Hz) rTMS at 110% resting motor threshold (RMT) was applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during five sessions per day over four consecutive days for a total of 20 sessions. Safety assessment and adverse events were documented based on the patients' responses following each day of stimulation. Before and after the 4-days neurostimulation protocol, outcome measures were obtained for the HAMD, modified Rankin Scale (mRS), functional independence measures (FIM), and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scales (NIHSS). These same measures were obtained at 3-months follow up. Results: HAMD significantly decreased (Wilcoxon p = 0.03) from M = 15.5 (2.81)-4.17 (0.98) following rTMS, a difference which persisted at the 3-months follow-up (p = 0.03). No statistically significant difference in FIM, mRS, or NIHSS were observed. No significant adverse events related to the treatment were observed and patients tolerated the stimulation protocol well overall. Conclusions: This pilot study indicates that an accelerated rTMS protocol is a safe and viable option, and may be an effective alternative or adjunctive therapy for patients suffering from PSD. Future randomized, controlled studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings. Clinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04093843.

Factors related to post-stroke depression during the first 2 weeks after stroke

Introduction

This study aimed to clarify factors associated with post-stroke depression in patients with acute stroke within 2 weeks of onset.

Method

Eighty-eight patients with stroke were divided into post-stroke depression ( n = 49) and non-post-stroke depression ( n = 39) groups based on their Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores. We evaluated stroke severity, upper limb function, activities of daily living, frontal lobe/cognitive function, and level of apathy. Activity levels were measured using an ActiGraph GT9X Link system. Mann–Whitney U-tests were used to determine differences between the two groups. Spearman’s rank correlation and logistic regression analyses were also performed.

Results

The post-stroke depression and non-post-stroke depression groups exhibited significant differences in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores at admission and discharge; Functional Independence Measure exercise items, cognitive items, and total items at admission; Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores; and Apathy Rating Scale scores. Logistic regression indicated that Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores were associated with post-stroke depression.

Conclusion

Stroke severity, paralysis, and physical function/activities of daily living ability are associated with post-stroke depression in the acute phase. Our findings suggest that increases in physical impairment severity are associated with increased post-stroke depression risks. Rehabilitation professionals should focus on identifying post-stroke depression in early post-stroke stages.

Does citalopram effectively treat post-stroke depression?: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis

BACKGROUND

This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of citalopram for the treatment of patients with post-stroke depression (PSD).

METHODS

We will comprehensively search Cochrane Library, PUBEMD, EMBASE, WorldSciNet, Web of Science, VIP Database, CBM database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. The search period is limited from the construction of each database to the February 1, 2020. No language and publication status are limited. Two investigators will independently carry out study choosing, data extraction, study methodological quality assessment, and quality of evidence. A third investigator will help to resolve any disagreements between 2 investigators. RevMan 5.3 software will be employed for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

This study will summarize the up-to-date evidence and synthesize the data to explore the efficacy and safety of citalopram for patients with PSD.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study may present helpful evidence to determine whether citalopram is an effective management for patients with PSD.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

PROSPERO CRD42020171015.

Resilience and its correlates among first ischemic stroke survivors at acute stage of hospitalization from a tertiary hospital in China：a cross-sectional study

Objectives: To measure the resilience of elderly patients with first ischemic stroke in mainland China and to identify variables that may be correlated with resilience at the acute stage of hospitalization.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in departments of neurology of two tertiary hospitals, where a convenience sample of one hundred and forty-seven elderly patients with first ischemic stroke voluntarily participated in our study. Resilience was assessed using the Chinese version of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale with three dimensions (tenacity, strength, and optimism). The General Self-Efficacy Scale and Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire were applied to evaluate the respondents' general self-efficacy and coping style. Functional independency was also measured using the Functional Independency Measure.Results: The mean score of the 147 respondents' resilience was 62.51 ± 14.69. Together, general self-efficacy, resignation, confrontation, per capital monthly income, and being main source of family income explained 68.1% of the variance in resilience. General self-efficacy, resignation, and confrontation were the strongest explanatory factors. Specifically, 63.4% of the variance in tenacity was explained for general self-efficacy, resignation, being main source of family income, surgical history, and per capital monthly income. 63.2% of the variance in strength was ascribed to general self-efficacy, resignation, per capital monthly income and avoidance. 32.5% of the variance in optimism was attributed to general self-efficacy, religion, and resignation.Conclusion: General self-efficacy and coping style may be implied orientation in enhancing resilience of elderly patients with first ischemic stroke at acute hospitalization. Moreover, economic status may predict level of resilience.HighlightsResilience was measured in 147 older first-episode ischemic stroke survivors at acute hospitalization.General-efficacy was the strongest predictor of resilience.Resilience was significantly influenced by resignation.Coping strategy should be emphasized early after stroke.

