1
|
Bini J. The historical progression of positron emission tomography research in neuroendocrinology. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 70:101081. [PMID: 37423505 PMCID: PMC10530506 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and continual development of a number of radiopharmaceuticals targeting different receptor, enzyme and small molecule systems has fostered Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of endocrine system actions in vivo in the human brain for several decades. PET radioligands have been developed to measure changes that are regulated by hormone action (e.g., glucose metabolism, cerebral blood flow, dopamine receptors) and actions within endocrine organs or glands such as steroids (e.g., glucocorticoids receptors), hormones (e.g., estrogen, insulin), and enzymes (e.g., aromatase). This systematic review is targeted to the neuroendocrinology community that may be interested in learning about positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for use in their research. Covering neuroendocrine PET research over the past half century, researchers and clinicians will be able to answer the question of where future research may benefit from the strengths of PET imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dedic N, Chen A, Deussing JM. The CRF Family of Neuropeptides and their Receptors - Mediators of the Central Stress Response. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2018; 11:4-31. [PMID: 28260504 PMCID: PMC5930453 DOI: 10.2174/1874467210666170302104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dysregulated stress neurocircuits, caused by genetic and/or environmental changes, underlie the development of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the major physiological activator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and conse-quently a primary regulator of the mammalian stress response. Together with its three family members, urocortins (UCNs) 1, 2, and 3, CRF integrates the neuroendocrine, autonomic, metabolic and behavioral responses to stress by activating its cognate receptors CRFR1 and CRFR2. Objective: Here we review the past and current state of the CRF/CRFR field, ranging from pharmacologi-cal studies to genetic mouse models and virus-mediated manipulations. Results: Although it is well established that CRF/CRFR1 signaling mediates aversive responses, includ-ing anxiety and depression-like behaviors, a number of recent studies have challenged this viewpoint by revealing anxiolytic and appetitive properties of specific CRF/CRFR1 circuits. In contrast, the UCN/CRFR2 system is less well understood and may possibly also exert divergent functions on physiol-ogy and behavior depending on the brain region, underlying circuit, and/or experienced stress conditions. Conclusion: A plethora of available genetic tools, including conventional and conditional mouse mutants targeting CRF system components, has greatly advanced our understanding about the endogenous mecha-nisms underlying HPA system regulation and CRF/UCN-related neuronal circuits involved in stress-related behaviors. Yet, the detailed pathways and molecular mechanisms by which the CRF/UCN-system translates negative or positive stimuli into the final, integrated biological response are not completely un-derstood. The utilization of future complementary methodologies, such as cell-type specific Cre-driver lines, viral and optogenetic tools will help to further dissect the function of genetically defined CRF/UCN neurocircuits in the context of adaptive and maladaptive stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dedic
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tollefson S, Himes M, Narendran R. Imaging corticotropin-releasing-factor and nociceptin in addiction and PTSD models. Int Rev Psychiatry 2017; 29:567-579. [PMID: 29231765 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2017.1404445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is composed of three phases: intoxication, withdrawal, and craving. Negative reinforcement, strengthening a behaviour by removing an aversive stimulus, has been associated with the withdrawal phase. An imbalance of neurotransmitters within the brain's stress (nociceptin, neuropeptide Y) and anti-stress (CRF, norepinephrine, etc.) system is attributed to negatively reinforced compulsive behaviours associated with relapse. Similarly, post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by an overactive stress system. In a PTSD mouse model, rodents exhibited impaired cued-fear memory consolidation when nociceptin transmission was blocked. Furthermore, a single-nucleotide polymorphism has been identified between women diagnosed with PTSD and the severity of PTSD symptoms, suggesting a genetic basis. Therefore, it is critical to understand the functions and interactions between the brain's stress and anti-stress neurotransmitters, specifically nociceptin. This paper will examine the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, evaluate the functions of corticotropin-releasing-factor and nociceptin, discuss nociceptin's role as an anxiolytic or anxiogenic, and discuss PET-imaging studies-all of which targeted nociceptin receptors (NOP-R). Finally, the discussion of pharmacological interventions will be proposed as preventative or therapeutic treatments for those suffering from PTSD and substance-use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Tollefson
- a Department of Radiology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Michael Himes
