1
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Price T, Wagner L, Rosecker V, Havlíčková J, Prior TJ, Kubíček V, Hermann P, Stasiuk GJ. Inorganic Chemistry of the Tripodal Picolinate Ligand Tpaa with Gallium(III) and Radiolabeling with Gallium-68. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20769-20776. [PMID: 37793007 PMCID: PMC10731648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
We report here the improved synthesis of the tripodal picolinate chelator Tpaa, with an overall yield of 41% over five steps, in comparison to the previously reported 6% yield. Tpaa was investigated for its coordination chemistry with Ga(III) and radiolabeling properties with gallium-68 (68Ga). The obtained crystal structure for [Ga(Tpaa)] shows that the three picolinate arms coordinate to the Ga(III) ion, fully occupying the octahedral coordination geometry. This is supported by 1H NMR which shows that the three arms are symmetrical when coordinated to Ga(III). Assessment of the thermodynamic stability through potentiometry gives log KGa-Tpaa = 21.32, with a single species being produced across the range of pH 3.5-7.5. Tpaa achieved >99% radiochemical conversion with 68Ga under mild conditions ([Tpaa] = 6.6 μM, pH 7.4, 37 °C) with a molar activity of 3.1 GBq μmol-1. The resulting complex, [68Ga][Ga(Tpaa)], showed improved stability over the previously reported [68Ga][Ga(Dpaa)(H2O)] in a serum challenge, with 32% of [68Ga][Ga(Tpaa)] remaining intact after 30 min of incubation with fetal bovine serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
W. Price
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering
and Imaging Sciences, King’s College
London, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
| | - Laurène Wagner
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering
and Imaging Sciences, King’s College
London, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
| | - Veronika Rosecker
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering
and Imaging Sciences, King’s College
London, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
| | - Jana Havlíčková
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Timothy J. Prior
- Chemistry,
School of Natural Sciences, University of
Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Vojtěch Kubíček
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hermann
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Graeme J. Stasiuk
- Department
of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering
and Imaging Sciences, King’s College
London, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
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2
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Dobre EG, Surcel M, Constantin C, Ilie MA, Caruntu A, Caruntu C, Neagu M. Skin Cancer Pathobiology at a Glance: A Focus on Imaging Techniques and Their Potential for Improved Diagnosis and Surveillance in Clinical Cohorts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021079. [PMID: 36674595 PMCID: PMC9866322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis is essential for completely eradicating skin cancer and maximizing patients' clinical benefits. Emerging optical imaging modalities such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), near-infrared (NIR) bioimaging, positron emission tomography (PET), and their combinations provide non-invasive imaging data that may help in the early detection of cutaneous tumors and surgical planning. Hence, they seem appropriate for observing dynamic processes such as blood flow, immune cell activation, and tumor energy metabolism, which may be relevant for disease evolution. This review discusses the latest technological and methodological advances in imaging techniques that may be applied for skin cancer detection and monitoring. In the first instance, we will describe the principle and prospective clinical applications of the most commonly used imaging techniques, highlighting the challenges and opportunities of their implementation in the clinical setting. We will also highlight how imaging techniques may complement the molecular and histological approaches in sharpening the non-invasive skin characterization, laying the ground for more personalized approaches in skin cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena-Georgiana Dobre
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Immunology Department, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Department, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N.C. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Monica Neagu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Immunology Department, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Suzuki H, Muramatsu S, Ichinohe K, Uchimura M, Araki M, Uehara T, Arano Y. Stability Estimation of Gallium Complexes of DOTA Derivatives for Radiotheranostic Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:43321-43328. [PMID: 36467905 PMCID: PMC9713862 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (DO3A) has been used to prepare 68Ga-labeled probes for the diagnostic counterpart of radiotheranostic applications. While DO3A provides stable complexes with therapeutic radionuclides such as 90Y, 177Lu, and 225Ac, further improvement of the in vivo stability of the Ga-DO3A complex is required. Considering the high stability of an intact Ga-DOTA complex, the stability of Ga complexes of DOTA and DO3A derivatives, including benzyl-DOTA (Bn-DOTA), was evaluated to gain fundamental knowledge for developing the next-generation radiotheranostic probes using 68Ga as a diagnostic counterpart. Following the complexation reaction to prepare 67Ga-labeled DOTA and DO3A derivatives, the stability of the resulting 67Ga-labeled compounds was evaluated in murine plasma and apo-transferrin challenge. [67Ga]Ga-Bn-DOTA produced two isomers, and one of the isomers exhibited the highest