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Zamanian M, Albano D, Treglia G, Rizzo A, Abedi I. The Clinical Role of CXCR4-Targeted PET on Lymphoproliferative Disorders: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2945. [PMID: 38792485 PMCID: PMC11122120 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: We conducted a comprehensive investigation to explore the pathological expression of the CXCR4 receptor in lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) using [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT or PET/MRI technology. The PICO question was as follows: What is the diagnostic role (outcome) of [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET (intervention) in patients with LPDs (problem/population)? Methods: The study was written based on the reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, and it was registered on the prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) website (CRD42024506866). A comprehensive computer literature search of Scopus, MEDLINE, Scholar, and Embase databases was conducted, including articles indexed up to February 2024. To the methodological evaluation of the studies used the quality assessment of diagnosis accuracy studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. Results: Of the 8380 records discovered, 23 were suitable for systematic review. Fifteen studies (on 571 LPD patients) focused on diagnosis and staging, and eight trials (194 LPD patients) assessed treatment response. Conclusions: The main conclusions that can be inferred from the published studies are as follows: (a) [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET may have excellent diagnostic performance in the study of several LPDs; (b) [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET may be superior to [18F]FDG or complementary in some LPDs variants and settings; (c) multiple myeloma seems to have a high uptake of [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor. Overall, this technique is probably suitable for imaging, staging, and follow-up on patients with LPD. Due to limited data, further studies are warranted to confirm the promising role of [68Ga]Ga-Pantixafor in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zamanian
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran; (M.Z.); (I.A.)
| | - Domenico Albano
- Nuclear Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, 25128 Brescia, Italy;
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Treglia
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Rizzo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Turin, Italy;
| | - Iraj Abedi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran; (M.Z.); (I.A.)
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2
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Yi H, Qin L, Ye X, Song J, Ji J, Ye T, Li J, Li L. Progression of radio-labeled molecular imaging probes targeting chemokine receptors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 195:104266. [PMID: 38232861 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are significantly expressed in the surface of most inflammatory cells and tumor cells. Guided by chemokines, inflammatory cells which express the relevant chemokine receptors migrate to inflammatory lesions and participate in the evolution of inflammation diseases. Similarly, driven by chemokines, immune cells infiltrate into tumor lesions not only induces alterations in the tumor microenvironment, disrupting the efficacy of tumor therapies, but also has the potential to selectively target tumoral cells and diminish tumor progression. Chemokine receptors, which are significantly expressed on the surface of tumor cell membranes, are regulated by chemokines and initiate tumor-associated signaling pathways within tumor cells, playing a complex role in tumor progression. Based on the antagonists targeting chemokine receptors, radionuclide-labeled molecular imaging probes have been developed for the emerging application of molecular imaging in diseases such as tumors and inflammation. The value and limitations of molecular probes in disease imaging are worth reviewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqing Yi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Lilin Qin
- Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Xuemei Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Jinling Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Jianfeng Ji
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Juan Li
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dongfang Street 150, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.
| | - Linfa Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.
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3
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Martínez-Torró C, Alba-Castellón L, Carrasco-Díaz LM, Serna N, Imedio L, Gallardo A, Casanova I, Unzueta U, Vázquez E, Mangues R, Villaverde A. Lymphocyte infiltration and antitumoral effect promoted by cytotoxic inflammatory proteins formulated as self-assembling, protein-only nanoparticles. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114976. [PMID: 37276641 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two human proteins involved in the inflammatory cell death, namely Gasdermin D (GSDMD) and the Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like (MLKL) protein have been engineered to accommodate an efficient ligand of the tumoral cell marker CXCR4, and a set of additional peptide agents that allow their spontaneous self-assembling. Upon production in bacterial cells and further purification, both proteins organized as stable nanoparticles of 46 and 54 nm respectively, that show, in this form, a moderate but dose-dependent cytotoxicity in cell culture. In vivo, and when administered in mouse models of colorectal cancer through repeated doses, the nanoscale forms of tumor-targeted GSDMD and, at a lesser extent, of MLKL promoted CD8+ and CD20+ lymphocyte infiltration in the tumor and an important reduction of tumor size, in absence of systemic toxicity. The potential of these novel pharmacological agents as anticancer drugs is discussed in the context of synergistic approaches to more effective cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Torró
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lorena Alba-Castellón
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Carrasco-Díaz
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Naroa Serna
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Imedio
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Alberto Gallardo
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isolda Casanova
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Ugutz Unzueta
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ramón Mangues
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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4
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The chronological evolution of fluorescent GPCR probes for bioimaging. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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5
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Novel Theranostic Approaches Targeting CCR4-Receptor, Current Status and Translational Prospectives: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/ph16020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: With the high mortality rate of malignant tumors, there is a need to find novel theranostic approaches to provide an early diagnosis and targeted therapy. The chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is highly expressed in various tumors and plays an important role in tumor pathogenesis. This systematic review aims to provide a complete overview on clinical and preclinical applications of the CCR4 receptor as a target for theranostics, using a systematic approach to classify and assemble published studies performed on humans and animals, sorted by field of application and specific tumor. Methods: A systematic literature search of articles suiting the inclusion criteria was conducted on Pubmed, Scopus, Central, and Web of Science databases, including papers published from January 2006 to November 2022. Eligible studies had to be performed on humans and/or in vivo/in vitro studying CCR4 expression in tumors. The methodological quality was assessed through the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) assessing only the studies performed on humans. Results: A total of 17 articles were screened. The articles were assessed for eligibility with the exclusion of 4 articles. Ultimately, 13 articles were selected for the qualitative analysis, and six articles were selected for the critical appraisal skills program. Conclusions: The development of new radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals targeting CCR4 show promising results in the theranostics of CCR4 sensible tumors. Although to widen its use in clinical practice, further translation of preclinical to clinical data is needed.
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Braga M, Leow CH, Gil JH, Teh JH, Carroll L, Long NJ, Tang MX, Aboagye EO. Investigating CXCR4 expression of tumor cells and the vascular compartment: A multimodal approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260186. [PMID: 34793563 PMCID: PMC8601444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is G protein-coupled receptor that upon binding to its cognate ligand, can lead to tumor progression. Several CXCR4-targeted therapies are currently under investigation, and with it comes the need for imaging agents capable of accurate depiction of CXCR4 for therapeutic stratification and monitoring. PET agents enjoy the most success, but more cost-effective and radiation-free approaches such as ultrasound (US) imaging could represent an attractive alternative. In this work, we developed a targeted microbubble (MB) for imaging of vascular CXCR4 expression in cancer. A CXCR4-targeted MB was developed through incorporation of the T140 peptide into the MB shell. Binding properties of the T140-MB and control, non-targeted MB (NT-MB) were evaluated in MDA-MB-231 cells where CXCR4 expression was knocked-down (via shRNA) through optical imaging, and in the lymphoma tumor models U2932 and SuDHL8 (high and low CXCR4 expression, respectively) by US imaging. PET imaging of [18F]MCFB, a tumor-penetrating CXCR4-targeted small molecule, was used to provide whole-tumor CXCR4 readouts. CXCR4 expression and microvessel density were performed by immunohistochemistry analysis and western blot. T140-MB were formed with similar properties to NT-MB and accumulated sensitively and specifically in cells according to their CXCR4 expression. In NOD SCID mice, T140-MB persisted longer in tumors than NT-MB, indicative of target interaction, but showed no difference between U2932 and SuDHL8. In contrast, PET imaging with [18F]MCFB showed a marked difference in tumor uptake at 40-60 min post-injection between the two tumor models (p<0.05). Ex vivo analysis revealed that the large differences in CXCR4 expression between the two models are not reflected in the vascular compartment, where the MB are restricted; in fact, microvessel density and CXCR4 expression in the vasculature was comparable between U2932 and SuDHL8 tumors. In conclusion, we successfully developed a T140-MB that can be used for imaging CXCR4 expression in the tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Braga
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chee Hau Leow
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Hernandez Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jin H. Teh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Carroll