- a Department of Radiology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Rajesh Narendran
- a Department of Radiology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cheng G, Werner TJ, Newberg A, Alavi A. Failed PET Application Attempts in the Past, Can We Avoid Them in the Future? Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 18:797-802. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-1017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
5
|
Stehouwer JS, Birnbaum MS, Voll RJ, Owens MJ, Plott SJ, Bourke CH, Wassef MA, Kilts CD, Goodman MM. Synthesis, F-18 radiolabeling, and microPET evaluation of 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-alkyl-N-fluoroalkyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines as ligands of the corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 (CRF1) receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4286-4302. [PMID: 26145817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-alkyl-N-fluoroalkyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines were synthesized and evaluated as potential positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for the corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 (CRF1) receptor. Compounds 27, 28, 29, and 30 all displayed high binding affinity (⩽1.2 nM) to the CRF1 receptor when assessed by in vitro competition binding assays at 23 °C, whereas a decrease in affinity (⩾10-fold) was observed with compound 26. The logP7.4 values of [(18)F]26-[(18)F]29 were in the range of ∼2.2-2.8 and microPET evaluation of [(18)F]26-[(18)F]29 in an anesthetized male cynomolgus monkey demonstrated brain penetrance, but specific binding was not sufficient enough to differentiate regions of high CRF1 receptor density from regions of low CRF1 receptor density. Radioactivity uptake in the skull, and sphenoid bone and/or sphenoid sinus during studies with [(18)F]28, [(18)F]28-d8, and [(18)F]29 was attributed to a combination of [(18)F]fluoride generated by metabolic defluorination of the radiotracer and binding of intact radiotracer to CRF1 receptors expressed on mast cells in the bone marrow. Uptake of [(18)F]26 and [(18)F]27 in the skull and sphenoid region was rapid but then steadily washed out which suggests that this behavior was the result of binding to CRF1 receptors expressed on mast cells in the bone marrow with no contribution from [(18)F]fluoride.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Stehouwer
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Matthew S Birnbaum
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ronald J Voll
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Michael J Owens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan J Plott
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chase H Bourke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael A Wassef
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Clinton D Kilts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mark M Goodman
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Contoreggi C. Corticotropin releasing hormone and imaging, rethinking the stress axis. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 42:323-39. [PMID: 25573209 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The stress system provides integration of both neurochemical and somatic physiologic functions within organisms as an adaptive mechanism to changing environmental conditions throughout evolution. In mammals and primates the complexity and sophistication of these systems have surpassed other species in triaging neurochemical and physiologic signaling to maximize chances of survival. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and its related peptides and receptors have been identified over the last three decades and are fundamental molecular initiators of the stress response. They are crucial in the top down regulatory cascade over a myriad of neurochemical, neuroendocrine and sympathetic nervous system events. From neuroscience, we've seen that stress activation impacts behavior, endocrine and somatic physiology and influences neurochemical events that one can capture in real time with current imaging technologies. To delineate these effects one can demonstrate how the CRH neuronal networks infiltrate critical cognitive, emotive and autonomic regions of the central nervous system (CNS) with somatic effects. Abundant preclinical and clinical studies show inter-regulatory actions of CRH with multiple neurotransmitters/peptides. Stress, both acute and chronic has epigenetic effects which magnify genetic susceptibilities to alter neurochemistry; stress system activation can add critical variables in design and interpretation of basic and clinical neuroscience and related research. This review will attempt to provide an overview of the spectrum of known functions and speculative actions of CRH and stress responses in light of imaging technology and its interpretation. Metabolic and neuroreceptor positron emission/single photon tomography (PET/SPECT), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), anatomic MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (pMRS) are technologies that can delineate basic mechanisms of neurophysiology and pharmacology. Stress modulates the myriad of neurochemical and networks within and controlled through the central and peripheral nervous system and the effects of stress activation on imaging will be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Contoreggi
- Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lodge NJ, Li YW, Chin FT, Dischino DD, Zoghbi SS, Deskus JA, Mattson RJ, Imaizumi M, Pieschl R, Molski TF, Fujita M, Dulac H, Zaczek R, Bronson JJ, Macor JE, Innis RB, Pike VW. Synthesis and evaluation of candidate PET radioligands for corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 receptors. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:524-35. [PMID: 24793011 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A radioligand for measuring the density of corticotropin-releasing factor subtype-1 receptors (CRF1 receptors) in living animal and human brain with positron emission tomography (PET) would be a useful tool for neuropsychiatric investigations and the development of drugs intended to interact with this target. This study was aimed at discovery of such a radioligand from a group of CRF1 receptor ligands based on a core 3-(phenylamino)-pyrazin-2(1H)-one scaffold. METHODS CRF1 receptor ligands were selected for development as possible PET radioligands based on their binding potency at CRF1 receptors (displacement of [(125)I]CRF from rat cortical membranes), measured lipophilicity, autoradiographic binding profile in rat and rhesus monkey brain sections, rat biodistribution, and suitability for radiolabeling with carbon-11 or fluorine-18. Two identified candidates (BMS-721313 and BMS-732098) were labeled with fluorine-18. A third candidate (BMS-709460) was labeled with carbon-11 and all three radioligands were evaluated in PET experiments in rhesus monkey. CRF1 receptor density (Bmax) was assessed in rhesus brain cortical and cerebellum membranes with the CRF1 receptor ligand, [(3)H]BMS-728300. RESULTS The three ligands selected for development showed high binding affinity (IC50 values, 0.3-8nM) at CRF1 receptors and moderate lipophilicity (LogD, 2.8-4.4). [(3)H]BMS-728300 and the two (18)F-labeled ligands showed region-specific binding in rat and rhesus monkey brain autoradiography, namely higher binding density in the frontal and limbic cortex, and cerebellum than in thalamus and brainstem. CRF1 receptor Bmax in rhesus brain was found to be 50-120 fmol/mg protein across cortical regions and cerebellum. PET experiments in rhesus monkey showed that the radioligands [(18)F]BMS-721313, [(18)F]BMS-732098 and [(11)C]BMS-709460 gave acceptably high brain radioactivity uptake but no indication of the specific binding as seen in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Candidate CRF1 receptor PET radioligands were identified but none proved to be effective for imaging monkey brain CRF1 receptors. Higher affinity radioligands are likely required for successful PET imaging of CRF1 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Lodge
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Yu-Wen Li
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Frederick T Chin
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Douglas D Dischino
- Department of Radiochemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Deskus
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Ronald J Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Masao Imaizumi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rick Pieschl
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Thaddeus F Molski
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heidi Dulac
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Robert Zaczek
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Joanne J Bronson
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - John E Macor
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Denhart DJ, Zuev D, Ditta JL, Hartz RA, Ahuja VT, Mattson RJ, Huang H, Mattson GK, Zueva L, Nielsen JM, Kozlowski ES, Lodge NJ, Bronson JJ, Macor JE. Potential CRF1R PET imaging agents: 1-fluoroalkylsubstituted 5-halo-3-(arylamino)pyrazin-2(1H)-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2052-5. [PMID: 23465610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyrazinones were prepared and evaluated as potential CRF(1)R PET imaging agents. Optimization of their CRF(1)R binding potencies and octanol-phosphate buffer phase distribution coefficients are discussed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Denhart
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Deskus JA, Dischino DD, Mattson RJ, Ditta JL, Parker MF, Denhart DJ, Zuev D, Huang H, Hartz RA, Ahuja VT, Wong H, Mattson GK, Molski TF, Grace JE, Zueva L, Nielsen JM, Dulac H, Li YW, Guaraldi M, Azure M, Onthank D, Hayes M, Wexler E, McDonald J, Lodge NJ, Bronson JJ, Macor JE. [18F](R)-5-chloro-1-(1-cyclopropyl-2-methoxyethyl)-3-(4-(2-fluoroethoxy)-2,5-dimethyl phenylamino)pyrazin-2(1H)-one: introduction of N3-phenylpyrazinones as potential CRF-R1 PET imaging agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6651-5. [PMID: 23010264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on a favorable balance between CRF-R1 affinity, lipophilicity and metabolic stability, compound 10 was evaluated for potential development as PET radioligand. Compound [(18)F]10 was prepared with high radiochemical purity and showed promising binding properties in rat brain imaging experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Deskus