stability among the tested complexes. The X-ray crystallography showed that the less stable isomer of Ga-Bn-DOTA suggested an N3O3 coordination geometry, while Ga-DOTA and Ga-Bn-DO3A show N4O2 coordination. To further evaluate the stability, a synthetic somatostatin analogue, [Tyr3]octreotide (TOC), was used as a model peptide, and p-COOH-Bn-DOTA and DO3A were conjugated with TOC to prepare DOTA-Bn-TOC and DOTATOC. [67Ga]Ga-DOTA-Bn-TOC also yielded two isomers with varying stability, and one isomer exhibited significantly higher stability than [67Ga]Ga-DOTATOC both in vitro and in vivo. These findings indicate that para-substituted Bn-DOTA would constitute a suitable chelating agent for developing next-generation radiotheranostic probes, although high-performance liquid chromatography purification is needed. Thus, further chemical modification on the Bn-DOTA molecule is also needed to avoid the formation of a Ga complex with the N3O3 configuration.
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4
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Klenner MA, Darwish T, Fraser BH, Massi M, Pascali G. Labeled Rhenium Complexes: Radiofluorination, α-MSH Cyclization, and Deuterium Substitutions. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A. Klenner
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF) & Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia 2234
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia 6102
| | - Tamim Darwish
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF) & Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia 2234
| | - Benjamin H. Fraser
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF) & Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia 2234
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia 6102
| | - Giancarlo Pascali
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF) & Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia 2234
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia 2031
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, New South Wales, Australia 2052
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5
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Price TW, Yap SY, Gillet R, Savoie H, Charbonnière LJ, Boyle RW, Nonat AM, Stasiuk GJ. Evaluation of a Bispidine‐Based Chelator for Gallium‐68 and of the Porphyrin Conjugate as PET/PDT Theranostic Agent. Chemistry 2020; 26:7602-7608. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Price
- School of Life SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
- Positron Emission Tomography Research CenterUniversity of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and BiologySchool of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging SciencesKing's College London Cottingham Road London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Steven Y. Yap
- Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesUniversity of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Raphaël Gillet
- Equipe de Synthèse pour l'Analyse (SynPA)CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178Université de Strasbourg 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Huguette Savoie
- Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesUniversity of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Loïc J. Charbonnière
- Equipe de Synthèse pour l'Analyse (SynPA)CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178Université de Strasbourg 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Ross W. Boyle
- Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesUniversity of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Aline M. Nonat
- Equipe de Synthèse pour l'Analyse (SynPA)CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178Université de Strasbourg 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Graeme J. Stasiuk
- School of Life SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
- Positron Emission Tomography Research CenterUniversity of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and BiologySchool of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging SciencesKing's College London Cottingham Road London SE1 7EH UK
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6
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Fang Q, Xiao Y, Zhang R, Yin J, Xie D, Wang X. Arginine–glycine–aspartate (RGD)-targeted positron-labeled dendritic polylysine nanoprobe for tumor PET imaging. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23276-23285. [PMID: 35520297 PMCID: PMC9054685 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02813d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigated the optimization of the 68Ga radiolabeling of the dendritic polylysine-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid conjugate (DGL-NOTA). Under pH = 4.0, reaction temperature of 70 °C, and incubation time of 10.0 min, the conjugate (DGL-NOTA) radiochemical yield was between 50% and 70%. After separation and purification, the radiochemical purity was greater than 98%. The radiolabeled formulation (68Ga-NOTA-DGL-PEG-RGDyC) remained stable in both phosphate buffer and serum (all radiochemically greater than 95%) for up to 2 hours with a specific activity of 30 GBq/μmol. Cellular experimental studies have shown that radiolabeled preparations can rapidly enter U87MG cells, and after 2 hours, there was still retention of imaging agents in the cells. In vivo distribution studies had shown that the tracer is excreted by the kidneys. Two hours after injecting the imaging agent, the U87MG tumor tissue uptake value was (4.67 ± 0.09)% ID/g. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in animals showed that 68Ga-NOTA-DGL-PEG-RGDyC had good targeting and can be enriched in tumor sites. Through hemolysis testing and morphological changes of red blood cells, it was proved that NOTA-DGL-PEG-RGDyC has good blood compatibility. This work investigated the optimization of the 68Ga radiolabeling of the dendritic polylysine-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid conjugate (DGL-NOTA).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- The First Clinical Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou 510120