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meng-Xing Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Mikaeili A, Erfani M, Goudarzi M, Sabzevari O. Breast Tumor Targeting in Mice Bearing 4T1 Tumor with Labeled CXCR4 Antagonist Analogue. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Luker GD, Yang J, Richmond A, Scala S, Festuccia C, Schottelius M, Wester HJ, Zimmermann J. At the Bench: Pre-clinical evidence for multiple functions of CXCR4 in cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:969-989. [PMID: 33104270 PMCID: PMC8254203 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2bt1018-715rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through chemokine receptor, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) regulates essential processes in normal physiology, including embryogenesis, tissue repair, angiogenesis, and trafficking of immune cells. Tumors co-opt many of these fundamental processes to directly stimulate proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. CXCR4 signaling contributes to critical functions of stromal cells in cancer, including angiogenesis and multiple cell types in the tumor immune environment. Studies in animal models of several different types of cancers consistently demonstrate essential functions of CXCR4 in tumor initiation, local invasion, and metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. Data from animal models support clinical observations showing that integrated effects of CXCR4 on cancer and stromal cells correlate with metastasis and overall poor prognosis in >20 different human malignancies. Small molecules, Abs, and peptidic agents have shown anticancer efficacy in animal models, sparking ongoing efforts at clinical translation for cancer therapy. Investigators also are developing companion CXCR4-targeted imaging agents with potential to stratify patients for CXCR4-targeted therapy and monitor treatment efficacy. Here, pre-clinical studies demonstrating functions of CXCR4 in cancer are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Luker
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jinming Yang
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ann Richmond
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stefania Scala
- Research Department, Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Margret Schottelius
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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9
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Wu X, Zhang H, Sui Z, Wang Y, Yu Z. The biological role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0140. [PMID: 33710803 PMCID: PMC8185864 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common malignant tumor and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the main histological type of esophageal cancer, and accounts for 90% of all cancer cases. Despite the progress made in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the mortality rate from esophageal cancer remains high, and the overall 5-year survival rate is less than 20%, even in developed countries. The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) is a member of the CXC chemokine subgroup, which is widely expressed in a variety of tissues and cells. CXCL12 participates in the regulation of many physiological and pathological processes by binding to its specific receptor, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), where it causes embryonic development, immune response, and angiogenesis. In addition, increasing evidence indicates that the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis plays an important role in the biological processes of tumor cells. Studies have shown that CXCL12 and its receptor, CXCR4, are highly expressed in ESCC. This abnormal expression contributes to tumor proliferation, lymph node and distant metastases, and worsening prognosis. At present, antagonists and imaging agents against CXCL12 or CXCR4 have been developed to interfere with the malignant process and monitor metastasis of tumors. This article summarizes the structure, function, and regulatory mechanism of CXCL12/CXCR4 and its role in the malignancy of ESCC. Current results from preclinical research targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 are also summarized to provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Wu
- Departments of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Hongdian Zhang
- Departments of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhilin Sui
- Departments of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhentao Yu
- Departments of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
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10
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Wu Y, Zhu H, Zhang X, Yu P, Gui Y, Xu Z, Zhang J, Tian J. Synthesis and evaluation of [99mTc]TcAMD3465 as a SPECT tracer for CXCR4 receptor imaging. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Basuli F, Zhang X, Phelps TE, Jagoda EM, Choyke PL, Swenson RE. Automated Synthesis of Fluorine-18 Labeled CXCR4 Ligand via the Conjugation with Nicotinic Acid N-Hydroxysuccinimide Ester (6-[ 18F]SFPy). Molecules 2020; 25:E3924. [PMID: 32867358 PMCID: PMC7504725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor that is overexpressed in numerous diseases, particularly in various cancers and is a powerful chemokine, attracting cells to the bone marrow niche. Therefore, CXCR4 is an attractive target for imaging and therapeutic purposes. The goal of this study is to develop an efficient, reproducible, and straightforward method to prepare a fluorine-18 labeled CXCR4 ligand. 6-[18F]Fluoronicotinic acid-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl ester (6-[18F]FPy-TFP) and nicotinic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (6-[18F]SFPy) have been prepared using 'fluorination on the Sep-Pak' method. Conjugation of 6-[18F]SFPy or 6-[18F]FPy-TFP with the alpha-amino group at the N terminus of the protected T140 precursor followed by deprotection, yielded the final product 6-[18F]FPy-T140. The overall radiochemical yields were 6-17% (n = 15, decay-corrected) in a 90-min radiolabeling time with a radiochemical purity >99%. 6-[18F]FPy-T140 exhibited high specific binding and nanomolar affinity for CXCR4 in vitro, indicating that the biological activity of the peptide was preserved. For the first time, [18F]SFPy has been prepared using 'fluorination on the Sep-Pak' method that allows rapid automated synthesis of 6-[18F]FPy-T140. In addition to increased synthetic efficiency, this construct binds with CXCR4 in high affinity and may have potential as an in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent. This radiosynthesis method should encourage wider use of this PET agent to quantify CXCR4 in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Basuli
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (X.Z.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (X.Z.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Tim E. Phelps
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.E.P.); (E.M.J.); (P.L.C.)
| | - Elaine M. Jagoda
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.E.P.); (E.M.J.); (P.L.C.)
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.E.P.); (E.M.J.); (P.L.C.)
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (X.Z.); (R.E.S.)
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12
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MacMullan MA, Dunn ZS, Graham NA, Yang L, Wang P. Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics Reveal Biomarkers of Disease as Potential Immunotherapy Targets and Indicators of Therapeutic Efficacy. Theranostics 2019; 9:7872-7888. [PMID: 31695805 PMCID: PMC6831481 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) continues to deepen our understanding of the immune system, quickly becoming the gold standard for obtaining high-throughput, quantitative data on biomolecules. The development of targeted and multiplexed assays for biomarker quantification makes MS an attractive tool both for diagnosing diseases and for quantifying the effects of immunotherapeutics. Because of its accuracy, the use of MS for identifying biomarkers of disease reduces the potential for misdiagnosis and overtreatment. Advances in workflows for sample processing have drastically reduced processing time and complexities due to sample preparation, making MS a more accessible technology. In this review, we present how recent developments in proteomics and metabolomics make MS an essential component of enhancing and monitoring the efficacy of immunotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. MacMullan
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zachary S. Dunn
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nicholas A. Graham
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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13
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Adlere I, Caspar B, Arimont M, Dekkers S, Visser K, Stuijt J, de Graaf C, Stocks M, Kellam B, Briddon S, Wijtmans M, de Esch I, Hill S, Leurs R. Modulators of CXCR4 and CXCR7/ACKR3 Function. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:737-752. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Zhu S, Meng Q, Schooley RT, An J, Xu Y, Huang Z. Structural and Biological Characterizations of Novel High-Affinity Fluorescent Probes with Overlapped and Distinctive Binding Regions on CXCR4. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24162928. [PMID: 31412600 PMCID: PMC6720714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CXC-type chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is well known as a co-receptor for cellular entry and infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). As an important member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, CXCR4 also mediates a variety of cellular processes and functions, such as cell chemotaxis, proliferation, and calcium signal transductions. Identification and characterization of molecular ligands or probes of CXCR4 have been an intensive area of investigations as such ligands or probes are of significant clinical values for the studies and treatments of HIV-1 infection and other human diseases mediated by the receptor. The crystal structures of CXCR4 in complex with different ligands have revealed two distinctive binding regions or subpockets. Thus, understanding the interactions of diverse ligands with these distinctive CXCR4 binding regions has become vital for elucidating the relationship between binding modes and biological mechanisms of ligand actions. Peptidic CVX15 is the only ligand that has been validated to bind one of these distinctive binding regions (or so called the major subpocket) of CXCR4. Therefore, in this study, we developed an efficient probe system including two high-affinity peptidic fluorescent probes, designated as FITC-CVX15 and FITC-DV1, with the aim of targeting distinctive CXCR4 subpockets. We conducted rational design and chemical characterization of the two CXCR4-specific probes and examined their application in biological experiments including competitive binding assays, flow cytometry analysis, and confocal imaging. Especially these two probes were applied in parallel CXCR4 competitive binding assays to detect and analyze potential binding modes of diverse CXCR4 ligands, together with molecular docking and simulations. Our results have indicated that these peptidic fluorescent probe systems provide novel ligand detecting tools, as well as present a new approach for analyzing distinctive binding modes of diverse CXCR4 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Qian Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jing An
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China.