Considerations and Current Trends in the Management of the Geriatric Patient on a Consultation-Liaison Service

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To provide consultation-liaison psychiatrists with an updated resource that can assist in the treatment and management of geriatric patients.

RECENT FINDINGS

The current available literature has not shown any differences in efficacy between haloperidol and second-generation antipsychotics in patients with delirium. When considering relative advantages of forms of antipsychotic administration, there is no support for a superior safety profile of oral compared to intramuscular or intravenous administration. A recent meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials concluded that when melatonin was administered to older age patients on medical wards, it significantly prevented the incidence of delirium when compared with the control group. While suvorexant administered nightly to elderly patients in acute care settings may lower the incidence of delirium, larger studies are needed to confirm this finding. Despite the black box warning of increased mortality risk in older patients with dementia, antipsychotics may be used with caution by the consultation-liaison (CL) psychiatrist to treat the neuropsychologic symptoms of dementia including hallucinations and psychosis in the hospital setting. While antidepressant studies have focused primarily on citalopram and escitalopram in the treatment of agitation in the setting of dementia, these two medications have not been adequately compared directly to other SSRIs for this condition. It is therefore not clear whether citalopram and escitalopram are more efficacious in treating agitation in the setting of dementia when compared to other SSRIs. While the evidence supporting trazodone's use is limited, it is generally well tolerated and is an option as a PRN for irritability and agitation in patients with Alzheimer's and mixed dementia. While there is some evidence to support the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for treating cognitive impairments and hallucinations in Lewy body dementia, the usefulness of these agents in other forms of dementia is not well studied, and those studies did not show any benefit in the management of acute agitation. It is important to note that memantine can cause or exacerbate agitation and may be the cause of behavioral dysregulation. There is no evidence to support the routine use of benzodiazepines for behavioral improvement in patients with dementia. Escitalopram and citalopram do have a unique pharmacokinetic properties in the sense that they have been found to have 50-56% plasma protein binding, compared to sertraline, fluoxetine, and paroxetine (95% or more). Pooled analyses suggest that antidepressants are more effective than placebo in reducing the symptoms of post-stroke depression. SSRIs are considered first-line antidepressants in stroke patients, who are often elderly with underlying cardiovascular problems. Although treatment with SSRIs is recommended for post-stroke depression, there are no studies providing conclusive data on the superiority of a specific drug. Older age is associated with a better outcome from ECT, with remission rates of approximately 73% to 90% in patients over 65 years. ECT is the treatment of choice for patients with psychotic depression, and elderly patients with psychotic depression have been shown to have a higher remission rate and faster time to response than depressed patients without psychotic symptoms. With the average life expectancy increase, it is projected that 19 million people will reach the age of 85 or higher, an increase from 5.5 million in 2010. With an increasing older population, psychiatric consultation in the management of geriatric patients is becoming more necessary. Psychiatrists must be aware of the unique considerations in elderly patients. In this article, we provide evidence-based guidance to the CL psychiatrist on major issues relating to the older age patient, highlighting recent trends in treatment. First, we provide background on the evaluation of the medically hospitalized geriatric patient. As rates of medical and psychiatric illnesses increase with advancing age, elderly patients are more likely to be taking a higher number of medications as compared to younger patients, and physicians must pay special attention to polypharmacy, including side effects and drug interactions in this group. Next, we focus on the diagnosis, management, and unique needs of the geriatric patient presenting with common clinical syndromes of delirium, dementia, and depression. Delirium and dementia are among the most common causes of cognitive impairment in clinical settings yet are often either unrecognized or misdiagnosed as they may have similar signs and symptoms. In addition, depression is prevalent in older adults, especially in those with comorbid medical illness. Depression can be fatal as the rates of suicide are higher in later life than in any other age group. Consultation can improve the management of elderly patients and prevent unnecessary nursing home placement.

