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Bhagat K, Singh JV, Pagare PP, Kumar N, Sharma A, Kaur G, Kinarivala N, Gandu S, Singh H, Sharma S, Bedi PMS. Rational approaches for the design of various GABA modulators and their clinical progression. Mol Divers 2021; 25:551-601. [PMID: 32170466 PMCID: PMC8422677 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GABA (γ-amino butyric acid) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Attenuation of GABAergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the etiology of several neurological disorders including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, migraine, Parkinson's disease, neuropathic pain, and depression. Increase in the GABAergic activity may be achieved through direct agonism at the GABAA receptors, inhibition of enzymatic breakdown of GABA, or by inhibition of the GABA transport proteins (GATs). These functionalities make GABA receptor modulators and GATs attractive drug targets in brain disorders associated with decreased GABA activity. There have been several reports of development of GABA modulators (GABA receptors, GABA transporters, and GABAergic enzyme inhibitors) in the past decade. Therefore, the focus of the present review is to provide an overview on various design strategies and synthetic approaches toward developing GABA modulators. Furthermore, mechanistic insights, structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling inputs for the biologically active derivatives have also been discussed. Summary of the advances made over the past few years in the clinical translation and development of GABA receptor modulators is also provided. This compilation will be of great interest to the researchers working in the field of neuroscience. From the light of detailed literature, it can be concluded that numerous molecules have displayed significant results and their promising potential, clearly placing them ahead as potential future drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Bhagat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Jatinder V Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Piyusha P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Gurinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Nihar Kinarivala
- Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Srinivasa Gandu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Cell and Development Biology Graduate Program, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
- Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Preet Mohinder S Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
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Development of (18)F-labeled radiotracers for neuroreceptor imaging with positron emission tomography. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:777-811. [PMID: 25172118 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an in vivo molecular imaging tool which is widely used in nuclear medicine for early diagnosis and treatment follow-up of many brain diseases. PET uses biomolecules as probes which are labeled with radionuclides of short half-lives, synthesized prior to the imaging studies. These probes are called radiotracers. Fluorine-18 is a radionuclide routinely used in the radiolabeling of neuroreceptor ligands for PET because of its favorable half-life of 109.8 min. The delivery of such radiotracers into the brain provides images of transport, metabolic, and neurotransmission processes on the molecular level. After a short introduction into the principles of PET, this review mainly focuses on the strategy of radiotracer development bridging from basic science to biomedical application. Successful radiotracer design as described here provides molecular probes which not only are useful for imaging of human brain diseases, but also allow molecular neuroreceptor imaging studies in various small-animal models of disease, including genetically-engineered animals. Furthermore, they provide a powerful tool for in vivo pharmacology during the process of pre-clinical drug development to identify new drug targets, to investigate pathophysiology, to discover potential drug candidates, and to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs in vivo.
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Löser R, Fischer S, Hiller A, Köckerling M, Funke U, Maisonial A, Brust P, Steinbach J. Use of 3-[(18)F]fluoropropanesulfonyl chloride as a prosthetic agent for the radiolabelling of amines: Investigation of precursor molecules, labelling conditions and enzymatic stability of the corresponding sulfonamides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1002-11. [PMID: 23766817 PMCID: PMC3678395 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
3-[(18)F]Fluoropropanesulfonyl chloride, a recently proposed prosthetic agent for fluorine-18 labelling, was prepared in a two-step radiosynthesis via 3-[(18)F]fluoropropyl thiocyanate as an intermediate. Two benzenesulfonate-based radiolabelling precursors were prepared by various routes. Comparing the reactivities of 3-thiocyanatopropyl nosylate and the corresponding tosylate towards [(18)F]fluoride the former proved to be superior accounting for labelling yields of up to 85%. Conditions for a reliable transformation of 3-[(18)F]fluoropropyl thiocyanate to the corresponding sulfonyl chloride with the potential for automation have been identified. The reaction of 3-[(18)F]fluoropropanesulfonyl chloride with eight different aliphatic and aromatic amines was investigated and the identity of the resulting (18)F-labelled sulfonamides was confirmed chromatographically by comparison with their nonradioactive counterparts. Even for weakly nucleophilic amines such as 4-nitroaniline the desired radiolabelled sulfonamides were accessible in satisfactory yields owing to systematic variation of the reaction conditions. With respect to the application of the (18)F-fluoropropansulfonyl group to the labelling of compounds relevant as imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET), the stability of N-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-fluoropropanesulfonamide against degradation catalysed by carboxylesterase was investigated and compared to that of the analogous fluoroacetamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research (formerly Institute of Radiopharmacy), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany ; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Bergstraße 66c, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Andersson JD, Halldin C. PET radioligands targeting the brain GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor complex. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:196-206. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan D. Andersson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Center for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Center for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
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Fun HK, Suwunwong T, Chantrapromma S. 3-(4-Bromo-phen-yl)-5-[4-(dimethyl-amino)-phen-yl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothio-amide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o701-2. [PMID: 21522446 PMCID: PMC3052174 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811006106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mol-ecule of the title pyrazole derivative, C(18)H(19)BrN(4)S, is twisted. The central pyrazole ring, which adopts a flattened envelope conformation, is almost coplanar with the 4-bromo-phenyl ring, whereas it is inclined to the 4-(dimethyl-amino)-phenyl ring making dihedral angles of 1.68 (6) and 85.12 (6)°, respectively. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 86.56 (6)°. The dimethyl-amino group is slightly twisted from the attached benzene ring [C-C-N-C torsion angles = 8.4 (2) and 8.9 (2)°]. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by inter-molecular N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds into chains along [20]. The crystal is further stabilized by C-H⋯π inter-actions.
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Wang HQ, Zhou WP, Wang YY, Lin CR, Liu ZJ. Regioselective synthesis and bioactivity of new 5-amino-6-arylamino-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4(5H)-one derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Guerrini G, Ciciani G, Cambi G, Bruni F, Selleri S, Melani F, Montali M, Martini C, Ghelardini C, Norcini M, Costanzo A. Novel 3-aroylpyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]benzotriazine 5-oxides 8-substituted, ligands at GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor complex: Synthesis, pharmacological and molecular modeling studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:4471-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wegner F, Deuther-Conrad W, Scheunemann M, Brust P, Fischer S, Hiller A, Diekers M, Strecker K, Wohlfarth K, Allgaier C, Steinbach J, Hoepping A. GABAA receptor pharmacology of fluorinated derivatives of the novel sedative-hypnotic pyrazolopyrimidine indiplon. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 580:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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