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Young AYW, Audira G, Saputra F, Alos HC, Aventurado CA, Lai YH, Vasquez RD, Hsiao CD, Hung CH. Toxicity Assessment of an Anti-Cancer Drug of p-Toluene Sulfonamide in Zebrafish Larvae Based on Cardiovascular and Locomotion Activities. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1103. [PMID: 36008997 PMCID: PMC9405983 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
p-Toluene sulfonamide (p-TSA), a small molecular drug with antineoplastic activity is widely gaining interest from researchers because of its pharmacological activities. In this study, we explored the potential cardio and neural toxicity of p-TSA in sublethal concentrations by using zebrafish as an in vivo animal model. Based on the acute toxicity assay, the 96hr LC50 was estimated as 204.3 ppm, suggesting the overall toxicity of p-TSA is relatively low in zebrafish larvae. For the cardiotoxicity test, we found that p-TSA caused only a minor alteration in treated larvae after no overall significant alterations were observed in cardiac rhythm and cardiac physiology parameters, as supported by the results from expression level measurements of several cardiac development marker genes. On the other hand, we found that acute p-TSA exposure significantly increased the larval locomotion activity during the photomotor test while prolonged exposure (4 days) reduced the locomotor startle reflex activities in zebrafish. In addition, a higher respiratory rate and blood flow velocity was also observed in the acutely treated fish groups compared to the untreated group. Finally, by molecular docking, we found that p-TSA has a moderate binding affinity to skeletal muscle myosin II subfragment 1 (S1), ATPase activity, actin- and Ca2+-stimulated myosin S1 ATPase, and v-type proton ATPase. These binding interactions between p-TSA and proteins offer insights into the potential molecular mechanism of action of p-TSA on observed altered responses toward photo and vibration stimuli and minor altered vascular performance in the zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Yau Wah Young
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Gilbert Audira
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
| | - Ferry Saputra
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
| | - Honeymae C. Alos
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | | | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
| | - Ross D. Vasquez
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
- Research Center for Aquatic Toxicology and Pharmacology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
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2
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Kosnik MB, Enroth S, Karlsson O. Distinct genetic regions are associated with differential population susceptibility to chemical exposures. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 152:106488. [PMID: 33714141 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between environmental factors and genetics underlie the majority of chronic human diseases. Chemical exposures are likely an underestimated contributor, yet gene-environment (GxE) interaction studies rarely assess their modifying effects. Here, we describe a novel method to profile the human genome and identify regions associated with differential population susceptibility to chemical exposures. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) implicated in enriched chemical-disease intersections were identified and validated for three chemical classes with expected GxE interaction potential (neuroactive, hepatoactive, and cardioactive compounds). The same approach was then used to characterize consumer product classes with unknown risk for GxE interactions (washing products, cosmetics, and adhesives). Additionally, high-risk variant sets that may confer differential population susceptibility were identified for these consumer product groups through frequent itemset mining and pathway analysis. A dataset of 2454 consumer product chemical-disease linkages, with risk values, SNPs, and pathways for each association was developed, describing the interplay between environmental factors and genetics in human disease progression. We found that genetic hotspots implicated in GxE interactions differ across chemical classes (e.g., washing products had high-risk SNPs implicated in nervous system disease) and illustrate how this approach can discover new associations (e.g., washing product n-butoxyethanol implicated SNPs in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway for Alzheimer's disease). Hence, our approach can predict high-risk genetic regions for differential population susceptibility to chemical exposures and characterize chemical modifying factors in specific diseases. These methods show promise for describing how chemical exposures can lead to varied health outcomes in a population and for incorporating inter-individual variability into chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Kosnik
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Oskar Karlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Polichnowski AJ, Williamson GA, Blair TE, Hoover DB. Autonomic and cholinergic mechanisms mediating cardiovascular and temperature effects of donepezil in conscious mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R871-R884. [PMID: 33851543 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00360.