Effect of ischemic lesions in medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens on affective behavior in rats

Post-stroke depression (PSD) and post-stroke anxiety (PSA) are usually undertreated and many cases may remain undiagnosed, indicating a need for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Current animal models of PSD and PSA using the middle cerebral artery occlusion model may be associated with motor deficits that can interfere with behavioral tests of depression- and anxiety-like behavior. Unilateral lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have been reported to induce a depression- and anxiety-like phenotype in mice. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of unilateral microinjections of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the mPFC alone or in combination with the nucleus accumbens (NAc) on the behavior of rats after 2 and 6 weeks. Specifically, we measured anxiety- and depressive-like behavior, locomotion, and cognition. ET-1 injections in the mPFC and NAc resulted in replicable and localized lesions. Lesions to the mPFC and NAc resulted in more time spent in the open arms of the Elevated Plus Maze compared to sham-operated animals at 2 weeks post stroke, indicating decreased anxiety. This effect did not persist until 6 weeks post injection. No differences in locomotion, cognition and depressive-like behavior were found at either time point. In summary, unilateral lesions of mPFC and NAc did not produce a reliable and persistent anxiety and depression phenotype in rats.

Role of vinpocetine in ischemic stroke and poststroke outcomes: A critical review

Vinpocetine (VPN) is a synthetic ethyl-ester derivative of the alkaloid apovincamine from Vinca minor leaves. VPN is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 1 (PDE1) that has potential neurological effects through inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channel and reduction of neuronal calcium influx. VPN has noteworthy antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects with inhibitory effect on glial and astrocyte cells during and following ischemic stroke (IS). VPN is effective as adjuvant therapy in the management of epilepsy; it reduces seizure frequency by 50% in a dose of 2 mg/kg/day. VPN improves psychomotor performances through modulation of brain monoamine pathway mainly on dopamine and serotonin, which play an integral role in attenuation of depressive symptoms. VPN recover cognitive functions and spatial memory through inhibition of hippocampal and cortical PDE1 with augmentation of cyclic adenosin monophosphate and cyclic guanosin monophosphate ratio, enhancement of cholinergic neurotransmission, and inhibition of neuronal inflammatory mediators. Therefore, VPN is an effective agent in the management of IS and plays an integral role in the prevention and attenuation of poststroke epilepsy, depression, and cognitive deficit through direct cAMP/cGMP-dependent pathway or indirectly through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Pharmacological management of post-stroke depression

Introduction: Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a common clinical problem affecting approximately one-third of stroke survivors. PSD is associated with poor functional outcome and higher morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, uncertainty remains regarding optimal pharmacological strategies for its prevention and treatment.Areas covered: This article reviews the state of the current literature on pharmacologic intervention strategies for PSD, providing a summary of the most recent evidence to support pharmacological treatment in PSD.Expert opinion: Experimental and clinical research have increased our knowledge on PSD, although unanswered questions still remain regarding the best time to begin treatment, the effect of the antidepressants in areas other than emotion, or their capability to reduce mortality in stroke patients, among others.Currently, though numerous trials and meta-analyses suggest that antidepressants are effective in treating PSD and guidelines recommend their use for PSD, in the daily clinical practice, only a minority of patients are properly assessed and treated. Therefore, though further evidence is needed to clarify the real role of antidepressants in patients with stroke, physicians and other healthcare professionals must be familiar with the pharmacological treatment of PSD, in order to improve the outcome and increase the quality of life of this vulnerable group of patients.

