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Lee HJ, Ehlerding EB, Cai W. Antibody-Based Tracers for PET/SPECT Imaging of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Chembiochem 2019; 20:422-436. [PMID: 30240550 PMCID: PMC6377337 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases are often progressive, resulting not only in physical damage to patients but also social and economic burdens, making early diagnosis of them critical. Nuclear medicine techniques can enhance the detection of inflammation by providing functional as well as anatomical information when combined with other modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography or ultrasonography. Although small molecules and peptides were mainly used for the treatment and imaging of chronic inflammatory diseases in the past, antibodies and their fragments have also been emerging for chronic inflammatory diseases as they show high specificity to their targets and can have various biological half-lives depending on how they are engineered. In addition, imaging with antibodies or their fragments can visualize the in vivo biodistribution of the probes or help monitor therapeutic responses, thereby providing physicians with a greater understanding of drug behavior in vivo and another means of monitoring their patients. In this review, we introduce various targets and radiolabeled antibody-based probes for the molecular imaging of chronic inflammatory diseases in preclinical and clinical studies. Targets can be classified into three different categories: 1) cell-adhesion molecules, 2) surface markers on immune cells, and 3) cytokines or enzymes. The limitations and future directions of using radiolabeled antibodies for imaging inflammatory diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA
| | - Emily B. Ehlerding
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA
- Department of Radiology and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA
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Shi Y, Zhang P, Wang G, Liu X, Sun X, Zhang X, Li H, Qi J, Ding L, Li T, Zhang R, Chen Y, Zhou J, Lv G, Tu Z. Description of organ-specific phenotype, and functional characteristics of tissue resident lymphocytes from liver transplantation donor and research on immune tolerance mechanism of liver. Oncotarget 2018; 9:15552-15565. [PMID: 29643992 PMCID: PMC5884647 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Prior to transplantation, Donation after Cardiac Death (DCD) liver transplantation livers are perfused with preservation solution. Therefore, this provides an abundant source of human liver lymphocytes, as well as mesenteric lymph node and spleen for the study of lymphocyte subset diversity in the peripheral blood, lymph node, spleen and liver. Methods Lymphocyte subsets were isolated and purified from peripheral blood, lymph node, spleen and liver perfusion, the phenotypic and functional analysis of the tissue resident lymphocyte were performed by flow cytometry. Results In a direct comparison between blood, liver, lymph node and spleen cells from liver transplantation donors, the abundance of natural killer (NK) cells, CD3+CD56+NKT (NT) cells and CD8+ T cells in intrahapatic lymphocytes (IHL) did not match what was present in peripheral blood and other peripheral lymphoid organs. The activation state of peripheral blood-derived lymphocytes was significantly different from lymph node-, spleen- and liver-derived cells. Intriguingly, NK cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells from liver perfusion display more suppressive characteristics, that is, express and produce more anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10, less inflammatory cytokine interferon (INF)-γ. Conclusion Our findings imply that different tissues entail resident lymphocyte subsets with a distinct phenotype and function considering the organ is well vascularized, particularly in liver. It is better to understand the mechanism of liver immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xingkai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ruoyan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jianpeng Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhengkun Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China.,Department of Surgery, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, P.R. China
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Graham MM. Clinical molecular imaging with radiotracers: current status. Med Princ Pract 2012; 21:197-208. [PMID: 22142905 DOI: 10.1159/000333552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is defined as the visualization, characterization, and measurement of biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels in humans and other living systems. Most clinical molecular imaging is currently done using radioisotope-labeled agents to define the activity of various metabolic pathways in vivo or to determine the distribution and density of various receptors relevant to human disease. This paper briefly reviews most of the commonly used radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine, as well as newer agents that are likely to become available in the near future. The metabolic pathways include those relevant to the thyroid, parathyroid, heart, brain, bones, kidneys, liver, pancreas, adrenals and tumor. The receptor systems include agents useful in evaluating movement disorders, dementia, cardiac sympathetic enervation and neoangiogenesis. Receptor systems relevant to tumors include somatostatin receptors (neuroendocrine tumors), prostate-specific membrane antigen, carbonic anhydrase IX (renal cancer), and CD-20 (lymphoma). These agents, and newer agents that are being developed, are likely to become critical in the development of personalized medicine, where it will become increasingly important to determine whether a treatment that is targeted to a specific metabolic pathway or receptor is likely to be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Graham
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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van Hemert FJ, Thurlings R, Dohmen SE, Voermans C, Tak PP, van Eck-Smit BLF, Bennink RJ. Labeling of autologous monocytes with 99mTc-HMPAO at very high specific radioactivity. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 34:933-8. [PMID: 17998095 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis of joints involves the accumulation of monocyte-derived macrophages in the affected synovial tissue. This process of cell migration can be portrayed scintigraphically in order to monitor noninvasive effects of therapy on the progress of the disease. Scintigraphic detection of inflammation by means of technetium 99m-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO)-labeled leukocytes provides a classic example. Present state-of-the-art methods in cell biology allow the isolation of cells like lymphocytes or monocytes, which are less abundant than main blood constituents but, instead, harbor particular functions like specific homing properties. To facilitate scintigraphic imaging of the cell functions involved, the relatively small population of cells must be labeled to radioactive yields as high as possible. We demonstrate that autologous monocytes isolated from 100 ml of peripheral blood can be radiolabeled to a yield of 10 (instead of 1) Bq per cell, allowing scintigraphic analysis of rheumatoid arthritis up to 20 h post injection of patients. The method is based on the instantaneous distribution of lipophilic 99mTc-HMPAO between the hydrophobic inside of cells and the hydrophilic (aqueous) surrounding of cells, followed by decomposition of the radiopharmaceutical into compounds that are unable to cross the cellular membrane. The procedure provides a method of choice for cell-mediated scintigraphy at low availability of cells with the correct homing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Formijn J van Hemert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Blum KS, Pabst R. Lymphocyte numbers and subsets in the human blood. Do they mirror the situation in all organs? Immunol Lett 2006; 108:45-51. [PMID: 17129612 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte numbers in the blood are used to evaluate the immune status on a daily basis in medicine. Several studies have documented the normal ranges of lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood. A variety of techniques and criteria have revealed clear differences between the lymphocyte subsets in childhood and adolescence. Race and gender are also variables for blood lymphocytes, and even environmental factors seem to influence the numbers of some lymphocyte populations. However, do all these variations in lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood mirror changes in the lymphocyte populations of the whole body, or is it just a result of different migratory habits of cells? The factors influencing the distribution of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood with regard to the different abilities of T and B cells to migrate to distinct lymphoid or non-lymphoid tissue are summarized. In addition it will be described how the removal of organs (e.g. thymus, spleen, liver) influences the distribution of lymphocytes in the blood. All these parameters should be considered not only in the clinical situation when the immune status of a patient is extrapolated from the lymphocyte numbers in the blood, but also when interpreting treatment effects in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin S Blum
- Department of Functional and Applied Anatomy 4120, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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