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Donepezil is a centrally acting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases; however, the underlying autonomic and cholinergic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we assessed effects of donepezil on mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), HR variability, and body temperature in conscious adult male C57BL/6 mice to investigate the autonomic pathways involved. Central versus peripheral cholinergic effects of donepezil were assessed using pharmacological approaches including comparison with the peripherally acting AChE inhibitor, neostigmine. Drug treatments included donepezil (2.5 or 5 mg/kg sc), neostigmine methyl sulfate (80 or 240 μg/kg ip), atropine sulfate (5 mg/kg ip), atropine methyl bromide (5 mg/kg ip), or saline. Donepezil, at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, decreased HR by 36 ± 4% and 44 ± 3% compared with saline (n = 10, P < 0.001). Donepezil, at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, decreased temperature by 13 ± 2% and 22 ± 2% compared with saline (n = 6, P < 0.001). Modest (P < 0.001) increases in MAP were observed with donepezil after peak bradycardia occurred. Atropine sulfate and atropine methyl bromide blocked bradycardic responses to donepezil, but only atropine sulfate attenuated hypothermia. The pressor response to donepezil was similar in mice coadministered atropine sulfate; however, coadministration of atropine methyl bromide potentiated the increase in MAP. Neostigmine did not alter HR or temperature, but did result in early increases in MAP. Despite the marked bradycardia, donepezil did not increase normalized high-frequency HR variability. We conclude that donepezil causes marked bradycardia and hypothermia in conscious mice via the activation of muscarinic receptors while concurrently increasing MAP via autonomic and cholinergic pathways that remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Polichnowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee.,Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Geoffrey A Williamson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tesha E Blair
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Donald B Hoover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee.,Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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Source-Specific Volatile Organic Compounds and Emergency Hospital Admissions for Cardiorespiratory Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176210. [PMID: 32867048 PMCID: PMC7503811 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge gaps remain regarding the cardiorespiratory impacts of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for the general population. This study identified contributing sources to ambient VOCs and estimated the short-term effects of VOC apportioned sources on daily emergency hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory diseases in Hong Kong from 2011 to 2014. We estimated VOC source contributions using fourteen organic chemicals by positive matrix factorization. Then, we examined the associations between the short-term exposure to VOC apportioned sources and emergency hospital admissions for cause-specific cardiorespiratory diseases using generalized additive models with polynomial distributed lag models while controlling for meteorological and co-pollutant confounders. We identified six VOC sources: gasoline emissions, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) usage, aged VOCs, architectural paints, household products, and biogenic emissions. We found that increased emergency hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were positively linked to ambient VOCs from gasoline emissions (excess risk (ER%): 2.1%; 95% CI: 0.9% to 3.4%), architectural paints (ER%: 1.5%; 95% CI: 0.2% to 2.9%), and household products (ER%: 1.5%; 95% CI: 0.2% to 2.8%), but negatively associated with biogenic VOCs (ER%: -6.6%; 95% CI: -10.4% to -2.5%). Increased congestive heart failure admissions were positively related to VOCs from architectural paints and household products in cold seasons. This study suggested that source-specific VOCs might trigger the exacerbation of cardiorespiratory diseases.
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Carreón-Garcidueñas M, Godínez-Hernández D, Alvarado-Gómez N, Ortega-Varela LF, Cervantes-Durán C, Gauthereau-Torres MY. Participation of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels in the acute cardiac effects of toluene. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 28:670-677. [PMID: 29925288 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1491664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhaling solvents can lead to occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden sniffing death. Mechanisms related to this phenomenon are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute toluene exposure on heart reactivity to epinephrine and the participation of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. We found that acute toluene exposure increased perfusion pressure, left ventricular developed pressure, and heart rate. These actions were inhibited by lidocaine and nifedipine. Our results suggest that acute toluene exposure modify voltage-gated sodium and calcium channel function and expression likely due to a cardiac adrenergic mechanism and these effects could be participating, at least in part, in the presence of cardiac arrhythmias. To our best knowledge, this is the first report to establish a direct participation of voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels, toluene and epinephrine on cardiac function in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carreón-Garcidueñas
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mújica s/n, Edif. B-3, Ciudad Universitaria , Morelia , Mexico
| | - D Godínez-Hernández
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mújica s/n, Edif. B-3, Ciudad Universitaria , Morelia , Mexico
| | - N Alvarado-Gómez
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Francisco J. Mújica s/n, Edif. B-3, Ciudad Universitaria , Morelia , Mexico
| | - L F Ortega-Varela
- b Escuela de Enfermería y Salud Pública , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , Morelia , Mexico
| | - C Cervantes-Durán