| | - Ziwei Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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15
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Van Acker T, Buckle T, Van Malderen SJM, van Willigen DM, van Unen V, van Leeuwen FWB, Vanhaecke F. High-resolution imaging and single-cell analysis via laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for the determination of membranous receptor expression levels in breast cancer cell lines using receptor-specific hybrid tracers. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1074:43-53. [PMID: 31159938 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluates the possibility of placement of high-resolution imaging and single-cell analysis via laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) within precision medicine by assessing the suitability of LA-ICP-MS as a micro-analytical technique for the localization and quantification of membranous receptors in heterogeneous cell samples that express both the membrane-bound receptors C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Staining of the breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 X4 and MDA-MB-468 was achieved using receptor-specific hybrid tracers, containing both a fluorophore and a DTPA single-lanthanide chelate. Prior to LA-ICP-MS imaging, fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) imaging was performed to localize the receptors, hereby enabling direct comparison. Based on the different expression levels of CXCR4 and EGFR, a distinction could be made between the cell lines using both imaging modalities. Furthermore, FCM and LA-ICP-MS demonstrated complementary characteristics, as a more distinct discrimination could be made between both cell lines based on the EGFR-targeting hybrid tracer via LA-ICP-MS, due to the intrinsic CXCR4-related green fluorescent protein (GFP) signal present in the MDA-MB-231 X4 cells. Employing state-of-the-art LA-ICP-MS instrumentation in bidirectional area scanning mode for sub-cellular imaging of MDA-MB-231 X4 cells enabled the specific binding of the CXCR4-targeting hybrid tracer to the cell membrane to be clearly demonstrated. The stretching of cells over the glass substrate led to a considerably higher signal response for pixels at the cell edges, relative to the more central pixels. The determination of the expression levels of CXCR4 and EGFR for the MDA-MB-468 cell line was performed using LA-ICP-MS single-cell analysis (sc-LA-ICP-MS) and external calibration, based on the quantitative ablation of Ho-spiked dried gelatin droplet standards. Additionally, a second calibration approach was applied based on spot ablation of highly homogeneous dried gelatin gels in combination with the determination of the ablated volume using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and yielded results which were in good agreement with the expression levels determined via flow cytometry (FC) and mass cytometry (MC). Hybrid tracers enable a direct comparison between (i) FCM and LA-ICP-MS imaging for the evaluation of the microscopic binding pattern and between (ii) FC, MC and sc-LA-ICP-MS for the quantification of receptor expression levels in single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Van Acker
- Ghent University, Department of Chemistry, Atomic & Mass Spectrometry - A&MS Research Unit, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tessa Buckle
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Stijn J M Van Malderen
- Ghent University, Department of Chemistry, Atomic & Mass Spectrometry - A&MS Research Unit, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Chemistry, X-ray Microspectroscopy and Imaging Research Unit, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Danny M van Willigen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Vincent van Unen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Fijs W B van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Department of Chemistry, Atomic & Mass Spectrometry - A&MS Research Unit, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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16
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Liu N, Wan Q, Cheng Z, Chen Y. Radionuclide-Labeled Peptides for Imaging and Treatment of CXCR4- Overexpressing Malignant Tumors. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:17-32. [PMID: 30706786 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190201094952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant tumors are a major cause of death. The lack of methods that provide an early diagnosis and adequate treatment of cancers is the main obstacle to precision medicine. The C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is overexpressed in various tumors and plays a key role in tumor pathogenesis. Therefore, CXCR4-targeted molecular imaging can quickly and accurately detect and quantify CXCR4 abnormalities in real time. The expression level and activation status of CXCR4 are very important for screening susceptible populations and providing an accurate diagnosis and optimal treatment. In view of the fact that radionuclide-labeled peptides have become widely used for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors, this manuscript reviews the potential of different radionuclide-labeled peptide inhibitors for the targeted imaging of CXCR4- positive tumors and targeted treatment. The article also discusses the specificity and in vivo distribution of radionuclide-labeled peptide inhibitors, and translation of these inhibitors to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping St, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, No.25, Taiping St, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping St, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, No.25, Taiping St, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, 1201 Welch Road, Lucas Expansion, P095 Stanford University, California, United States
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25, Taiping St, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, No.25, Taiping St, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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17
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Sakyiamah MM, Nomura W, Kobayakawa T, Tamamura H. Development of a NanoBRET-Based Sensitive Screening Method for CXCR4 Ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1442-1450. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell M. Sakyiamah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugada, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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18
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van der Wal S, de Korne CM, Sand LGL, van Willigen DM, Hogendoorn PCW, Szuhai K, van Leeuwen FWB, Buckle T. Bioorthogonally Applicable Fluorescence Deactivation Strategy for Receptor Kinetics Study and Theranostic Pretargeting Approaches. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1758-1765. [PMID: 29863301 PMCID: PMC6120557 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The availability of a receptor for theranostic pretargeting approaches was assessed by use of a new click-chemistry-based deactivatable fluorescence-quenching concept. The efficacy was evaluated in a cell-based model system featuring both membranous (available) and internalized (unavailable) receptor fractions of the clinically relevant receptor chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Proof of concept was achieved with a deactivatable tracer consisting of a CXCR4-specific peptide functionalized with a Cy5 dye bearing a chemoselective azide handle (N3 -Cy5-AcTZ14011). Treatment with a Cy7 quencher dye (Cy7-DBCO) resulted in optically silent Cy7-[click]-Cy5-AcTZ14011. In situ, a >90 % FRET-based reduction of the signal intensity of N3 -Cy5-AcTZ14011 [KD =(222.4±25.2) nm] was seen within minutes after quencher addition. In cells, discrimination between the membranous and the internalized receptor fraction could be achieved through quantitative assessment of quenching/internalization kinetics. Similar evaluation of an activatable tracer variant based on the same targeting moiety (Cy5-S-S-Cy3-AcTZ14011) was unsuccessful in vitro. As such, using the described deactivatable approach to screen membrane receptors and their applicability in receptor-(pre-)targeted theranostics can become straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen van der Wal
- Interventional Molecular Imaging LaboratoryDepartment of RadiologyLeiden University Medical CenterAlbinusdreef 22333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Clarize M. de Korne
- Interventional Molecular Imaging LaboratoryDepartment of RadiologyLeiden University Medical CenterAlbinusdreef 22333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Laurens G. L. Sand
- Department of PathologyLeiden University Medical CenterAlbinusdreef 22333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
- Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cell TherapySt. Jude Children's Research Hospital262 Danny Thomas PlaceMemphisTN38105USA
| | - Danny M. van Willigen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging LaboratoryDepartment of RadiologyLeiden University Medical CenterAlbinusdreef 22333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Pancras C. W. Hogendoorn
- Department of PathologyLeiden University Medical CenterAlbinusdreef 22333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyLeiden University Medical CenterAlbinusdreef 22333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Fijs W. B. van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging LaboratoryDepartment of RadiologyLeiden University Medical CenterAlbinusdreef 22333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Tessa Buckle
- Interventional Molecular Imaging LaboratoryDepartment of RadiologyLeiden University Medical CenterAlbinusdreef 22333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
- Division of Molecular PathologyNetherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital (NKI-AvL)Plesmanlaan 1211066 CXAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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19
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Zhang X, You L, Chen S, Gao M, Guo Z, Du J, Lu J, Zhang X. Development of a novel 99m Tc-labeled small molecular antagonist for CXCR4 positive tumor imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:438-446. [PMID: 29370457 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been an attractive molecular target for tumor imaging, because it is overexpressed in many tumor types and involved in tumor progression and metastasis. The purpose of this study is to examine the CXCR4 targeting properties of 99m Tc-labeled AMD3465, a small molecule antagonist of CXCR4. 99m Tc-AMD3465 was prepared in high yield (>95%) and stable in mice serum at least for 4 hours. In vitro cell binding experiments were performed with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), MCF-7 (breast cancer), and CHO-CXCR4 (CHO stably transfected to express CXCR4) cell lines. Small animal single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging studies in nude mice bearing MCF-7 and CHO xenografts showed that the uptakes of the radiotracer in MCF-7 tumors were significantly higher than those in the CXCR4-negative CHO tumors (P < 0.05), and the MCF-7 tumors uptake could be blocked with an excess of unlabeled AMD3465 (P < 0.05). These results suggested that 99m Tc-AMD3465 could be a potential single photon emission computed tomography radiotracer for CXCR4 imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Isotope, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China
| | - Linyi You
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Shuting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengna Gao
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Zhide Guo
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jin Du
- Department of Isotope, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
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20
