1
|
Wójcik P, Jastrzębski MK, Zięba A, Matosiuk D, Kaczor AA. Caspases in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanism of Activation, Role, and Potential Treatment. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4834-4853. [PMID: 38135855 PMCID: PMC11236938 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
With the aging of the population, treatment of conditions emerging in old age, such as neurodegenerative disorders, has become a major medical challenge. Of these, Alzheimer's disease, leading to cognitive dysfunction, is of particular interest. Neuronal loss plays an important role in the pathophysiology of this condition, and over the years, a great effort has been made to determine the role of various factors in this process. Unfortunately, until now, the exact pathomechanism of this condition remains unknown. However, the most popular theories associate AD with abnormalities in the Tau and β-amyloid (Aβ) proteins, which lead to their deposition and result in neuronal death. Neurons, like all cells, die in a variety of ways, among which pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis are associated with the activation of various caspases. It is worth mentioning that Tau and Aβ proteins are considered to be one of the caspase activators, leading to cell death. Moreover, the protease activity of caspases influences both of the previously mentioned proteins, Tau and Aβ, converting them into more toxic derivatives. Due to the variety of ways caspases impact the development of AD, drugs targeting caspases could potentially be useful in the treatment of this condition. Therefore, there is a constant need to search for novel caspase inhibitors and evaluate them in preclinical and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wójcik
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Michał K Jastrzębski
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Zięba
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka A Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki St., 20093, Lublin, Poland.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rahimpour A, Shahbazi B, Mafakher L. Discovery of small molecules from natural compound databases as potent retinoid X alpha receptor agonists to treat Alzheimer's disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38373033 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2313166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's is characterized as a progressive neurodegenerative disease due to beta-amyloid accumulation in the brain. Some previous studies reported that RXR agonists could be effective in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. There are currently numerous attempts being made to discover a natural RXR agonist that is more potent than 9-cis-retinoic acid (9CR). One of the most efficient resources for finding high-potential compounds is natural databases. In this study, 81215 compounds from the IB screen library as natural databases were docked against the RXR-alpha binding site. The best compounds discovered interact with the RXR-alpha binding site with a lower binding energy (-11 to -13 kcal/mol) than the binding energy of -10.94 kcal/mol for 9-cis, which means that these compounds could interact stronger with RXR-alpha than 9CR. All selected compounds could pass the blood-brain barrier. Physiochemical properties assessment indicated that all compounds passed Lipinski's rule and had the potential to be oral drug candidates. The stability of protein-ligand complexes during a timescale of 100 ns by Molecular Dynamics simulation demonstrated that all compounds could effectively interact with the RXR binding site. The molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) represented that all selected hit compounds had a better binding affinity to the alpha RXR binding site compared to 9CR, which means these hit compounds had potential drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, experimental assessment is needed to validate this result.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rahimpour
- Islamic Azad University of Science and Research Branch Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Shahbazi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Mafakher
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Singh G, Gupta S, Priyanka, Puspa, Rani B, Kaur H, Vikas, Yadav R, Sehgal R. Designing of bis-organosilanes as dual chemosensor for Sn(II) and Al(III) ions: Antibacterial activity and in silico molecular docking study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123435. [PMID: 37788514 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, in this article, we present the design and synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole allied Schiff base functionalized organosilanes 6(a-e) utilising single step approach. These compounds were further characterised using NMR (1H, 13C) and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, UV-Visible and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that compound 6a had a high selectivityto Sn(II) and Al(III) metal ions compared to other relevant metal ions with lowlimit of detection (LOD) values. Suppression of -C=N isomerization, constrained intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), and complexation with Sn(II)/Al(III) ions (Chelation Enhanced Fluorescence (CHEF)) results in probe 6a's enhanced turn on fluorescence toward the detection of Sn(II) and Al(III) ions. Probe 6a was a strong candidate for the detection of Sn(II) and Al(III) ions due to its selectivity, reversibility, and competitiveness. Since the detecting phenomenon can be reversed, the sensor 6a perfectly mimics the INHIBIT molecular logic gate. Also, computational study utilising DFT technique was used to shed light on the complexation mode of 6a with Sn(II) and Al(III) metal ions. The compound 6a's antibacterial activity has also been successfully tested against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Additionally, the compound 6a was docked to the E. coli and S. aureus proteins, which exhibited excellent results with binding energies of -7.18 Kcal mol-1 and -7.05 Kcal mol-1, respectively. As both in-vitro and docking studies demonstrated anti-bacterial activity of the probe 6a, it may be anticipated that the probe has potential to serve as anti-bacterial drug in nearly future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurjaspreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Sofia Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Priyanka