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Griebel G, Holsboer F. Neuropeptide receptor ligands as drugs for psychiatric diseases: the end of the beginning? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:462-78. [PMID: 22596253 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The search for novel drugs for treating psychiatric disorders is driven by the growing medical need to improve on the effectiveness and side-effect profile of currently available therapies. Given the wealth of preclinical data supporting the role of neuropeptides in modulating behaviour, pharmaceutical companies have been attempting to target neuropeptide receptors for over two decades. However, clinical studies with synthetic neuropeptide ligands have been unable to confirm the promise predicted by studies in animal models. Here, we analyse preclinical and clinical results for neuropeptide receptor ligands that have been studied in clinical trials for psychiatric diseases, including agents that target the receptors for tachykinins, corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin and neurotensin, and suggest new ways to exploit the full potential of these candidate drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Griebel
- Sanofi, Exploratory Unit, 91385 Chilly-Mazarin, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Katugampola S, Fish R, Wood C, Young K, Da Costa Mathews C. Automated blood sampling to identify pharmacodynamics biomarkers of corticotrophin releasing factor receptor 1 antagonism. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2011; 64:158-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
12
|
Jagoda EM, Lang L, McCullough K, Contoreggi C, Kim BM, Ma Y, Rice KC, Szajek LP, Eckelman WC, Kiesewetter DO. [(76) Br]BMK-152, a nonpeptide analogue, with high affinity and low nonspecific binding for the corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 receptor. Synapse 2011; 65:910-8. [PMID: 21308801 PMCID: PMC3625961 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a neuropeptide, regulates endocrine and autonomic responses to stress through G-protein coupled receptors, CRF(1) or CRF(2) . A PET ligand able to monitor changes in CRF(1) receptor occupancy in vivo would aid in understanding the pathophysiology of stress-related diseases as well as in the clinical development of nonpeptide antagonists with therapeutic value. We have radiolabeled the CRF(1) receptor ligand, [8-(4-bromo-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-α][1,3,5]triazin-4-yl]-N,N-bis-(2-methoxyethyl)amine (BMK-152) (ClogP = 2.6), at both the 3 and 4 position with [(76) Br]. Using in vitro autoradiography saturation studies the 4-[(76) Br]BMK-152 exhibited high affinity binding to both rat (K(d) = 0.23 ± 0.07 nM; n = 3) and monkey frontal cortex (K(d) = 0.31 ± 0.08 nM; n = 3) consistent with CRF(1) receptor regional distribution whereas with the 3-[(76) Br]BMK-152, the K(d) s could not be determined due to high nonspecific binding. In vitro autoradiography competition studies using [(125) I]Tyr(0) -o-CRF confirmed that 3-Br-BMK-152 (K(i) = 24.4 ± 4.9 nM; n = 3) had lower affinity (70-fold) than 4-Br-BMK-152 (K(i) = 0.35 ± 0.07 nM; n = 3) in monkey frontal cortex and similiar studies using [(125) I]Sauvagine confirmed CRF(1) receptor selectivity. In vivo studies with P-glycoprotein (PGP) knockout mice (KO) and their wild-type littermates (WT) showed that the brain uptake of 3-[(76) Br]BMK/4-[(76) Br]BMK was increased less than twofold in KO versus WT indicating that 3-[(76) Br]BMK-152/4-[(76) Br]BMK was not a Pgp substrate. Rat brain uptakes of 4-[(76) Br] BMK-152 from ex vivo autoradiography studies showed regional localization consistent with known published CRF(1) receptor distribution and potential as a PET ligand for in vivo imaging of CRF(1) receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Jagoda
- PET Radiochemistry Group, NIBIB, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paez-Pereda M, Hausch F, Holsboer F. Corticotropin releasing factor receptor antagonists for major depressive disorder. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:519-35. [PMID: 21395482 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.565330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major depressive disorder is a serious and common psychiatric illness, and many of the depressive patients benefit from pharmacological treatment. Available antidepressants produce remission in only about 30 -- 40% of the patients. Therefore, new concepts are being explored for the development of innovative antidepressants with higher efficacy. AREAS COVERED The use of corticotropin releasing factor type 1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists for depression is supported by abundant evidence of target validation, the availability of in vitro and in vivo assays and specific small ligands. Some of these compounds have advanced to clinical studies, with discouraging results so far in depression. This review covers the development of CRF1 receptor antagonists at different stages of the development pipeline of the pharmaceutical industry and its bottlenecks. Most of the available CRF1 receptor antagonists known so far share a common chemical scaffold. We present possible strategies to overcome obstacles in the discovery and development process at the levels of library screenings and clinical studies to find more diverse compounds. EXPERT OPINION CRF1 receptor antagonists are expected to be beneficial only for those patients with CRF overexpression and the need for tests to identify these individuals is discussed. New technical developments and diagnostic tools might eventually lead to a more successful treatment of major depression with CRF1 receptor antagonists.