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Mikaeili A, Erfani M, Shafiei M, Kobarfard F, Abdi K, Sabzevari O. Development of a 99mTc-Labeled CXCR4 Antagonist Derivative as a New Tumor Radiotracer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018; 33:17-24. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2017.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Mikaeili
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Erfani
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shafiei
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrou Abdi
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Sabzevari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Mikaeili A, Erfani M, Sabzevari O. Synthesis and evaluation of a 99m Tc-labeled chemokine receptor antagonist peptide for imaging of chemokine receptor expressing tumors. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 54:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Fu P, Tian L, Cao X, Li L, Xu P, Zhao C. Imaging CXCR4 Expression with (99m)Tc-Radiolabeled Small-Interference RNA in Experimental Human Breast Cancer Xenografts. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 18:353-9. [PMID: 26452556 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0899-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Noninvasive quantification of chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression could serve as a prognostic indicator and may be of value for the design of personalized therapies and posttreatment monitoring. The objective of the present study was to assess the use of (99m)Tc-radiolabeled small-interference RNA (siRNA) targeting CXCR4 to detect CXCR4 expression in vivo. PROCEDURES CXCR4 siRNAs were radiolabeled with (99m)Tc using the bifunctional chelator hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC), and the labeling efficiency, specific activity and radiochemical purity were determined. The stability of the probe in serum was assessed by measuring its radiochemical purity and inhibitory activity by RT-PCR and western blotting. Biodistribution studies and static imaging were performed in MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS Radiochemical purity remained highly stable in PBS and fresh human serum at room temperature and at 37 °C. Radiolabeled siRNA1 showed strong inhibitory effects similar to those of unlabeled siRNA1 on both CXCR4 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein in vitro. The excretion of the probe occurred mainly through the liver and kidneys. Tumors were clearly visualized at 1-10 h after injection of the probe, but not after injection of the control probe. CONCLUSIONS (99m)Tc-labeled CXCR4 siRNA1 shows tumor-specific accumulation and could be a promising strategy for the visualization of CXCR4 expression in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, 1st Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Pathology, 1st Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xueliang Cao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, 4th Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, 4th Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, 1st Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Changjiu Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, 4th Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, 4th Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
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23
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Sand LGL, Buckle T, van Leeuwen FWB, Corver WE, Kruisselbrink AB, Jochemsen AG, Hogendoorn PCW, Szuhai K. Fluorescent CXCR4 targeting peptide as alternative for antibody staining in Ewing sarcoma. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:383. [PMID: 28549419 PMCID: PMC5446759 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive, highly metastatic primary bone and soft tissue tumor most frequently occurring in the bone of young adolescents. Patients, especially those diagnosed with a metastatic disease, have a poor overall survival. Chemokine receptor CXCR4 has a key pro-tumorigenic role in the tumor microenvironment of Ewing sarcoma and has been suggested to be involved in the increased metastatic propensity. Earlier studies on CXCR4 protein expression in Ewing sarcoma yielded contradictory results when compared to CXCR4 RNA expression studies. Previously, we demonstrated that CXCR4 expression could be detected in vivo using the fluorescently tagged CXCR4-specific peptide MSAP-Ac-TZ14011. Therefore, we studied the membranous CXCR4 expression in Ewing sarcoma cell lines using MSAP-Ac-TZ14011. Methods The CXCR4 membrane expression levels were studied in EWS cell lines by flow cytometry using the hybrid peptide MSAP-Ac-TZ14011 and were correlated to CXCR4 RNA expression levels. The measurements were compared to levels detected using the CXCR4 antibody ab2074 under various cell preparation conditions. In addition, the staining patterns were analyzed by confocal fluorescence microscopy over time. Results The hybrid peptide MSAP-Ac-TZ14011 levels showed a strong and better correlation of CXCR4 membrane expression with the CXCR4 RNA expression levels than observed with the anti-CXCR4 antibody ab2074. With the hybrid peptide MSAP-Ac-TZ14011 using live cell confocal microscopy CXCR4 membrane staining and internalization was detected and the signal intensity correlated well with CXCR4 mRNA expression levels. Conclusions The fluorescently labeled CXCR4 targeting peptide-based method provides a reliable alternative to antibody staining to study the CXCR4 membrane expression in live cells using either flow cytometry or live cell fluorescence microscopy. The fluorescently tagged CXCR4 targeting peptide could enable in vivo detection of CXCR4 expression in Ewing sarcoma which may help to stratify cases for anti-CXCR4 therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3352-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens G L Sand
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Buckle
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fijs W B van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem E Corver
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Aart G Jochemsen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | | | - Károly Szuhai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
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24
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Charron CL, Hickey JL, Nsiama TK, Cruickshank DR, Turnbull WL, Luyt LG. Molecular imaging probes derived from natural peptides. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 33:761-800. [PMID: 26911790 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2015.Peptides are naturally occurring compounds that play an important role in all living systems and are responsible for a range of essential functions. Peptide receptors have been implicated in disease states such as oncology, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, natural peptides have been exploited as diagnostic and therapeutic agents due to the unique target specificity for their endogenous receptors. This review discusses a variety of natural peptides highlighting their discovery, endogenous receptors, as well as their derivatization to create molecular imaging agents, with an emphasis on the design of radiolabelled peptides. This review also highlights methods for discovering new and novel peptides when knowledge of specific targets and endogenous ligands are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Charron
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - J L Hickey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - T K Nsiama
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - D R Cruickshank
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - W L Turnbull
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - L G Luyt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. and Departments of Oncology and Medical Imaging, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada and London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
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25
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Poschenrieder A, Schottelius M, Osl T, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ. [ 64Cu]NOTA-pentixather enables high resolution PET imaging of CXCR4 expression in a preclinical lymphoma model. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2017; 2:2. [PMID: 29527563 PMCID: PMC5835975 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-016-0020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is an important molecular target for both visualization and therapy of tumors. The aim of the present study was the synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a 64Cu-labeled, CXCR4-targeting peptide for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of CXCR4 expression in vivo. METHODS For this purpose, 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid (NODAGA), or 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-triacetic acid (NOTA) was conjugated to the highly affine CXCR4-targeting pentixather scaffold. Affinities were determined using Jurkat T-lymphocytes in competitive binding assays employing [125I]FC131 as the radioligand. Internalization and efflux studies of [64Cu]NOTA-pentixather were performed in chem-1 cells, stably transfected with hCXCR4. The stability of the tracer was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Small-animal PET and biodistribution studies at different time points were performed in Daudi lymphoma-bearing severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. RESULTS [64Cu]NOTA-pentixather was rapidly radiolabeled at 60 °C with high radiochemical yields ≥90% and purities >99%. [64Cu]NOTA-pentixather offered the highest affinity of the evaluated peptides in this study (IC50 = 14.9 ± 2.1 nM), showed efficient CXCR4-targeting in vitro and was stable in blood and urine with high resistance to transchelation in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) challenge studies. Due to the enhanced lipophilicity of [64Cu]NOTA-pentixather (logP = -1.2), biodistribution studies showed some nonspecific accumulation in the liver and intestines. However, tumor accumulation (13.1 ± 1.5% ID/g, 1.5 h p.i.) was CXCR4-specific and higher than in all other organs and resulted in high resolution delineation of Daudi tumors in PET/CT images in vivo. CONCLUSIONS [64Cu]NOTA-pentixather was fast and efficiently radiolabeled, showed effective CXCR4-targeting, high stability in vitro and in vivo and resulted in high resolution PET/CT images accompanied with a suitable biodistribution profile, making [64Cu]NOTA-pentixather a promising tracer for future application in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Poschenrieder
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Str.3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Margret Schottelius
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Str.3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Theresa Osl
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Str.3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Str.3, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Tanaka T, Aoki T, Nomura W, Tamamura H. Bivalent 14-mer peptide ligands of CXCR4 with polyproline linkers with anti-chemotactic activity against Jurkat cells. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:574-580. [PMID: 28078743 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of CXCR4 with its endogenous ligand, stromal-cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12, induces various physiological functions involving chemotaxis. Bivalent ligands with a polyproline helix bearing a cyclic pentapeptide, FC131, were previously shown to have higher binding affinities for CXCR4 than the corresponding monovalent ligands. Bivalent ligands based on a 14-mer peptide T140 derivative with polyproline linkers have been designed and synthesized. The activity of these peptides as well as the effect of bivalency of the ligand on CXCR4 binding has been assessed. The binding affinity of these series of bivalent ligands is increased as the linker length increases up to the 12-/15-mer proline linker. The inhibitory activity against chemotaxis on Jurkat cells also depends on the linker length. The T140-derived bivalent ligands with the 9- and 12-mer proline linkers showed the most effective inhibition against chemotaxis at 1000 nM, which is even higher than that of known CXCR4 antagonists in the monomer structure. The effective metastatic inhibition by bivalent T140 derivatives indicates the therapeutic potential. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tanaka