Efficacy and safety of Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang (Saikokaryukotsuboreito, Chai-Hu-Jia-Long-Gu-Mu-Li-Tang) for post-stroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang (SGYMT), a classical herbal medicine consisting of 11 herbs, for treatment of post-stroke depression (PSD). Thirteen databases were comprehensively searched from their inception dates until July 2019. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using SGYMT as a monotherapy or adjunctive therapy for PSD patients were included. Where appropriate data were available, meta-analysis was performed and presented as risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed the quality of RCTs using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the Jadad scale. The quality of evidence for each main outcome was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Twenty-one RCTs with 1,644 participants were included. In the comparison between the SGYMT and antidepressants groups, the SGYMT group scored significantly lower on both the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) (8 studies; MD −2.08, 95% CI −2.62 to −1.53, I² = 34%) and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (2 studies; MD −0.84, 95% CI −1.40 to −0.29, I² = 19%), and significantly higher on the Barthel index (3 studies; MD 4.30, 95% CI 2.04 to 6.57, I² = 66%). Moreover, the SGYMT group was associated with significantly fewer adverse events (6 studies; RR 0.13, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.37, I² = 0%) than the antidepressants group. In the subgroup analysis, SGYMT treatment consistently reduced HAMD scores within the first 8 weeks of treatment, but thereafter this difference between groups disappeared. Comparisons between SGYMT combined with antidepressants, and antidepressants alone, showed significantly lower scores in the combination group for both HAMD (7 studies; MD = −6.72, 95% CI = −11.42 to −2.01, I² = 98%) and NIHSS scores (4 studies; MD −3.03, 95% CI −3.60 to −2.45, I² = 87%). In the subgroup analysis, the reductions of HAMD scores in the SGYMT combined with antidepressants group were consistent within 4 weeks of treatment, but disappeared thereafter. The quality of RCTs was generally low and the quality of evidence evaluated by the GRADE approach was rated mostly “Very low” to “Moderate.” The main causes of low quality ratings were the high risk of bias and imprecision of results. Current evidence suggests that SGYMT, used either as a monotherapy or an adjuvant therapy to antidepressants, might have potential benefits for the treatment of PSD, including short-term reduction of depressive symptoms, improvement of neurological symptoms, and few adverse events. However, since the methodological quality of the included studies was generally low and there were no large placebo trials to ensure reliability, it remains difficult to draw definitive conclusions on this topic. Further well-designed RCTs addressing these shortcomings are needed to confirm our results.

Overview of systematic reviews with meta-analyses on acupuncture in post-stroke cognitive impairment and depression management

Background: Acupuncture has been using as an alternative non-pharmacological therapy in the management of post stroke depression and cognitive impairment but its effectiveness and safety remain controversial. We conducted an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analyses to evaluate the evidence on the effect of acupuncture in the treatment of stroke with conventional medicine intervention. Methods: Systematic reviews summarized the treatment effects of acupuncture for post stroke cognitive impairment and post stroke depression were considered eligible. Methodological quality of included systematic reviews was assessed using A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2). Results: Four systematic reviews on post stroke cognitive impairment and ten systematic reviews on post stroke depression with good methodological quality were included. Meta-analyses revealed that acupuncture plus cognitive rehabilitation; and acupuncture or moxibustion plus cognitive rehabilitation, versus cognitive rehabilitation demonstrated statistically significant increase in Mini-Mental State Examination scores in compared to cognitive rehabilitation after 4 weeks treatment [Pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) = 3.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.06 to 4.21, I2 = 36%]; and (Pooled WMD = 3.22, 95% CI = 2.09 to 4.34, I2 = 0%). Furthermore, acupuncture versus antidepressant demonstrated statistically significant improve depression measured by increasing in 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale in comparing to cognitive rehabilitation after 2 weeks treatment (Pooled WMD= -2.34, 95% CI= -3.46 to -1.22, I2 = 5%). Acupuncture usage was not associated with increased risk of adverse events. Conclusions: Acupuncture is safe and improves cognitive function and depressive disorder without obvious serious adverse events for post stroke patients.