- c Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas "Dr. Ignacio Chávez" , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Dr. Rafael Carrillo esquina Dr. Salvador González Herrejón, Col. Bosque Cuauhtémoc , Morelia , Mexico
| | - M Y Gauthereau-Torres
- c Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas "Dr. Ignacio Chávez" , Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Dr. Rafael Carrillo esquina Dr. Salvador González Herrejón, Col. Bosque Cuauhtémoc , Morelia , Mexico
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6
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Arslan Ş, Uzunhasan I, Kocas BB, Cetinkal G, Arslan Ş, Kocas C, Abaci O, Yildiz M, Celiker C, Turkoglu C. Effect of chronic toluene exposure on heart rhythm parameters. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2018; 41:783-787. [PMID: 29790182 DOI: 10.1111/pace.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toluene is used extensively in various industrial processes, and an increasing number of workers are getting exposed to its vapor. Cardiac abnormalities that have been reported in association with toluene exposure (in toxic doses) are atrioventricular conduction abnormalities, sinus bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia, recurrent myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, and coronary vasospasm. HYPOTHESIS We aimed to investigate the effects of chronic toluene exposure on cardiac rhythm. METHODS In this study, 40 workers in the polishing industry with more than 3 months of exposure to a mixture of organic solvents including toluene and 38 control subjects working in other fields who were matched by age, sex, smoking, habits, and living accommodation were investigated. Twelve-lead surface electrocardiogram and 24-hour Holter recordings were performed to determine QRS duration, PR duration (P and R wave interval on electrocardiograms), P wave dispersion, corrected QT dispersion, and heart rate variability parameters. RESULTS The maximum heart rate was significantly lower in the toluene-exposed group compared to the control group (130.5 ± 15.1 vs 138.6 ± 16.0, P = 0.02). Corrected low frequency (cLF) and cLF/corrected high frequency (cHF) were also significantly lower in toluene-exposed group (43.6 ± 7.2 vs 50.7 ± 10.5, P = 0.01 and 1.4 ± 0.4 vs 2.2 ± 1.0, P < 0.01, respectively). Mean cHF, root-mean-square successive difference, and standard deviation of all five-minute NN interval means values were significantly higher in the toluene-exposed group (32.8 ± 8.1 vs 25.4 ± 8.2, P ≤ 0.01; 74.0 ± 46.1 vs 60.3 ± 59.4, P = 0.02; and 149.5 ± 77.0 vs 108.9 ± 43.2, P = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study implies that chronic toluene exposure disturbs cardiac autonomy, particularly by suppressing sympathetic activity, and parasympathetic suppression also occurs with increased exposure duration. We also demonstrated that chronic toluene exposure was not associated with major cardiac arrhythmias and rhythm conduction system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şűkrű Arslan
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Training and Research Hospital
| | - Isil Uzunhasan
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Cardiology Institute of Istanbul University
| | - Betul Balaban Kocas
- Department of Cardiology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital
| | - Gokhan Cetinkal
- Department of Cardiology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital
| | - Şeyma Arslan
- Department of Public Health, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine
| | - Cuneyt Kocas
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology Institute of Istanbul University
| | - Okay Abaci
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology Institute of Istanbul University
| | - Mustafa Yildiz
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Cardiology Institute of Istanbul University
| | - Cengiz Celiker
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Cardiology Institute of Istanbul University
| | - Cengizhan Turkoglu
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Cardiology Institute of Istanbul University
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7
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Jung CC, Su HJ, Liang HH. Association between indoor air pollutant exposure and blood pressure and heart rate in subjects according to body mass index. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 539:271-276. [PMID: 26363400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of high body mass index (BMI) of subjects on individual who exhibited high cardiovascular disease indexes with blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) when exposed to high levels of indoor air pollutants. We collected 115 office workers, and measured their systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and HR at the end of the workday. The subjects were divided into three groups according to BMI: 18-24 (normal weight), 24-27 (overweight) and >27 (obese). This study also measured the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5μm (PM2.5), as well as the bacteria and fungi in the subjects' work-places. The pollutant effects were divided by median. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the health effects of indoor air pollution exposure according to BMI. Our study showed that higher levels of SBP, DBP and HR occurred in subjects who were overweight or obese as compared to those with normal weight. Moreover, there was higher level of SBP in subjects who were overweight or obese when they were exposed to higher levels of TVOC and fungi (p<0.05). We also found higher value for DBP and HR with increasing BMI to be associated with exposure to higher TVOC levels. This study suggests that individuals with higher BMI have higher cardiovascular disease risk when they are exposed to poor indoor air quality (IAQ), and specifically in terms of TVOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Jung
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Jen Su