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Toru Aoki
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
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Poschenrieder A, Osl T, Schottelius M, Hoffmann F, Wirtz M, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ. First 18F-Labeled Pentixafor-Based Imaging Agent for PET Imaging of CXCR4 Expression In Vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:85-93. [PMID: 30042959 PMCID: PMC6024415 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2016.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vivo quantification of CXCR4 expression using [68Ga]pentixafor for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has gained significant clinical interest as CXCR4 plays a fundamental role in oncology and possesses potential prognostic value when overexpressed. To combine the excellent CXCR4-targeting properties of pentixafor-based tracers with the favorable radionuclide properties of 18F for high-resolution PET imaging, we developed an Al18F-labeled 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-triacetic acid (NOTA) analog of pentixather. Al18F-labeling of NOTA-pentixather was performed in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at pH = 4 (105°C, 15 minutes). CXCR4 affinities were determined in competitive binding assays, and both biodistribution and small-animal PET studies were performed in Daudi lymphoma-bearing mice. Under non-optimized conditions, [18F]AlF-NOTA-pentixather was obtained in radiochemical yields of 45.5% ± 13.3% and specific activities of up to 24.8 GBq/μmol. Compared with [natGa]pentixafor, [natF]AlF-NOTA-pentixather showed 1.4-fold higher CXCR4 affinity. [18F]AlF-NOTA-pentixather displayed high and CXCR4-specific in vivo uptake in Daudi xenografts (13.9% ± 0.8% injected dose per gram [ID/g] at 1 hour post injection [p.i.]). Because of its enhanced lipophilicity (logP = -1.4), [18F]AlF-NOTA-pentixather showed increased accumulation in the gall bladder and intestines. However, tumor/background ratios of 7.0 ± 1.2, 2.0 ± 0.3, 2.2 ± 0.4, 16.5 ± 6.5, and 29.2 ± 4 for blood, liver, small intestine, gut, and muscle, respectively, allowed for high-contrast visualization of Daudi tumors using PET (1 hour p.i.). The relatively straightforward radiosynthesis and efficient CXCR4 targeting of [18F]AlF-NOTA-pentixather demonstrate the successful implementation of 18F-complexation chemistry and pentixather-based CXCR4 targeting. Upon pharmacokinetic optimization, this class of tracers holds great promise for future application in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa Osl
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Germany and
| | | | - Frauke Hoffmann
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Germany and
| | - Martina Wirtz
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Germany and
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr, München, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Germany and
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Bunschoten A, Chin PTK, Buckle T, van der Linden M, Barendregt A, Verheijen MA, van Leeuwen FWB. Receptor-Targeted Luminescent Silver Bionanoparticles. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Bunschoten
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory; Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Center; PO Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
- BioNanoTechnology, Agrotechnology and Food Sciences; Wageningen University & Research; PO Box 8038 6703HB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Patrick T. K. Chin
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory; Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Center; PO Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces; Debeye Institute for Nanomaterial Science; Utrecht University; Princetonplein 5 3584CC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Buckle
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory; Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Center; PO Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
- Molecular Pathology; Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital; PO Box 90203 1006BE Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marte van der Linden
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces; Debeye Institute for Nanomaterial Science; Utrecht University; Princetonplein 5 3584CC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Barendregt
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584CA Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A. Verheijen
- Applied Physics; Eindhoven University of Technology; PO Box 513 5600MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Fijs W. B. van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory; Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Center; PO Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
- BioNanoTechnology, Agrotechnology and Food Sciences; Wageningen University & Research; PO Box 8038 6703HB Wageningen The Netherlands
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Poty S, Gourni E, Désogère P, Boschetti F, Goze C, Maecke HR, Denat F. AMD3100: A Versatile Platform for CXCR4 Targeting (68)Ga-Based Radiopharmaceuticals. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:752-61. [PMID: 26886512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), which is overexpressed in numerous diseases, particularly in multiple cancers. Therefore, this receptor represents a valuable target for imaging and therapeutic purposes. Among the different approaches, which were developed for CXCR4 imaging, a CXCR4 antagonist biscyclam system (AMD3100, also called Mozobil), currently used in the clinic for the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells, was radiolabeled with different radiometals such as (62)Zn, (64)Cu, (67)Ga, or (99m)Tc. However, cyclam is not an ideal chelator for most of these radiometals, and could lead to the release of the radionuclide in vivo. In the current study, a new family of CXCR4 imaging agents is presented, in which AMD3100 is used as a carrier for specific delivery of an imaging reporter, i.e., a (68)Ga complex for PET imaging. AMD3100 was functionalized on the phenyl moiety with different linkers, either ethylenediamine or diamino-polyethylene glycol 3 (PEG3). The resulting AMD3100 analogues were further coupled with two different chelators, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) or 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid (NODAGA). Five potential CXCR4 targeting agents were obtained. The derived AMD3100-based ligands were labeled with (68)Ga, highlighting the influence of the spacer nature on the (68)Ga-labeling yield. The lipophilic character of the different systems was also investigated, as well as their affinity for the CXCR4 receptor. The most promising compound was further evaluated in vivo in H69 tumor xenografts by biodistribution and PET imaging studies, validating the proof of principle of our concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Poty
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Eleni Gourni
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,Department of Nuclear medicine, University Hospital Freiburg , Freiburg 79106, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Pauline Désogère
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France
| | | | - Christine Goze
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Helmut R Maecke
- Department of Nuclear medicine, University Hospital Freiburg , Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Franck Denat
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France
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Abstract
This review discusses the potential of CXCR4 chemokine receptor in the design of anticancer and antimetastatic drug delivery systems. The role of CXCR4 in cancer progression and metastasis is discussed in the context of the development of several types of drug delivery strategies. Overview of drug delivery systems targeted to cancers that overexpress CXCR4 is provided, together with the main types of CXCR4-binding ligands used in targeting applications. Drug delivery applications that take advantage of CXCR4 inhibition to achieve enhanced anticancer and antimetastatic activity of combination treatments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ying Xie
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David Oupický
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Okarvi SM, Maecke HR. Radiometallo-Labeled Peptides in Tumor Diagnosis and Targeted Radionuclide Therapy. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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George GPC, Pisaneschi F, Nguyen QD, Aboagye EO. Positron emission tomographic imaging of CXCR4 in cancer: challenges and promises. Mol Imaging 2015; 13. [PMID: 25341373 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is an attractive platform for noninvasive detection and assessment of cancer. In recent years, the targeted imaging of the C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), a chemokine receptor that has been associated with tumor metastasis, has become an area of intensive research. This review article focuses on positron emission tomography (PET) and aims to provide useful and critical insights into the application of PET to characterize CXCR4 expression, including the chemical, radiosynthetic, and biological requirements for PET radiotracers. This discussion is informed by a summary of the different approaches taken so far and a comparison of their clinical translation. Finally, our expert opinions as to potential future advances in the field are expressed.
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Process of hepatic metastasis from pancreatic cancer: biology with clinical significance. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:1137-61. [PMID: 26250876 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic cancer shows a remarkable preference for the liver to establish secondary tumors. Selective metastasis to the liver is attributed to the development of potential microenvironment for the survival of pancreatic cancer cells. This review aims to provide a full understanding of the hepatic metastatic process from circulating pancreatic cancer cells to their settlement in the liver, serving as a basic theory for efficient prediction and treatment of metastatic diseases. METHODS A systematic search of relevant original articles and reviews was performed on PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library for the purpose of this review. RESULTS Three interrelated phases are delineated as the contributions of the interaction between pancreatic cancer cells and the liver to hepatic metastasis process. Chemotaxis of disseminated pancreatic cancer cells and simultaneous defensive formation of platelets or neutrophils facilitate specific metastasis toward the liver. Remodeling of extracellular matrix and stromal cells in hepatic lobules and angiogenesis induced by proangiogenic factors support the survival and growth of clinical micrometastasis colonizing the liver. The bimodal role of the immune system or prevalence of cancer cells over the immune system makes metastatic progression successfully proceed from micrometastasis to macrometastasis. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic cancer is an appropriate research object of cancer metastasis representing more than a straight cascade. If any of the successive or simultaneous phases, especially tumor-induced immunosuppression, is totally disrupted, hepatic metastasis will be temporarily under control or even cancelled forever. To shrink cancers on multiple fronts and prolong survival for patients, novel oral or intravenous anti-cancer agents covering one or different phases of metastatic pancreatic cancer are expected to be integrated into innovative strategies on the premise of safety and efficacious biostability.