Can the stroke impact scale 3.0 detect cognitive impairments in patients with a recent stroke?

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to identify cognitive impairments in patients with a recent stroke using Stroke Impact Scale 3.0 (SIS). [Participants and Methods] A retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate 50 medical records in patients with a recent stroke who have completed a stroke rehabilitation programme. All data were evaluated at St. Finbarr’s Hospital in Cork, Ireland. [Results] A total of 41 records met the inclusion criteria, of which 53.7% were male. Regarding the risk factors, most patients complained of hypertension (85.4%), with most being diagnosed with embolic stroke (56.1%). The SIS identified numerous issues in stroke patients, such as persistent problems with memory (36.6%), concentration (29.3%), and solving everyday problems (43.9%). In addition, some patients’ responses were negative regarding their emotion such as feeling sad (51.2%), not enjoying things as much as ever (39%), feeling life is not worth living (85.4%) and not smiling or laughing at least once a day (80.5%). [Conclusion] The inclusion of the SIS in the stroke review clinic identified cognitive deficits that may not have otherwise been detected. By using SIS in a systematic and standardised way, deficits can be identified, and appropriate rehabilitation can be provided.

Efficacy of sertraline for post-stroke depression: A systematic review protocol of randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Depression is a prevalent disorder for patients with stroke. Clinical researches indicate that sertraline is utilized to treat post-stroke depression (PSD) effectively. However, no systematic review has investigated this issue yet presently. Thus, this study aims to systematically assess the efficacy and safety of sertraline for patients with PSD.

METHODS

Literature sources will be divided into 2 sections: electronic sources and manual sources. We will search electronic literature sources as follows: EMBASE, MEDICINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from their inceptions to the February 28, 2019. Manual sources include dissertations, ongoing trials, and conference abstracts. Two reviewers will select the literatures, extract and collect data information, and evaluate the risk of bias independently. Statistical analysis will be carried out by using RevMan 5.3 software.

RESULTS

Primary outcome is depression. It can be measured by Hamilton depression scale, Beck Depression Inventory, or any other scales. Secondary outcome are anxiety (as assessed by Hamilton anxiety scale, or other tools) response rate, activities of daily living (as measured by Barthel Index, or other scales), quality of life (as measured by 36-Item Short Form Health Survey), and safety.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this systematic review may summarize the up-to-date evidence on the efficacy and safety of sertraline for patients with PSD.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This systematic review will not need any ethical approval, because it will not analyze any individual patient data. The findings of this study are expected to disseminate at peer-reviewed journals.

Effect of the Wii Sports Resort on the improvement in attention, processing speed and working memory in moderate stroke

BACKGROUND

Stroke is the most common neurological disease in the world. After the stroke, some people suffer a cognitive disability. Commercial videogames have been used after stroke for physical rehabilitation; however, their use in cognitive rehabilitation has hardly been studied. The objectives of this study were to analyze attention, processing speed, and working memory in patients with moderate stroke after an intervention with Wii Sports Resort and compared these results with a control group.

METHODS

A pre-post design study was conducted with 30 moderate stroke patients aged 65 ± 15. The study lasted eight weeks. 15 participated in the intervention group and 15 belong to the control group. They were assessed in attention and processing speed (TMT-A and B) and working memory (Digit Span of WAIS-III). Parametric and effect size tests were used to analyze the improvement of those outcomes and compared both groups.

RESULTS

At the baseline, there was no difference between TMT-A and B. A difference was found in the scalar score of TMT-B, as well as in Digit Backward Span and Total Digit Task. In TMT-A and B, the intervention group had better scores than the control group. The intervention group in the Digit Forward Span and the Total Digit obtained a moderate effect size and the control group also obtained a moderate effect size in Total Digit. In the Digit scalar scores, the control group achieved better results than the intervention group.

CONCLUSIONS

The results on attention, processing speed and working memory improved in both groups. However, according to the effect sizes, the intervention group achieved better results than the control group. In addition, the attention and processing speed improved more than the working memory after the intervention. Although more studies are needed in this area, the results are encouraging for cognitive rehabilitation after stroke.