- China
| | - Yongcheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
| | - Rongqin Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- General Hospital of Southern Theater Command
- PLA
- Guangzhou 510010
- China
| | - Jilin Yin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- General Hospital of Southern Theater Command
- PLA
- Guangzhou 510010
- China
| | - Deming Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
| | - Xinlu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- The First Clinical Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou 510120
- China
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7
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Oliveira MC, Correia JDG. Biomedical applications of radioiodinated peptides. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:56-77. [PMID: 31238251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The overexpression of peptide receptors in certain tumors as compared to endogeneous expression levels represents the molecular basis for the design of peptide-based tools for targeted nuclear imaging and therapy. Receptor targeting with radiolabelled peptides became a very important imaging and/or therapeutic approach in nuclear medicine and oncology. A great variety of peptides has been radiolabelled with clinical relevant radionuclides, such as radiometals and radiohalogens. However, to the best of our knowledge concise and updated reviews providing information about the biomedical application of radioiodinated peptides are still missing. This review outlines the synthetic efforts in the preparation of radioiodinated peptides highlighting the importance of radioiodine in nuclear medicine, giving an overview of the most relevant radioiodination strategies that have been employed and describes relevant examples of their use in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
| | - João D G Correia
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
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8
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Zhang C, Lin KS, Bénard F. Molecular Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy of Melanoma Targeting the Melanocortin 1 Receptor. Mol Imaging 2018; 16:1536012117737919. [PMID: 29182034 PMCID: PMC5714078 DOI: 10.1177/1536012117737919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a deadly disease at late metastatic stage, and early diagnosis and accurate staging remain the key aspects for managing melanoma. The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1 R) is overexpressed in primary and metastatic melanomas, and its endogenous ligand, the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), has been extensively studied for the development of MC1 R-targeted molecular imaging and therapy of melanoma. Natural αMSH is not well suited for this purpose due to low stability in vivo. Unnatural amino acid substitutions substantially stabilized the peptide, while cyclization via lactam bridge and metal coordination further improved binding affinity and stability. In this study, we summarized the development and the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the radiolabeled αMSH analogues, including 99mTc-, 111In-, 67 Ga-, or 125I-labeled αMSH analogues for imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography; 68Ga-, 64Cu-, or 18F-labeled αMSH analogues for imaging with positron emission tomography; and 188Re-, 177Lu-, 90Y-, or 212Pb-labeled αMSH analogues for radionuclide therapy. These radiolabeled αMSH analogues showed promising results with high tumor uptake and rapid normal tissue activity clearance in the preclinical model of B16F1 and B16F10 mouse melanomas. These results highlight the potential of using radiolabeled αMSH analogues in clinical applications for molecular imaging and radionuclide therapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhang
- 1 Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- 1 Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2 Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- 1 Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2 Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Ghai A, Singh B, Li M, Daniels TA, Coelho R, Orcutt K, Watkins GL, Norenberg JP, Cvet D, Schultz MK. Optimizing the radiosynthesis of [ 68Ga]DOTA-MLN6907 peptide containing three disulfide cyclization bonds - a GCC specific chelate for clinical radiopharmaceuticals. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 140:333-341. [PMID: 30138815 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of radiolabeling conditions on radiolabeling efficiency and achievable specific activity of a DOTA-conjugated highly-lipophilic peptide containing three disulfide cyclization bonds was examined. The peptide is designed to bind specifically (with high affinity) to cell-surface receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), which is universally expressed by colorectal cancer cells. The effect of systematic variation of chemical parameters pH, mass of peptide, acetate buffer concentration (ionic strength), and inclusion of ethanol in the radiolabeling reaction vessel on achievable specific activity and labeling efficiency was examined. In addition, a unique approach to acetone-based elution of 68Ga from an initial cation-exchange pre-concentration column is introduced, which improved radiochemical yield and radiochemical purity. For the evaluation of the acetone-based method, two different post-radiolabeling reverse-phase (C18) approaches to purify the final radiolabeled peptide were tested. These results revealed the potential for peptide degradation via the cleavage of disulfide cyclization bonds to form free thiols when using one of these C18 cartridges. The final optimized procedure enabled radiolabeling efficiency of greater than 99% and specific activity greater than 35 MBq/nmole in less than 30 min. The optimized parameters were amenable to the use of an automated 68Ge/68Ga generator and fluid-handling system for clinical production of the GCC receptor-specific [68Ga]DOTA-MLN6907 peptide. The chemical characteristics of individual peptides govern the most appropriate radiolabeling conditions for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Ghai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Baljinder Singh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Mengshi Li