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Dalm SU, Sieuwerts AM, Look MP, Melis M, van Deurzen CHM, Foekens JA, de Jong M, Martens JWM. Clinical Relevance of Targeting the Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor, Somatostatin Receptor 2, or Chemokine C-X-C Motif Receptor 4 in Breast Cancer for Imaging and Therapy. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1487-93. [PMID: 26251419 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.160739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Imaging and therapy using radioligands targeting receptors overexpressed on tumor cells is successfully applied in neuroendocrine tumor patients. Because expression of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), and chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been demonstrated in breast cancer, targeting these receptors using radioligands might offer new imaging and therapeutic opportunities for breast cancer patients. The aim of this study was to correlate messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of GRPR, SSTR2, and CXCR4 with clinicopathologic and biologic factors, and with prognosis and prediction to therapy response, in order to identify specific breast cancer patient groups suited for the application of radioligands targeting these receptors. METHODS First, we studied GRPR and SSTR2 expression in 13 clinical breast cancer specimens by in vitro autoradiography and correlated this with corresponding mRNA levels to investigate whether mRNA levels reliably represent cell surface expression. Next, GRPR, SSTR2, and CXCR4 mRNA levels were measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in 915 primary breast cancer tissues and correlated with known clinicopathologic and biologic factors, disease-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and overall survival (DFS, MFS, and OS, respectively). In 224 adjuvant hormonal treatment-naïve estrogen receptor (ER, ESR1)-positive patients who received tamoxifen as first-line therapy for recurrent or metastatic disease, the expression levels of the receptors were correlated with progression-free survival. RESULTS Our results showed a significant positive correlation between GRPR and SSTR2 expression analyzed by in vitro autoradiography and by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient [Rs]=0.94, P<0.001, and Rs=0.73, P=0.0042, respectively). Furthermore, high GRPR and SSTR2 mRNA levels were observed more frequently in ESR1-positive specimens, whereas high CXCR4 expression was associated with ESR1-negative specimens. Also, high mRNA expression of CXCR4 was associated with a prolonged DFS, MFS, and OS (multivariate hazard ratio MFS=0.76 [95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.90], P=0.001), whereas high mRNA levels of GRPR were associated with a prolonged progression-free survival after the start of first-line tamoxifen treatment (multivariate hazard ratio=0.68 [95% confidence interval, 0.48-0.97], P=0.031). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that imaging and therapy using GRPR or SSTR2 radioligands might especially be beneficial for ESR1-positive breast cancer and CXCR4 radioligands for ESR1-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone U Dalm
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anieta M Sieuwerts
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Maxime P Look
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Marleen Melis
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - John A Foekens
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Marion de Jong
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
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Alam IS, Arshad MA, Nguyen QD, Aboagye EO. Radiopharmaceuticals as probes to characterize tumour tissue. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 42:537-61. [PMID: 25647074 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-014-2984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumour cells exhibit several properties that allow them to grow and divide. A number of these properties are detectable by nuclear imaging methods. We discuss crucial tumour properties that can be described by current radioprobe technologies, further discuss areas of emerging radioprobe development, and finally articulate need areas that our field should aspire to develop. The review focuses largely on positron emission tomography and draws upon the seminal 'Hallmarks of Cancer' review article by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2011 placing into context the present and future roles of radiotracer imaging in characterizing tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israt S Alam
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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Wester HJ, Keller U, Schottelius M, Beer A, Philipp-Abbrederis K, Hoffmann F, Šimeček J, Gerngross C, Lassmann M, Herrmann K, Pellegata N, Rudelius M, Kessler H, Schwaiger M. Disclosing the CXCR4 expression in lymphoproliferative diseases by targeted molecular imaging. Theranostics 2015; 5:618-30. [PMID: 25825601 PMCID: PMC4377730 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine ligand-receptor interactions play a pivotal role in cell attraction and cellular trafficking, both in normal tissue homeostasis and in disease. In cancer, chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) expression is an adverse prognostic factor. Early clinical studies suggest that targeting CXCR4 with suitable high-affinity antagonists might be a novel means for therapy. In addition to the preclinical evaluation of [(68)Ga]Pentixafor in mice bearing human lymphoma xenografts as an exemplary CXCR4-expressing tumor entity, we report on the first clinical applications of [(68)Ga]Pentixafor-Positron Emission Tomography as a powerful method for CXCR4 imaging in cancer patients. [(68)Ga]Pentixafor binds with high affinity and selectivity to human CXCR4 and exhibits a favorable dosimetry. [(68)Ga]Pentixafor-PET provides images with excellent specificity and contrast. This non-invasive imaging technology for quantitative assessment of CXCR4 expression allows to further elucidate the role of CXCR4/CXCL12 ligand interaction in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
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Lesniak WG, Sikorska E, Shallal H, Behnam Azad B, Lisok A, Pullambhatla M, Pomper MG, Nimmagadda S. Structural characterization and in vivo evaluation of β-Hairpin peptidomimetics as specific CXCR4 imaging agents. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:941-53. [PMID: 25590535 DOI: 10.1021/mp500799q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The CXCR4 chemokine receptor is integral to several biological functions and plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of many diseases. As such, CXCR4 is an enticing target for the development of imaging and therapeutic agents. Here we report the evaluation of the POL3026 peptidomimetic template for the development of imaging agents that target CXCR4. Structural and conformational analyses of POL3026 and two of its conjugates, DOTA (POL-D) and PEG12-DOTA (POL-PD), by circular dichroism, two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics calculations are reported. In silico observations were experimentally verified with in vitro affinity assays and rationalized using crystal structure-based molecular modeling studies. [(111)In]-labeled DOTA conjugates were assessed in vivo for target specificity in CXCR4 expressing subcutaneous U87 tumors (U87-stb-CXCR4) through single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging and biodistribution studies. In silico and in vitro studies show that POL3026 and its conjugates demonstrate similar interactions with different micelles that mimic cellular membrane and that the ε-NH2 of lysine(7) is critical to maintain high affinity to CXCR4. Modification of this group with DOTA or PEG12-DOTA led to the decrease of IC50 value from 0.087 nM for POL3026 to 0.47 nM and 1.42 nM for POL-D and POL-PD, respectively. In spite of the decreased affinity toward CXCR4, [(111)In]POL-D and [(111)In]POL-PD demonstrated high and significant uptake in U87-stb-CXCR4 tumors compared to the control U87 tumors at 90 min and 24 h post injection. Uptake in U87-stb-CXCR4 tumors could be blocked by unlabeled POL3026, indicating specificity of the agents in vivo. These results suggest POL3026 as a promising template to develop new imaging agents that target CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech G Lesniak
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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Nayak TR, Hong H, Zhang Y, Cai W. Multimodality imaging of CXCR4 in cancer: current status towards clinical translation. Curr Mol Med 2014; 13:1538-48. [PMID: 24206137 DOI: 10.2174/1566524013666131111121325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 has gained tremendous attention over the last decade, since it was found to be up-regulated in a wide variety of cancer types, in addition to its role in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Molecular imaging of CXCR4 with small molecules, peptides, and antibodies has been a vibrant research area over the last several years. In this review article, we will summarize the current status of imaging CXCR4 with fluorescence, bioluminescence, positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography techniques. Since each molecular imaging modality has its own strengths and weaknesses, dualmodality probes that can be detected by more than one imaging techniques have also been investigated. Noninvasive visualization of CXCR4 expression has potential clinical applications in multiple facets of patient management. While big strides have been made over the last several years in the development of CXCR4- targeted imaging probes, clinical translation and investigation of these agents in cancer patients are eagerly awaited. Since CXCR4 is also involved in many other diseases beyond cancer, these clinically translatable probes can also play multiple roles in other pathological disorders such as myocardial infarction and several immunodeficiency disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Nayak
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Room 7137, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA.
