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González-Marrero I, Hernandez-Garcia JA, Gonzalez-Davila E, Carmona-Calero EM, Gonzalez-Toledo JM, Catañeyra-Ruiz L, Henandez-Abad LG, Castañeyra-Perdomo A. Variations of the grid and place cells in the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus of 6 individuals aged 56 to 87 years. Neurologia 2024; 39:244-253. [PMID: 37442425 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between the entorhinal cortex (EC) and the hippocampus has been studied by different authors, who have highlighted the importance of grid cells, place cells, and the trisynaptic circuit in the processes that they regulate: the persistence of spatial, explicit, and recent memory and their possible impairment with ageing. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether older age causes changes in the size and number of grid cells contained in layer III of the EC and in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. METHODS We conducted post-mortem studies of the brains of 6 individuals aged 56-87 years. The brain sections containing the DG and the adjacent EC were stained according to the Klüver-Barrera method, then the ImageJ software was used to measure the individual neuronal area, the total neuronal area, and the number of neurons contained in rectangular areas in layer III of the EC and layer II of the DG. Statistical analysis was subsequently performed. RESULTS We observed an age-related reduction in the cell population of the external pyramidal layer of the EC, and in the number of neurons in the granular layer of the DG. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that ageing causes a decrease in the size and density of grid cells of the EC and place cells of the DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- I González-Marrero
- Unidad de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - J A Hernandez-Garcia
- Unidad de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - E Gonzalez-Davila
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - E M Carmona-Calero
- Unidad de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain; Instituto de Investigación y Ciencias, Puerto del Rosario, Fuerteventura, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - J M Gonzalez-Toledo
- Unidad de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - L Catañeyra-Ruiz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine and the St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - L G Henandez-Abad
- Unidad de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain; Instituto de Investigación y Ciencias, Puerto del Rosario, Fuerteventura, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - A Castañeyra-Perdomo
- Unidad de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain; Instituto de Investigación y Ciencias, Puerto del Rosario, Fuerteventura, Islas Canarias, Spain.
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González-Marrero I, Hernandez-Garcia JA, Gonzalez-Davila E, Carmona-Calero EM, Gonzalez-Toledo JM, Castañeyra-Ruiz L, Hernandez-Abad LG, Castañeyra-Perdomo A. Variations of the grid and place cells in the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus of 6 individuals aged 56 to 87 years. Neurologia 2021:S0213-4853(21)00118-3. [PMID: 34531045 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus has been studied by different authors, who have highlighted the importance of grid cells, place cells, and the trisynaptic circuit in the processes that they regulate: the persistence of spatial, explicit, and recent memory and their possible impairment with ageing. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether older age causes changes in the size and number of grid cells contained in layer III of the entorhinal cortex and in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. METHODS We conducted post-mortem studies of the brains of 6 individuals aged 56-87 years. The brain sections containing the dentate gyrus and the adjacent entorhinal cortex were stained according to the Klüver-Barrera method, then the Image J software was used to measure the individual neuronal area, the total neuronal area, and the number of neurons contained in rectangular areas in layer III of the entorhinal cortex and layer II of the dentate gyrus. Statistical analysis was subsequently performed. RESULTS We observed an age-related reduction in the cell population of the external pyramidal layer of the entorhinal cortex, and in the number of neurons in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that ageing causes a decrease in the size and density of grid cells of the entorhinal cortex and place cells of the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I González-Marrero
- Unidad de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canaria, España
| | - J A Hernandez-Garcia
- Unidad de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canaria, España
| | - E Gonzalez-Davila
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canaria, España
| | - E M Carmona-Calero
- Unidad de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canaria, España; Instituto de Investigación y Ciencias, Puerto del Rosario, Fuerteventura, Islas Canarias, España
| | - J M Gonzalez-Toledo
- Unidad de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canaria, España
| | - L Castañeyra-Ruiz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine and the St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, Estados Unidos
| | - L G Hernandez-Abad
- Unidad de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canaria, España; Instituto de Investigación y Ciencias, Puerto del Rosario, Fuerteventura, Islas Canarias, España
| | - A Castañeyra-Perdomo
- Unidad de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canaria, España; Instituto de Investigación y Ciencias, Puerto del Rosario, Fuerteventura, Islas Canarias, España.
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Ramírez E, Mendieta L, Flores G, Limón ID. Neurogenesis and morphological-neural alterations closely related to amyloid β-peptide (25-35)-induced memory impairment in male rats. Neuropeptides 2018; 67:9-19. [PMID: 29129405 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Memory impairment by the Amyloid-β 25-35 (Aβ25-35) peptide in animal models has provided an understanding of the causes behind the similar deterioration that occurs in Alzheimer's disease. However, it is uncertain if a decrease of dendritic spines and neurogenesis conduces to cognitive impairment by an impairment in the retrieval of stored memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consequences of impairment on spatial memory caused by the administration of the Aβ25-35 peptide in the hippocampus, which is associated whit morphological changes and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG). The vehicle or Aβ25-35 peptide (0.1μg/μL) were bilaterally administered in the CA1 subfield of the rat hippocampus. The animals were tested for spatial learning and memory in the Morris Water Maze. In the day's 11, 18 and 32 after administration of the Aβ25-35 peptide were examined the morphological changes in the DG using a Golgi-Cox stain. In the day 32, the neurogenesis was evaluated by the immunoreactivity to 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 100mg/kg, i.p.) that corresponding to cellular proliferation post damage, the neuronal specific nuclear protein (NeuN) and doublecortin (DCX). This study found a memory retrieval impairment occurring at day 17, a cognitive deficit which had increased significantly at day 31 after the administration of Aβ25-35 peptide. These results are related to morphological changes in the granular cells of the DG, such as a shorter dendritic length and a decrease in the number of dendritic spines. In neurogenesis, the total number of cells positive to BrdU, NeuN and DCX in the hippocampal granule cell layer was found to have declined in animals treated with Aβ25-35. The results suggest that the Aβ25-35 peptide impairs memory retrieval by decreasing the number of dendritic spines and altering neurogenesis in the DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología edificio 105 C - FCQ, BUAP, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Liliana Mendieta
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología edificio 105 C - FCQ, BUAP, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría IF, BUAP, Puebla, Mexico
| | - I Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología edificio 105 C - FCQ, BUAP, Puebla, Mexico.