Efficacy and mechanism of acupuncture for ischemic poststroke depression: Study protocol for a multicenter single-blinded randomized sham-controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Poststroke depression is a serious and common complication of stroke, especially the ischemic poststroke depression. Antidepressants are used in poststroke depression, and acupuncture may be an alternative approach. However, the efficacy and mechanism of acupuncture for poststroke depression has not been confirmed.

METHODS/DESIGN

This is a multicenter, central-randomized, single-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial. We will allocate 208 subjects aged between 40 and 80 years old, diagnosed with initial poststroke depression (PSD) within 6 months to 2 groups randomly in a ratio of 1:1. Patients in the experimental group will be treated with traditional acupuncture and placebo pills, whereas the others in the control group will be treated with sham-acupoints acupuncture and antidepressant (fluoxetine hydrochloride tablets). All will be given acupuncture and/or medication treatment for 12 weeks, and then received 12-week follow-up. Patients will be evaluated with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale and Se1f-rating Depression Scale for depression state, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale for neurological deficit, Modified Barthel Index for activities of daily living, Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale for side effects of treatments, diagnosis and evaluation criteria of traditional Chinese medicine for stroke (try out) for curative effects of stroke, and clinical global impression for synthesize effect before and the 2nd, 4th, 8th, and 12th week of treatment, 24th week of follow-up. Study on mechanisms of acupuncture will be revealed through the diversity of brain metabolites (choline-containing compounds [Cho], N-acetylaspartate [NAA], myoinositol, glutamine and glutamate complex, creatine [Cr], Cho/Cr, Cho/NAA, Cr/NAA) in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex monitored by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and serum monoamine neurotransmitters (5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine, dopamine) and cytokines (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], interleukin [IL]-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha) before and the 12th week of treatment. Baseline characteristics of patients will be summarized by groups and compared with chi-square for categorical variables, and 2-sample t tests or Wilcoxon rank-sum test for the continuous variables. Primary and secondary outcomes according to the measurement times are applicable to univariate repetitive measurement deviation analysis or 2-sample t tests, or Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

CONCLUSION

The present research is designed to investigate efficacy and mechanism of traditional acupuncture therapy on ischemic PSD, also to explore the correlation between cerebra metabolic and serologic factors, and ischemic PSD. With this research, we are looking forward to find out an appropriate alternative nondrug therapy for PSD people to alleviate the adverse effects and drug dependence caused by antidepressants.

Post-Stroke Depression

Introduction:

The depression is a common mental disorder, especially after a stroke, which further aggravates the recovery.

Aim:

To analyze depression within 48 hours and fifteen days after ischemic stroke in relation to gender and location (brain hemisphere and brain circulation).

Methods:

We analyzed 40 patients (65.3±10.3 years), half of them were women. Mean age of women was 66.35±7.31 years and men 64.2±12.68 years (p= 0.5). Ischemic stroke was verified by computed tomography. Levels of depression were measured with self-estimated Zung’s scale. On the tests, score of 50 and higher verified depression. Criteria made by Domasio were used to determine location of the IS.

Results:

Mean value on depression scale in acute phase of ischemic stroke was 46.85 ± 8.6 and in subacute phase 43.4 ± 8 (p =0.06). In 19 (47.5%) patients (55% of women, 40% of men; p=0.3) depression was found during the first and in 10 (25%) patients (35% of women, 15 % of men; p=0.06) during the second evaluation (p<0.019). Mean value on depression in acute phase of illness in women was 49.1 ± 7.38, as well as in men 44.6 ± 9.22 (p=0.088) and in subacute phase in women 45.25 ± 8.04, as well as in men 41.5 ± 7.75 (p=0.16). Concerning location of ischemic stroke, there were no significant differences in levels of depression.

Conclusion:

Number of patients with post-stroke depression is significantly lower in subacute phase of ischemic stroke. Although the number of depressive women and their depression scores are higher, gender differences are not statistically significant. There is no correlation between post-stroke depression and location of lesion in acute and subacute phase of illness.