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Woodard LE, De Silva RA, Behnam Azad B, Lisok A, Pullambhatla M, G Lesniak W, Mease RC, Pomper MG, Nimmagadda S. Bridged cyclams as imaging agents for chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:552-61. [PMID: 25038987 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Over-expression of chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is present in a majority of cancers, has been linked to an aggressive phenotype, and may indicate the metastatic potential of primary tumor. Several CXCR4 targeted therapeutics are in clinical trials and the development of the corresponding imaging agents is an area of active interest. Previously, (64)Cu-labeled imaging agents for CXCR4 have provided clear images of CXCR4-bearing tissues in relevant experimental models but demonstrated fast washout from tissues harboring receptor. Addition of stabilizing bridges is known to provide more robust chelator-Cu(II) complexes. In addition, bridged cyclam-based CXCR4 binding agents demonstrated increased receptor residence times relative to existing agents. Based on that knowledge we synthesized several bridged cyclam analogs of AMD3465, a monocyclam-based CXCR4 imaging agent, to increase the retention time of the tracer bound to the receptor to allow for protracted imaging and improved target-to-non-target ratios. Specific accumulation of two radiolabeled, cross-bridged analogs ([(64)Cu] RAD1-24 and [(64)Cu]RAD1-52) was observed in U87-stb-CXCR4 tumors in both PET/CT imaging and biodistribution studies. At 90min post-injection of radiotracer, tumor-to-muscle and tumor-to-blood ratios reached 106.05±17.19 and 28.08±4.78, respectively, for cross-bridged pyrimidine analog [(64)Cu]RAD1-52. Receptor blockade performed in vivo denoted target binding specificity. The biodistribution and PET/CT imaging studies with the radiolabeled bridged cyclams demonstrated longer tumor retention and comparable uptake to [(64)Cu]AMD3465, though [(64)Cu]AMD3465 demonstrated superior overall pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Woodard
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Ravindra A De Silva
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Babak Behnam Azad
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Ala Lisok
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Mrudula Pullambhatla
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Wojciech G Lesniak
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Ronnie C Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Sridhar Nimmagadda
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287.
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Sano K, Masuda R, Hisada H, Oishi S, Shimokawa K, Ono M, Fujii N, Saji H, Mukai T. A radiogallium-DOTA-based bivalent peptidic ligand targeting a chemokine receptor, CXCR4, for tumor imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1386-8. [PMID: 24491461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel radiogallium (Ga)-DOTA-based bivalent peptidic ligand targeting a chemokine receptor, CXCR4, for tumor imaging. A CXCR4 imaging probe with two CXCR4 antagonists (Ac-TZ14011) on Ga-DOTA core, Ga-DOTA-TZ2, was synthesized, and the affinity and binding to CXCR4 was evaluated in CXCR4 expressing cells in vitro. The affinity of Ga-DOTA-TZ2 for CXCR4 was 20-fold greater than the corresponding monovalent probe, Ga-DOTA-TZ1. (67)Ga-DOTA-TZ2 showed the significantly higher accumulation in CXCR4-expressing tumor cells compared with (67)Ga-DOTA-TZ1, suggesting the bivalent effect enhances its binding to CXCR4. The incorporation of two CXCR4 antagonists to Ga-DOTA could be effective in detecting CXCR4-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sano
- Department of Biomolecular Recognition Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachimachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Masuda
- Department of Bioorganic Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachimachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hayato Hisada
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachimachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Department of Bioorganic Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachimachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenta Shimokawa
- Department of Biomolecular Recognition Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachimachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Department of Bioorganic Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachimachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachimachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mukai
- Department of Biomolecular Recognition Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Yang Y, Adelstein SJ, Kassis AI. Putative molecular signatures for the imaging of prostate cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:65-74. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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George GPC, Stevens E, Åberg O, Nguyen QD, Pisaneschi F, Spivey AC, Aboagye EO. Preclinical evaluation of a CXCR4-specific (68)Ga-labelled TN14003 derivative for cancer PET imaging. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 22:796-803. [PMID: 24365390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is an ideal platform for non-invasive detection and assessment of cancer. In recent years, the targeted imaging of CXCR4, a chemokine receptor that has been associated with tumour metastasis, has become an area of intensive research. In our pursuit of a CXCR4-specific radiotracer, we designed and synthesised a novel derivative of the CXCR4 peptidic antagonist TN14003, CCIC16, which is amenable to radiolabelling by chelation with a range of PET and SPECT radiometals, such as (68)Ga, (64)Cu and (111)In as well as (18)F (Al(18)F). Potent in vitro binding affinity and inhibition of signalling-dependent cell migration by unlabelled CCIC16 were confirmed by a threefold uptake in CXCR4-over-expressing cells compared to their isogenic counterparts. Furthermore, in vivo experiments demonstrated the favourable pharmacokinetic properties of the (68)Ga-labelled tracer (68)Ga-CCIC16, along with its CXCR4-specific accumulation in tissues with desirable contrast (tumour-to-muscle ratio: 9.5). The specificity of our tracer was confirmed by blocking experiments. Taking into account the attractive intrinsic PET imaging properties of (68)Ga, the comprehensive preclinical evaluation presented here suggests that (68)Ga-CCIC16 is a promising PET tracer for the specific imaging of CXCR4-expressing tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume P C George
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Elizabeth Stevens
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Ola Åberg
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Quang-Dé Nguyen
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Pisaneschi
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alan C Spivey
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Eric O Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Zhang XX, Sun Z, Guo J, Wang Z, Wu C, Niu G, Ma Y, Kiesewetter DO, Chen X. Comparison of (18)F-labeled CXCR4 antagonist peptides for PET imaging of CXCR4 expression. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 15:758-67. [PMID: 23636490 PMCID: PMC3863618 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE CXCR4 is overexpressed on tumor cells from many types of human cancers. A high level of CXCR4 expression often correlates with poor prognosis, chemotherapy resistance, and metastasis. The development of CXCR4-specific radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging will allow in vivo evaluation of receptor expression level for diagnosis or therapeutic evaluation. PROCEDURES Two new (18)F-labeled radiotracers based on an Ac-TC14012 peptide, [(18)F]FP-Ac-TC14012 and [(18)F]FB-Ac-TC14012, were synthesized and characterized. The affinities of the 2-fluoropropionate (FP)-conjugated or 4-fluorobenzoate (FB)-conjugated peptides to CXCR4-transfected Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells were evaluated in a competitive binding assay with [(125)I]CXCL12 radioligand. The cell uptake and retention of [(18)F]FP-labeled and [(18)F]FB-labeled peptides were measured. The tumor targetability and pharmacokinetics of these two tracers were also evaluated by microPET imaging and biodistribution studies. RESULTS The labeled peptides retained high binding affinity to CXCR4 and showed much higher uptake in CXCR4-positive CHO cells than in CXCR4-negative cells in vitro. The smaller and more hydrophilic [(18)F]FP prosthetic group resulted in higher affinity and lower nonspecific cell uptake compared to the [(18)F]FB-labeled peptide. Both radiotracers showed much higher accumulation in CXCR4-positive than CXCR4-negative tumor xenografts in mice and allowed clear visualization of CXCR4 expression by PET. Among the two, [(18)F]FP-Ac-TC14012 showed higher tumor uptake and better tumor-to-background contrast. Unlike their N-terminal 4-F-benzoate analogs, these two tracers had minimal blood retention, likely due to reduced red blood cell binding. Metabolic organs, such as the liver and kidney, also showed high uptake. When blocked with low-dose cold peptide (10 μg), the tumor uptake was significantly increased, most likely due to the increased concentration in blood circulation, as evidenced by decreased liver uptake. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the [(18)F]FP-labeled Ac-TC14012 peptide with high tumor uptake, low nonspecific binding, and good tumor-to-background contrast promises [(18)F]FP-Ac-TC14012 as a PET tracer for in vivo PET imaging of CXCR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhongchan Sun
- Department of Cardiology and Molecular Imaging Program, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Jinxia Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ying Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dale O. Kiesewetter