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Hao Liang
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
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Lin XD, Peng B, Li SY, Shao J, Li QZ, Xie CZ, Xu JY. Novel Zn(ii)-thiazolone-based solid fluorescent chemosensors: naked-eye detection for acid/base and toluene. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06412d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three zinc complexes with diverse ligand's substituents show interesting fluorescence switching properties induced by acid/base vapour or toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- P. R. China
| | - Biao Peng
- Department of Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- P. R. China
| | - Shao-Yong Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- P. R. China
| | - Jia Shao
- Department of Pharmacy
- Tianjin First Central Hospital
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Qing-Zhong Li
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yantai University
- Yantai 264005
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Xie
- Department of Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- P. R. China
| | - Jing-Yuan Xu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics
- School of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin 300070
- P. R. China
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9
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Cruz SL, Rivera-García MT, Woodward JJ. Review of toluene action: clinical evidence, animal studies and molecular targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3. [PMID: 25360325 DOI: 10.4303/jdar/235840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It has long been known that individuals will engage in voluntary inhalation of volatile solvents for their rewarding effects. However, research into the neurobiology of these agents has lagged behind that of more commonly used drugs of abuse such as psychostimulants, alcohol and nicotine. This imbalance has begun to shift in recent years as the serious effects of abused inhalants, especially among children and adolescents, on brain function and behavior have become appreciated and scientifically documented. In this review, we discuss the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of toluene, a representative member of a large class of organic solvents commonly used as inhalants. This is followed by a brief summary of the clinical and pre-clinical evidence showing that toluene and related solvents produce significant effects on brain structures and processes involved in the rewarding aspects of drugs. This is highlighted by tables highlighting toluene's effect on behaviors (reward, motor effects, learning, etc.) and cellular proteins (e.g. voltage and ligand-gated ion channels) closely associated the actions of abused substances. These sections demonstrate not only the significant progress that has been made in understanding the neurobiological basis for solvent abuse but also reveal the challenges that remain in developing a coherent understanding of this often overlooked class of drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia L Cruz
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, México, D.F., University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - John J Woodward
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Ayan M, Tas U, Sogut E, Kuloglu T, Cayli S, Kocaman N, Karaca ZI, Sahin M. The apoptotic effect of a high dose of toluene on liver tissue during the acute phase: an experimental study. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:728-36. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712442731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the acute toxic effects of high-dose toluene and its mechanisms on the liver tissue of toluene-treated rats. In this study, 16 adult male Wistar albino rats (200–220 g) were divided into two equal groups. Group I was used as a control group, while group II was exposed to high dose of toluene, 5200 mg/kg (6 ml/kg per gavage). After the 3-hour experimental period, blood samples and liver tissues were taken from the euthanized animals. Serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels were assayed. Liver tissues were fixed in 10% neutral formalin, then embedded in paraffin and sectioned (5 μm thickness). Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological examination. A terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay was also done for the determination of apoptosis in liver tissues. For the determination of Bax and caspase-3 immunoreactivity, the sections were stained using avidin–biotin–peroxidase immunohistochemical method. The level of plasma transaminase was found to be increased in toluene administered rats. Additionally, slight degeneration of hepatocyte and mononuclear cell infiltration was observed in the liver tissue sections and a high (+++) immunoreactivity for Bax and caspase-3 protein was observed in the toluene group. This study showed that the high dose of toluene triggers apoptosis in the liver of rats via the mitochondrial pathway in acute period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ayan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Tas
- Department of Anatomy, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Erkan Sogut
- Department of Biochemistry, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Kuloglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sevil Cayli
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Nevin Kocaman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Zafer Ismail Karaca
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sahin
- Department of Biochemistry, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