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Reyes-Castro LA, Padilla-Gómez E, Parga-Martínez NJ, Castro-Rodríguez DC, Quirarte GL, Díaz-Cintra S, Nathanielsz PW, Zambrano E. Hippocampal mechanisms in impaired spatial learning and memory in male offspring of rats fed a low-protein isocaloric diet in pregnancy and/or lactation. Hippocampus 2017; 28:18-30. [PMID: 28843045 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternal nutritional challenges during fetal and neonatal development result in developmental programming of multiple offspring organ systems including brain maturation and function. A maternal low-protein diet during pregnancy and lactation impairs associative learning and motivation. We evaluated effects of a maternal low-protein diet during gestation and/or lactation on male offspring spatial learning and hippocampal neural structure. Control mothers (C) ate 20% casein and restricted mothers (R) 10% casein, providing four groups: CC, RR, CR, and RC (first letter pregnancy, second lactation diet). We evaluated the behavior of young adult male offspring around postnatal day 110. Corticosterone and ACTH were measured. Males were tested for 2 days in the Morris water maze (MWM). Stratum lucidum mossy fiber (MF) area, total and spine type in basal dendrites of stratum oriens in the hippocampal CA3 field were measured. Corticosterone and ACTH were higher in RR vs. CC. In the MWM acquisition test CC offspring required two, RC three, and CR seven sessions to learn the maze. RR did not learn in eight trials. In a retention test 24 h later, RR, CR, and RC spent more time locating the platform and performed fewer target zone entries than CC. RR and RC offspring spent less time in the target zone than CC. MF area, total, and thin spines were lower in RR, CR, and RC than CC. Mushroom spines were lower in RR and RC than CC. Stubby spines were higher in RR, CR, and RC than CC. We conclude that maternal low-protein diet impairs spatial acquisition and memory retention in male offspring, and that alterations in hippocampal presynaptic (MF), postsynaptic (spines) elements and higher glucocorticoid levels are potential mechanisms to explain these learning and memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Reyes-Castro
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, México 14080, México
| | - E Padilla-Gómez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - N J Parga-Martínez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - D C Castro-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, México 14080, México
| | - G L Quirarte
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - S Díaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - P W Nathanielsz
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3684
| | - E Zambrano
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, México 14080, México
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Jadhav AD, Wei L, Shi P. Compartmentalized Platforms for Neuro-Pharmacological Research. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:72-86. [PMID: 26813122 PMCID: PMC4787287 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150516000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissociated primary neuronal cell culture remains an indispensable approach for neurobiology research in order to investigate basic mechanisms underlying diverse neuronal functions, drug screening and pharmacological investigation. Compartmentalization, a widely adopted technique since its emergence in 1970s enables spatial segregation of neuronal segments and detailed investigation that is otherwise limited with traditional culture methods. Although these compartmental chambers (e.g. Campenot chamber) have been proven valuable for the investigation of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) neurons and to some extent within Central Nervous System (CNS) neurons, their utility has remained limited given the arduous manufacturing process, incompatibility with high-resolution optical imaging and limited throughput. The development in the area of microfabrication and microfluidics has enabled creation of next generation compartmentalized devices that are cheap, easy to manufacture, require reduced sample volumes, enable precise control over the cellular microenvironment both spatially as well as temporally, and permit highthroughput testing. In this review we briefly evaluate the various compartmentalization tools used for neurobiological research, and highlight application of the emerging microfluidic platforms towards in vitro single cell neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peng Shi
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR.
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Pyka M, Cheng S. Pattern association and consolidation emerges from connectivity properties between cortex and hippocampus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85016. [PMID: 24404200 PMCID: PMC3880336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic structure of the cortico-hippocampal system is highly conserved across mammalian species. Comparatively few hippocampal neurons can represent and address a multitude of cortical patterns, establish associations between cortical patterns and consolidate these associations in the cortex. In this study, we investigate how elementary anatomical properties in the cortex-hippocampus loop along with synaptic plasticity contribute to these functions. Specifically, we focus on the high degree of connectivity between cortex and hippocampus leading to converging and diverging forward and backward projections and heterogenous synaptic transmission delays that result from the detached location of the hippocampus and its multiple loops. We found that in a model incorporating these concepts, each cortical pattern can evoke a unique spatio-temporal spiking pattern in hippocampal neurons. This hippocampal response facilitates a reliable disambiguation of learned associations and a bridging of a time interval larger than the time window of spike-timing dependent plasticity in the cortex. Moreover, we found that repeated retrieval of a stored association leads to a compression of the interval between cue presentation and retrieval of the associated pattern from the cortex. Neither a high degree of connectivity nor heterogenous synaptic delays alone is sufficient for this behavior. We conclude that basic anatomical properties between cortex and hippocampus implement mechanisms for representing and consolidating temporal information. Since our model reveals the observed functions for a range of parameters, we suggest that these functions are robust to evolutionary changes consistent with the preserved function of the hippocampal loop across different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pyka
- Mercator Research Group “Structure of Memory”, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sen Cheng
- Mercator Research Group “Structure of Memory”, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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