Collapse
|
14
|
Potential CRF1R PET imaging agents: N-Fluoroalkyl-8-(6-methoxy-2-methylpyridin-3-yl)-2,7-dimethyl-N-alkylpyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-4-amines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2484-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
15
|
Wu SV, Yuan PQ, Lai J, Wong K, Chen MC, Ohning GV, Taché Y. Activation of Type 1 CRH receptor isoforms induces serotonin release from human carcinoid BON-1N cells: an enterochromaffin cell model. Endocrinology 2011; 152:126-37. [PMID: 21123435 PMCID: PMC3219048 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CRH and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) are expressed in human colonic enterochromaffin (EC) cells, but their interactions at the cellular level remain largely unknown. The mechanistic and functional relationship between CRH and 5-HT systems in EC cells was investigated in a human carcinoid cloned BON cell line (BON-1N), widely used as an in vitro model of EC cell function. First, we identified multiple CRH(1) splice variants, including CRH(1a), CRH(1c), CRH(1f), and a novel form lacking exon 4, designated here as CRH(1i), in the BON-1N cells. The expression of CRH(1i) was also confirmed in human brain cortex, pituitary gland, and ileum. Immunocytochemistry and immunoblot analysis confirmed that BON-1N cells were CRH(1) and 5-HT positive. CRH, urocortin (Ucn)-1, and cortagine, a selective CRH(1) agonist, all increased intracellular cAMP, and this concentration-dependent response was inhibited by CRH(1)-selective antagonist NBI-35965. CRH and Ucn-1, but not Ucn-2, stimulated significant ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In transfected human embryonic kidney-293 cells, CRH(1i) isoforms produced a significant increase in pERK1/2 in response to CRH(1) agonists that was sensitive to NBI-35965. CRH and Ucn-1 stimulated 5-HT release that reached a maximal increase of 3.3- and 4-fold at 10(-8) m over the basal level, respectively. In addition, exposure to CRH for 24-h up-regulated tryptophan hydroxylase-1 mRNA levels in the BON-1N cells. These findings define the expression of EC cell-specific CRH(1) isoforms and activation of CRH(1)-dependent pathways leading to 5-HT release and synthesis; thus, providing functional evidence of a link exists between CRH and 5-HT systems, which have implications in stress-induced CRH(1) and 5-HT-mediated stimulation of lower intestinal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Vincent Wu
- CURE, Building 115, Room 217, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Predictors and treatment strategies of HIV-related fatigue in the combined antiretroviral therapy era. AIDS 2010; 24:1387-405. [PMID: 20523204 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328339d004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess predictors and reported treatment strategies of HIV-related fatigue in the combined antiretroviral (cART) era. METHOD Five databases were searched and reference lists of pertinent articles were checked. Studies published since 1996 on predictors or therapy of HIV-related fatigue measured by a validated instrument were selected. RESULTS A total of 42 studies met the inclusion criteria. The reported HIV-related fatigue prevalence in the selected studies varied from 33 to 88%. The strongest predictors for sociodemographic variables were unemployment and inadequate income. Concerning HIV-associated factors, the use of cART was the strongest predictor. Comorbidity and sleeping difficulties were important factors when assessing physiological influences. Laboratory parameters were not predictive of fatigue. The strongest and most uniform associations were observed between fatigue and psychological factors such as depression and anxiety. Reported therapeutic interventions for HIV-related fatigue include testosterone, psycho-stimulants (dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate hydrochloride, pemoline, modafinil), dehydroepiandrosterone, fluoxetine and cognitive behavioural or relaxation therapy. CONCLUSION HIV-related fatigue has a high prevalence and is strongly associated with psychological factors such as depression and anxiety. A validated instrument should be used to measure intensity and consequences of fatigue in HIV-infected individuals. In the case of fatigue, clinicians should not only search for physical mechanisms, but should question depression and anxiety in detail. There is a need for intervention studies comparing the effect of medication (antidepressants, anxiolytics) and behavioural interventions (cognitive-behavioural therapy, relaxation therapy, graded exercise therapy) to direct the best treatment strategy. Treatment of HIV-related fatigue is important in the care for HIV-infected patients and requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo Q, Brady M, Gunn RN. A Biomathematical Modeling Approach to Central Nervous System Radioligand Discovery and Development. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:1715-23. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.063800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
18
|
Lang L, Ma Y, Kim BM, Jagoda EM, Rice KC, Szajek LP, Contoreggi C, Gold PW, Chrousos GP, Eckelman WC, Kiesewetter DO. [76Br]BMK-I-152, a non-peptide analogue for PET imaging of corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor (CRHR1). J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|