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Kilian K. 68Ga-DOTA and analogs: Current status and future perspectives. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2014; 19:S13-S21. [PMID: 28443194 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of the 68Ge/68Ga generator has increased application of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with this isotope in medicine. 68Ga-PET is widely employed in the management of neuroendocrine tumors but favorable chemistry with tri- and tetraaza-ring molecules has opened wide range of 68Ga application in other fields of PET imaging. This review covers the radiopharmaceuticals labeled with gallium in molecular imaging and shows perspectives on the use of gallium-68 as a substitute for technetium-99, fluorine-18 and carbon-11 in some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kilian
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 5a, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
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Velikyan I. Prospective of ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceutical development. Theranostics 2013; 4:47-80. [PMID: 24396515 PMCID: PMC3881227 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) experienced accelerated development and has become an established method for medical research and clinical routine diagnostics on patient individualized basis. Development and availability of new radiopharmaceuticals specific for particular diseases is one of the driving forces of the expansion of clinical PET. The future development of the ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceuticals must be put in the context of several aspects such as role of PET in nuclear medicine, unmet medical needs, identification of new biomarkers, targets and corresponding ligands, production and availability of ⁶⁸Ga, automation of the radiopharmaceutical production, progress of positron emission tomography technologies and image analysis methodologies for improved quantitation accuracy, PET radiopharmaceutical regulations as well as advances in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The review presents the prospects of the ⁶⁸Ga-based radiopharmaceutical development on the basis of the current status of these aspects as well as wide range and variety of imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- 1. Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-75183 Uppsala, Sweden
- 2. PET-Centre, Centre for Medical Imaging, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
- 3. Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, SE-75285 Uppsala, Sweden
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Breeman WAP, de Blois E, Sze Chan H, Konijnenberg M, Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP. (68)Ga-labeled DOTA-peptides and (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography: current status of research, clinical applications, and future perspectives. Semin Nucl Med 2011; 41:314-21. [PMID: 21624565 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review we give an overview of current knowledge of (68)Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals, with focus on imaging receptor-mediated processes. A major advantage of a (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator is its continuous source of (68)Ga, independently from an on-site cyclotron. The increase in knowledge of purification and concentration of the eluate and the complex ligand chemistry has led to (68)Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals with major clinical impact. (68)Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals have the potential to cover all today's clinical options with (99m)Tc, with the concordant higher resolution of positron emission tomography (PET) in comparison with single photon emission computed tomography. (68)Ga-labeled analogs of octreotide, such as DOTATOC, DOTANOC, and DOTA-TATE, are in clinical application in nuclear medicine, and these analogs are now the most frequently applied of all (68)Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals. All the above-mentioned items in favor of successful application of (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for imaging in patients are strong arguments for the development of a (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator with Marketing Authorization and thus to provide pharmaceutical grade eluate. Moreover, now not one United States Food and Drug Administration-approved or European Medicines Agency-approved (68)Ga-radiopharmaceutical is available. As soon as these are achieved, a whole new radiopharmacy providing PET radiopharmaceuticals might develop.