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MacPhail RC, Farmer JD, Jarema KA. Toluene effects on the motor activity of adolescent, young-adult, middle-age and senescent male Brown Norway rats. Neurotoxicology 2011; 33:111-8. [PMID: 22192906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Life stage is an important risk factor for toxicity. Children and aging adults, for example, are more susceptible to certain chemicals than are young adults. In comparison to children, relatively little is known about susceptibility in older adults. Additionally, few studies have compared toxicant susceptibility across a broad range of life stages. Results are presented for behavioral evaluations of male Brown Norway rats obtained as adolescents (1 month), or young (4 months), middle-age (12 months) and senescent (24 months) adults. Motor activity was evaluated in photocell devices during 30-min sessions. Age-related baseline characteristics and sensitivity to toluene (0, 300, 650, or 1000mg/kg, p.o.) were determined. In Experiment 1, young-adult, middle-age and senescent rats were treated with corn-oil vehicle before five weekly test sessions. Baselines of horizontal and vertical activity decreased with age, but each age-group's averages remained stable across weeks of testing. Baseline activity of older rats was more variable than that of the young adults; older rats were also more variable individually from week to week. Toluene (1000mg/kg) increased horizontal activity proportionately more in senescent rats (ca. 300% of control) than in middle-age or young-adult rats (ca.145-175% of control). Experiment 2 established toluene dose-effect functions in individual adolescent, young-adult, middle-age and senescent rats; each rat received all treatments, counterbalanced across four weekly sessions. Toluene produced dose-related increases in horizontal activity that increased proportionately with age. Experiment 3 replicated the effects of toluene (1000mg/kg) in Experiment 1, showing that toluene-induced increases in horizontal activity were greatest in the oldest rats. Collectively, the results show that aging increased susceptibility to toluene and also increased variability in toluene response. Given the rapid growth of the aged population, further research is needed on aging-related susceptibility to environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C MacPhail
- Neurotoxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Tsao JH, Hu YH, How CK, Chern CH, Hung-Tsang Yen D, Huang CI. Atrioventricular conduction abnormality and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in toluene sniffing. J Formos Med Assoc 2011; 110:652-4. [PMID: 21982470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with widespread industrial use as an organic solvent. As a result of the euphoric effect and availability of these substances, inhalation of toluene-based products is popular among young adults and children. Chronic or acute exposure is known to cause acid-base and electrolyte disorders, and to be toxic to the nervous and hematopoietic systems. We report a 38-year-old man who suffered from general muscular weakness of all extremities after toluene sniffing, which was complicated with hypokalemic paralysis, atrioventricular conduction abnormality, and normal anion gap hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Renal function, serum potassium and acid-base status normalized within 3 days after aggressive potassium chloride and intravenous fluid replacement. Electrocardiography showed regression of first-degree atrioventricular block. Exposure to toluene can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and sudden sniffing death syndrome. Tachyarrhythmia is the classical manifestation of toluene cardiotoxicity. Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities have been rarely mentioned in the literature. Knowledge of the toxicology and medical complications associated with toluene sniffing is essential for clinical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hsiung Tsao
- Emergency Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kanter M. Protective effect of quercetin on liver damage induced by chronic toluene exposure in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:483-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711414613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of quercetin (QE) on liver injury caused by chronic toluene exposure in rats. The rats were randomly allotted into one of three experimental groups: control, toluene treated and toluene treated with QE; each group contained 10 animals. The control group received 1 ml physiologic serum, and toluene treatment was performed by inhalation of 3000 ppm toluene, for 8 h/day and 6 days/week for 12 weeks. The rats in the QE-treated groups were given QE (15 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) once a day for 12 weeks starting just after toluene exposure. Tissue samples were obtained for histopathological investigation. To date, no histopathological changes in the liver of rats after chronic toluene exposure by QE treatment have been reported. Light microscopic evaluation of liver tissue samples of toluene-exposed rats revealed enlarged sinusoids filled with blood. In addition, some of the hepatocytes showed loss of cytoplasm, and some had a hyperchromatic nucleus. QE treatment attenuated alterations in liver histology. The alpha smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor beta-positive cells and the activity of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling in the toluene-treated group were observed to be reduced with QE treatment. The data indicate that QE attenuates toluene-induced liver injury, but further investigation is still absolutely necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kanter