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Hartimath SV, Domanska UM, Walenkamp AME, Rudi A J O D, de Vries EFJ. [⁹⁹mTc]O₂-AMD3100 as a SPECT tracer for CXCR4 receptor imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:507-17. [PMID: 23522974 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE CXCR4 plays an important role in HIV infection, tumor progression, neurogenesis, and inflammation. In-vivo imaging of CXCR4 could provide more insight in the role of this receptor in health and disease. The aim of this study was to investigate [(99m)Tc]O₂-AMD3100 as a potential SPECT tracer for imaging of CXCR4. METHOD AMD3100 was labelled with [(99m)Tc]pertechnetate. A cysteine challenge assay was performed to test the tracer stability. Heterologous and homologous receptor binding assay and internalization assay were performed in CXCR4 expressing Jurkat-T cells. Ex vivo biodistribution was studied in healthy mice at 30, 60, and 120 min after tracer injection. Tumor uptake of the tracer was determined by microSPECT imaging in nude mice xenografted with human PC-3 prostate tumor. Specificity of tracer uptake was determined by blocking studies using an excess of unlabelled AMD3100. RESULTS AMD3100 was labelled with technetium-99m with a radiochemical yield of >98%. The tracer was stable in PBS and mouse plasma for at least 6h at 37 °C. Heterologous and homologous binding assays with AMD3100 showed IC50 values of 240 ± 10 μM, and 92 ± 5 μM for [(125)I]SDF-1α and [(99m)Tc]O₂-AMD3100 respectively, with negligible receptor internalisation. The tracer showed high uptake in liver, lungs, spleen, thymus, intestine and bone. Blocking dose of AMD3100.8HCl (20mg/kg) decreased the uptake in these organs (p<0.05). [(99m)Tc]O2-AMD3100 showed specific tumor accumulation in mice bearing PC-3 xenografts model. Time activity curves (TAC) in AMD3100 pre-treated animals tracer showed 1.7 times less tumor uptake as compared to control animals (p<0.05). CONCLUSION [(99m)Tc]O2-AMD3100 is readily labelled, is stable in plasma and displays a favourable binding affinity for the CXCR4 receptors. [(99m)Tc O₂-AMD3100 shows specific binding in organs with high CXCR4 expression and in CXCR4 positive tumors. These results justify further evaluation of this radiopharmaceutical as a potential biomarker for the non-invasive imaging of CXCR4 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddesh V Hartimath
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Weiss ID, Jacobson O. Molecular imaging of chemokine receptor CXCR4. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:76-84. [PMID: 23382787 PMCID: PMC3563082 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 was found to be expressed by many different types of human cancers and its expression has been correlated with tumor aggressiveness, poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. CXCR4 was also shown to contribute to metastatic seeding of organs that express its ligand CXCL12 and support the survival of these cells. These findings suggest that CXCR4 is a potentially attractive therapeutic target, and several antagonists and antibodies for this receptor were developed and are under clinical evaluation. Quantifying CXCR4 expression non-invasively might aid in prognostication as a mean for personalized therapy and post treatment monitoring. Multiple attempts were done over the recent years to develop imaging agents for CXCR4 using different technologies including PET, SPECT, fluorescent and bioluminescence, and will be reviewed in this paper.
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Buckle T, Kuil J, van den Berg NS, Bunschoten A, Lamb HJ, Yuan H, Josephson L, Jonkers J, Borowsky AD, van Leeuwen FWB. Use of a single hybrid imaging agent for integration of target validation with in vivo and ex vivo imaging of mouse tumor lesions resembling human DCIS. PLoS One 2013; 8:e48324. [PMID: 23326303 PMCID: PMC3543428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening of biomarker expression levels in tumor biopsy samples not only provides an assessment of prognostic and predictive factors, but may also be used for selection of biomarker-specific imaging strategies. To assess the feasibility of using a biopsy specimen for a personalized selection of an imaging agent, the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) was used as a reference biomarker.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Diagnostic Imaging/methods
- Feasibility Studies
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry
- Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnosis
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Structure
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Buckle
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute- Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joeri Kuil
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute- Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke S. van den Berg
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute- Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Bunschoten
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute- Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hildo J. Lamb
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hushan Yuan
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lee Josephson
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute–Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander D. Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Fijs W. B. van Leeuwen
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute- Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Weiss ID, Jacobson O, Kiesewetter DO, Jacobus JP, Szajek LP, Chen X, Farber JM. Positron emission tomography imaging of tumors expressing the human chemokine receptor CXCR4 in mice with the use of 64Cu-AMD3100. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:106-14. [PMID: 21347799 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Expression of CXCR4 in cancers has been correlated with poor prognosis and increased metastasis. Quantifying CXCR4 expression non-invasively might aid in prognostication and monitoring therapy. We evaluated a radiolabeled antagonist of CXCR4, ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100, as a positron-emitting imaging agent. PROCEDURES CXCR4-transfected or non-transfected cell lines were injected into mice to form xenografts. Accumulation of ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100 in tumors was analyzed by small-animal PET and biodistribution assays. RESULTS ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100 accumulated in CXCR4-expressing, but not CXCR4-negative, tumors. For CXCR4-expressing tumors, tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios were 23-41 and 50-59, respectively, depending on tumor type. Excess of unlabeled Cu-AMD3100 or AMD3100 significantly reduced ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100 accumulation in CXCR4-expressing tumors. Human-absorbed dose calculations predicted a dose limit of 444 MBq. CONCLUSIONS CXCR4 can be imaged in tumors using ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100. Dosimetry studies suggest that imaging in humans is feasible. We conclude that ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100 should be investigated as a potential agent for imaging and quantifying CXCR4 in tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzylamines
- CHO Cells
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Copper Radioisotopes/chemistry
- Copper Radioisotopes/pharmacokinetics
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Cyclams
- Female
- Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry
- Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Imaging/methods
- Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
- Radiation Dosage
- Radiopharmaceuticals/chemistry
- Radiopharmaceuticals/pharmacokinetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Tissue Distribution
- Transfection
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido D Weiss
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 10 Center Drive, Room 11N111, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Laverman P, Sosabowski JK, Boerman OC, Oyen WJG. Radiolabelled peptides for oncological diagnosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012; 39 Suppl 1:S78-92. [PMID: 22388627 PMCID: PMC3304069 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-2014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiolabelled receptor-binding peptides targeting receptors (over)expressed on tumour cells are widely under investigation for tumour diagnosis and therapy. The concept of using radiolabelled receptor-binding peptides to target receptor-expressing tissues in vivo has stimulated a large body of research in nuclear medicine. The 111In-labelled somatostatin analogue octreotide (OctreoScan™) is the most successful radiopeptide for tumour imaging, and was the first to be approved for diagnostic use. Based on the success of these studies, other receptor-targeting peptides such as cholecystokinin/gastrin analogues, glucagon-like peptide-1, bombesin (BN), chemokine receptor CXCR4 targeting peptides, and RGD peptides are currently under development or undergoing clinical trials. In this review, we discuss some of these peptides and their analogues, with regard to their potential for radionuclide imaging of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Laverman
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Kuil J, Buckle T, van Leeuwen FWB. Imaging agents for the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5239-61. [PMID: 22743644 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12) is a natural regulatory process in the human body. However, CXCR4 over-expression is also found in diseases such as cancer, where it plays a role in, among others, the metastatic spread. For this reason it is an interesting biomarker for the field of diagnostic oncology, and therefore, it is gaining increasing interest for applications in molecular imaging. Especially "small-molecule" imaging agents based on T140, FC131 and AMD3100 have been extensively studied. SDF-1, antibodies, pepducins and bioluminescence have also been used to visualize CXCR4. In this critical review reported CXCR4 targeting imaging agents are described based on their affinity, specificity and biodistribution. The level wherein CXCR4 is up-regulated in cancer patients and its relation to the different cell lines and animal models used to evaluate the efficacy of the imaging agents is also discussed (221 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Kuil
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Nimmagadda S. Differential Expression of Chemokine Receptors and their Roles in Cancer Imaging. Front Oncol 2012; 2:46. [PMID: 22662317 PMCID: PMC3362738 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions play diverse roles in cell migration and homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that cancer cells co-opt chemokine networks for survival, proliferation, immune evasion, and metastasis. Most of the chemokine receptors are reported to be involved in tumor progression. Given their extensive implication in cancer progression, several chemokine receptor/ligand axes are considered as potential therapeutic targets. This review provides a survey of chemokine receptor expression in cancer and evaluates the potential of chemokine receptor imaging as a tool for molecular characterization of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Nimmagadda
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
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