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Bellmann-Sickert K, Elling CE, Madsen AN, Little PB, Lundgren K, Gerlach LO, Bergmann R, Holst B, Schwartz TW, Beck-Sickinger AG. Long-Acting Lipidated Analogue of Human Pancreatic Polypeptide Is Slowly Released into Circulation. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2658-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101357e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Bellmann-Sickert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Andreas N. Madsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Ralf Bergmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W. Schwartz
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Characteristics of SnO2-based 68Ge/68Ga generator and aspects of radiolabelling DOTA-peptides. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 69:308-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chakravarty R, Shukla R, Ram R, Venkatesh M, Dash A, Tyagi AK. Nanoceria-PAN composite-based advanced sorbent material: a major step forward in the field of clinical-grade 68Ge/68Ga generator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:2069-2075. [PMID: 20568699 DOI: 10.1021/am100325s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator has high potential for clinical positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. However, because of the unavailability of a suitable sorbent material, the commercially available (68)Ge/(68)Ga generators are not directly adaptable for the preparation of (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. In view of this, a new nanoceria-polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite sorbent has been synthesized by decomposition of a cerium oxalate precursor to cerium oxide and its subsequent incorporation in PAN matrix for the development of a clinical grade (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies and BET nitrogen adsorption technique revealed that nanocrystalline ceria had an average particle size of approximately 10 nm, surface area of 72 +/- 3 m(2)/g and an average pore size of 3.8 +/- 0.1 A. Investigation of the distribution ratio (K(d)) values for the prepared sorbent in 0.01 N HCl medium revealed the suitability of the sorbent for the quantitative retention of (68)Ge and efficient elution of clinical grade (68)Ga. A 370 MBq (10 mCi) (68)Ge/(68)Ga chromatographic generator was developed using this sorbent. (68)Ga could be regularly eluted from this generator with >80% elution yield. The eluted (68)Ga possess high radionuclidic purity (<1 x 10(-5)% of (68)Ge impurity), chemical purity (<0.1 ppm of Ce, Fe and Mn ions) and was amenable for the preparation of (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. The generator gave a consistent performance with respect to the elution yield and purity of (68)Ga over an extended period of 7 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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Computer controlled 68Ga milking and concentration system. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 68:1057-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wadas TJ, Wong EH, Weisman GR, Anderson CJ. Coordinating radiometals of copper, gallium, indium, yttrium, and zirconium for PET and SPECT imaging of disease. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2858-902. [PMID: 20415480 PMCID: PMC2874951 DOI: 10.1021/cr900325h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus J Wadas
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225 St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Bartholomä MD, Louie AS, Valliant JF, Zubieta J. Technetium and Gallium Derived Radiopharmaceuticals: Comparing and Contrasting the Chemistry of Two Important Radiometals for the Molecular Imaging Era. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2903-20. [DOI: 10.1021/cr1000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Bartholomä
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S 4M1
| | - Anika S. Louie
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S 4M1
| | - John F. Valliant
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S 4M1
| | - Jon Zubieta
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S 4M1
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Yang BY, Jeong JM, Kim YJ, Choi JY, Lee YS, Lee DS, Chung JK, Lee MC. Formulation of 68Ga BAPEN kit for myocardial positron emission tomography imaging and biodistribution study. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 37:149-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chemistry of Metal Radionuclides (Rb, Ga, In, Y, Cu and Tc). Mol Imaging 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-76735-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Decristoforo C, Knopp R, von Guggenberg E, Rupprich M, Dreger T, Hess A, Virgolini I, Haubner R. A fully automated synthesis for the preparation of 68Ga-labelled peptides. Nucl Med Commun 2007; 28:870-5. [PMID: 17901771 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e3282f1753d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generator-produced Ga has attracted increasing interest for radiolabelling peptides used in PET applications. So far, the synthesis of Ga-peptide radiopharmaceuticals is mainly based on semi-automated systems. Here we describe a fully automated approach for the synthesis of Ga-labelled peptides. METHOD A commercially available Ga generator was eluted with 0.1 mol . l HCl. Reaction parameters such as buffer conditions, pH range, reaction temperature and time, volume of reaction solution and generator fraction were optimized for labelling DOTA-Tyr-octreotide (DOTATOC). Reaction yields, pH, radiochemical purity, sterility, endotoxins, breakthrough of Ge and final Ge content were determined. A fully automated radiopharmaceutical synthesis device based on a modular concept for remote-controlled processing was developed and evaluated for a number of DOTA-derivatized peptides. RESULTS DOTATOC could be labelled in almost quantitative yields by heating 10-50 nmol peptide at pH 3.5-4.0 for 5 min at 95 degrees C in 1.5 ml. Purification using a reversed-phase cartridge was required to avoid any potential Ge breakthrough: final activities of Ge were below 100 Bq . ml. Automated synthesis resulted in overall decay-corrected reaction yields of about 60% within 10 min. Even after 1 year using a 1110 MBq generator more than 130 MBq Ga-DOTATOC could be obtained. Moreover, it was demonstrated that a variety of DOTA-derivatized peptides can be labelled using identical reaction conditions with high yields. CONCLUSION The system described allows the fully automated, efficient and rapid preparation of Ga-DOTA-derivatized peptides. It has been used successfully and reliably for routine preparations in clinical studies.
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