- Department of Humanities and Applied Sciences, Echelon Institute of Technology Faridabad, 121101 Haryana, India
| | - Puspa
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bhavana Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Harshbir Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Vikas
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Richa Yadav
- Department of Medicinal Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medicinal Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu M, Wang J. Identification of Hub Genes and Immune Cell Infiltration Characteristics in Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:7036194. [PMID: 34966527 PMCID: PMC8712155 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7036194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify hub genes closely correlated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their association with immune cell infiltration. In this work, 119 overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from GSE5281 and GSE122063 datasets through differential expression analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed on the 119 DEGs, revealing some important biological functions and key pathways. AD immune cell infiltration analysis revealed a significant difference in the proportion of immune cells between the AD group and the control group. Finally, correlation analysis between target hub genes and immune cells indicated that GFAP had a positive or negative correlation with some specific immune cells. Our results provided useful clues, which will help to explain the molecular mechanism of AD and search for precise prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hu
- Department of Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
- Deparment of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ikram MF, Farhat SM, Mahboob A, Baig S, Yaqinuddin A, Ahmed T. Expression of DnMTs and MBDs in AlCl 3-Induced Neurotoxicity Mouse Model. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3433-3444. [PMID: 33174148 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alteration in DNA methylation after aluminum exposure has been shown to contribute in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study is aimed to determine the effect of Al exposure (42 and 60 days) on learning and memory and the expression of proteins involved in DNA methylation (MBD1, MBD2, MBD3, MeCP2 (methyl CpG binding protein 2), DnMT1 and DnMT3a). Male BALB/c mice were treated with AlCl3 for either 42 days or 60 days. After treatment completion, learning and memory were compared to the control group using novel object recognition test, elevated plus maze test, open field test, and Morris water maze test. The treated animals and their respective controls were sacrificed after cognitive testing and samples from their whole cortex and hippocampus were harvested for gene expression analysis. Mice treated with AlCl3 showed significant cognitive deficit with impaired short-term memory, elevated anxiety, and deterioration in spatial and reference memory. The AlCl3 treatment showed significant reduction in the expression of MBDs in the whole cortex at 60 days of treatment as compared to control. AlCl3-treated animals showed decreased expression of MBDs and DnMT3a in the hippocampus for longer treated animals but strikingly, MBD2 showed significantly increased expression in AlCl3-treated animals at 60 days p ≤ 0.001. In conclusion, this study showed that AlCl3-treated animals showed significant memory and cognitive deficits and it is associated with significant changes in the expression of proteins involved in DNA methylation mechanism. Moreover, different Al exposure duration had slightly different effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faisal Ikram
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Medical College, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Mehpara Farhat
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Aamra Mahboob
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Saeeda Baig
- Department of Biochemistry, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Yaqinuddin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Touqeer Ahmed
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khan MJ, Desaire H, Lopez OL, Kamboh MI, Robinson RA. Why Inclusion Matters for Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarker Discovery in Plasma. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1327-1344. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-201318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: African American/Black adults have a disproportionate incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and are underrepresented in biomarker discovery efforts. Objective: This study aimed to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers for AD using a combination of proteomics and machine learning approaches in a cohort that included African American/Black adults. Methods: We conducted a discovery-based plasma proteomics study on plasma samples (N = 113) obtained from clinically diagnosed AD and cognitively normal adults that were self-reported African American/Black or non-Hispanic White. Sets of differentially-expressed proteins were then classified using a support vector machine (SVM) to identify biomarker candidates. Results: In total, 740 proteins were identified of which, 25 differentially-expressed proteins in AD came from comparisons within a single racial and ethnic background group. Six proteins were differentially-expressed in AD regardless of racial and ethnic background. Supervised classification by SVM yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.91 and accuracy of 86%for differentiating AD in samples from non-Hispanic White adults when trained with differentially-expressed proteins unique to that group. However, the same model yielded an AUC of 0.49 and accuracy of 47%for differentiating AD in samples from African American/Black adults. Other covariates such as age, APOE4 status, sex, and years of education were found to improve the model mostly in the samples from non-Hispanic White adults for classifying AD. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the importance of study designs in AD biomarker discovery, which must include diverse racial and ethnic groups such as African American/Black adults to develop effective biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa J. Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heather Desaire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Oscar L. Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Renã A.S. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Buzoianu AD, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Mild traumatic brain injury exacerbates Parkinson's disease induced hemeoxygenase-2 expression and brain pathology: Neuroprotective effects of co-administration of TiO 2 nanowired mesenchymal stem cells and cerebrolysin. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:157-231. [PMID: 33223035 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is one of the leading predisposing factors in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mild or moderate TBI induces rapid production of tau protein and alpha synuclein (ASNC) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in several brain areas. Enhanced tau-phosphorylation and ASNC alters the molecular machinery of the brain leading to PD pathology. Recent evidences show upregulation of constitutive isoform of hemeoxygenase (HO-2) in PD patients that correlates well with the brain pathology. mTBI alone induces profound upregulation of HO-2 immunoreactivity. Thus, it would be interesting to explore whether mTBI exacerbates PD pathology in relation to tau, ASNC and HO-2 expression. In addition, whether neurotrophic factors and stem cells known to reduce brain pathology in TBI could induce neuroprotection in PD following mTBI. In this review role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cerebrolysin (CBL), a well-balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments using nanowired delivery in PD following mTBI is discussed based on our own investigation. Our results show that mTBI induces concussion exacerbates PD pathology and nanowired delivery of MSCs and CBL induces superior neuroprotection. This could be due to reduction in tau, ASNC and HO-2 expression in PD following mTBI, not reported earlier. The functional significance of our findings in relation to clinical strategies is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lawana V, Um SY, Foguth RM, Cannon JR. Neuromelanin formation exacerbates HAA-induced mitochondrial toxicity and mitophagy impairments. Neurotoxicology 2020; 81:147-160. [PMID: 33058929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is a major public health concern due in part to prevalence, debilitating symptoms, and links to environmental exposures. Much research has focused on environmental factors that may lead to dopaminergic neurotoxicity that occurs in PD. In the study of neuronal uptake and neurotoxicity, critical species differences have been observed. For example, neuromelanin is a molecule formed in part by the breakdown products of dopamine metabolism, along with lipid and protein components. Interestingly, human catecholaminergic neurons contain readily detectable amounts of neuromelanin, while rodent models form far lower levels of neuromelanin that is barely detectable. This discrepancy is potentially an important translational weakness. Recently, we showed that neuromelanin formation modulates heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA)-induced neurotoxicity in cellular models. HAAs are dietary toxins that have primarily been studied as carcinogens, with emergent literature on selective neurotoxicity. The goal of the present study was to identify whether mitochondria in neuromelanin forming cells may be especially sensitive to HAAs. Here, we exposed galactose-supplemented SH-SY5Y cells to HAAs and tested mitochondrial function and mitophagy. The ectopic formation of neuromelanin was found to increase mitochondrial oxidative stress, decrease membrane potential, increase mitochondrial bioenergetic impairments, and impair mitophagy relative to HAA-treated cells that do not form neuromelanin. These results suggest that neuromelanin has a critical role in HAA toxicity and adverse effects on mitochondria. The data also further cement the need to conduct both mechanistic and risk assessment studies on PD-relevant neurotoxicity in models that form neuromelanin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Lawana
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Se Young Um
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Rachel M Foguth
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jason R Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Goschorska M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Gutowska I, Metryka E, Skórka-Majewicz M, Chlubek D. Potential Role of Fluoride in the Etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123965. [PMID: 30544885 PMCID: PMC6320968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease has not been fully explained. Now, the disease is widely attributed both to genetic and environmental factors. It is believed that only a small percentage of new AD cases result solely from genetic mutations, with most cases attributed to environmental factors or to the interaction of environmental factors with preexistent genetic determinants. Fluoride is widespread in the environment and it easily crosses the blood⁻brain barrier. In the brain fluoride affects cellular energy metabolism, synthesis of inflammatory factors, neurotransmitter metabolism, microglial activation, and the expression of proteins involved in neuronal maturation. Finally, and of specific importance to its role in Alzheimer's disease, studies report fluoride-induced apoptosis and inflammation within the central nervous system. This review attempts to elucidate the potential relationship between the effects of fluoride exposure and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. We describe the impact of fluoride-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD and demonstrate a role for apoptosis in disease progression, as well as a mechanism for its initiation by fluoride. The influence of fluoride on processes of AD initiation and progression is complex and warrants further investigation, especially considering growing environmental fluoride pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Goschorska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Emilia Metryka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Marta Skórka-Majewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|