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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Türkoğlu C, Aliyev F, Çeliker C, Uzunhasan I, Kocaş C. Slow heart-slow brain: consequence of short-term occupational exposure to toluene in a young woman: what is the real mechanism? Clin Cardiol 2010; 33:E68-71. [PMID: 20043333 PMCID: PMC6653352 DOI: 10.1002/clc.20525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe a case of acute occupational exposure to toluene in a 27-year-old female patient, presented to the emergency department of our institute. On admission she had electrocardiographic signs of profound sinus bradycardia with sinus arrhythmia and low amplitude slow wave activity recorded on her electroencephalogram (EEG). The mechanisms underlying the cerebral and cardiac effects of toluene are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengizhan Türkoğlu
- Istanbul University, Institute of Cardiology, Division of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Haseki/Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Farid Aliyev
- Istanbul University, Institute of Cardiology, Division of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Haseki/Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Çeliker
- Istanbul University, Institute of Cardiology, Division of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Haseki/Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Işıl Uzunhasan
- Istanbul University, Institute of Cardiology, Division of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Haseki/Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Kocaş
- Istanbul University, Institute of Cardiology, Division of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Haseki/Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
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Gordon CJ, Gottipolu RR, Kenyon EM, Thomas R, Schladweiler MC, Mack CM, Shannahan JH, Wallenborn JG, Nyska A, MacPhail RC, Richards JE, Devito M, Kodavanti UP. Aging and susceptibility to toluene in rats: a pharmacokinetic, biomarker, and physiological approach. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:301-318. [PMID: 20077299 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903421144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aging adults are a growing segment of the U.S. population and are likely to exhibit increased susceptibility to many environmental toxicants. However, there is little information on the susceptibility of the aged to toxicants. The toxicity of toluene has been well characterized in young adult rodents but there is little information in the aged. Three approaches were used: (1) pharmacokinetic (PK), (2) cardiac biomarkers, and (3) whole-animal physiology to assess whether aging increases susceptibility to toluene in the Brown Norway (BN) rat. Three life stages, young adult, middle aged, and aged (4, 12, and 24 mo, respectively), were administered toluene orally at doses of 0, 0.3, 0.65, or 1 g/kg and subjected to the following: terminated at 45 min or 4 h post dosing, and blood and brain toluene concentration were measured; terminated at 4 h post dosing, and biomarkers of cardiac function were measured; or monitor heart rate (HR), core temperature (Tc), and motor activity (MA) by radiotelemetry before and after dosing. Brain toluene concentration was significantly elevated in aged rats at 4 h after dosing with either 0.3 or 1 g/kg. Blood toluene concentrations were unaffected by age. There were various interactions between aging and toluene-induced effects on cardiac biomarkers. Most notably, toluene exposure led to reductions in mRNA markers for oxidative stress in aged but not younger animals. Toluene also produced a reduction in cardiac endothelin-1 in aged rats. Higher doses of toluene led to tachycardia, hypothermia, and a transient elevation in MA. Aged rats were less sensitive to the tachycardic effects of toluene but showed a prolonged hypothermic response. Elevated brain levels of toluene in aged rats may be attributed to their suppressed cardiovascular and respiratory responses. The expression of several cardiac biochemical markers of toluene exposure in the aged may also reflect differential susceptibility to this toxicant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gordon
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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Wise LD, Buschmann J, Feuston MH, Fisher JE, Hew KW, Hoberman AM, Lerman SA, Ooshima Y, Stump DG. Embryo-fetal developmental toxicity study design for pharmaceuticals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 86:418-28. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Gotohda T, Nishimura A, Morita K. Immunohistochemical studies on early stage of hepatic damage induced by subacute inhalation of toluene vapor in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 29:505-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gordon CJ. Cardiac and thermal homeostasis in the aging Brown Norway rat. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 63:1307-13. [PMID: 19126843 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/63.12.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular and thermoregulatory systems are considered to be susceptible in the aged population, but little is known about baseline cardiac and thermoregulatory homeostasis in rodent models of aging. Radiotransmitters were implanted in male, Brown Norway rats obtained at 4, 12, and 24 months to monitor the electrocardiogram (ECG), interbeat interval (IBI), heart rate (HR), core temperature (Tc), and motor activity (MA). There was no significant effect of age on resting HR and MA. Daytime Tc of the 24-month-old rats was significantly elevated above those of the 4- and 12-month-old groups. Variability of the IBI was highest in the 24-month-old rats. The elevation in daytime Tc beginning around 8 months of age may be a physiological biomarker of aging and may be an important factor to consider in studies using caloric restriction-induced hypothermia to increase longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gordon
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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