- Department of Radiology, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Departments of Radiation Oncology (Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program), Pediatrics, and Chemistry, and the Interdisciplinary Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, 500 N Road, ML B180, FRRB, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Tamara A Daniels
- Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | | | - Kelly Orcutt
- InviCRO, LLC, 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210 , USA
| | - G Leonard Watkins
- Department of Radiology, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Norenberg
- Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Donna Cvet
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael K Schultz
- Department of Radiology, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Departments of Radiation Oncology (Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program), Pediatrics, and Chemistry, and the Interdisciplinary Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, 500 N Road, ML B180, FRRB, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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10
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Price TW, Greenman J, Stasiuk GJ. Current advances in ligand design for inorganic positron emission tomography tracers 68Ga, 64Cu, 89Zr and 44Sc. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:15702-15724. [PMID: 26865360 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04706d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A key part of the development of metal based Positron Emission Tomography probes is the chelation of the radiometal. In this review the recent developments in the chelation of four positron emitting radiometals, 68Ga, 64Cu, 89Zr and 44Sc, are explored. The factors that effect the chelation of each radio metal and the ideal ligand system will be discussed with regards to high in vivo stability, complexation conditions, conjugation to targeting motifs and complexation kinetics. A series of cyclic, cross-bridged and acyclic ligands will be discussed, such as CP256 which forms stable complexes with 68Ga under mild conditions and PCB-TE2A which has been shown to form a highly stable complex with 64Cu. 89Zr and 44Sc have seen significant development in recent years with a number of chelates being applied to each metal - eight coordinate di-macrocyclic terephthalamide ligands were found to rapidly produce more stable complexes with 89Zr than the widely used DFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Price
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - John Greenman
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Graeme J Stasiuk
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, The University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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11
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Wei W, Ehlerding EB, Lan X, Luo Q, Cai W. PET and SPECT imaging of melanoma: the state of the art. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 45:132-150. [PMID: 29085965 PMCID: PMC5700861 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-017-3839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma represents the most aggressive form of skin cancer, and its incidence continues to rise worldwide. 18F-FDG PET imaging has transformed diagnostic nuclear medicine and has become an essential component in the management of melanoma, but still has its drawbacks. With the rapid growth in the field of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, a variety of promising probes that enable early diagnosis and detection of melanoma have been developed. The substantial preclinical success of melanin- and peptide-based probes has recently resulted in the translation of several radiotracers to clinical settings for noninvasive imaging and treatment of melanoma in humans. In this review, we focus on the latest developments in radiolabeled molecular imaging probes for melanoma in preclinical and clinical settings, and discuss the challenges and opportunities for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600# Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Room 7137, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705-2275, USA
| | - Emily B Ehlerding
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Quanyong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600# Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Room 7137, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705-2275, USA.
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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12
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Price TW, Gallo J, Kubíček V, Böhmová Z, Prior TJ, Greenman J, Hermann P, Stasiuk GJ. Amino acid based gallium-68 chelators capable of radiolabeling at neutral pH. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:16973-16982. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03398b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we show a flexible synthesis for bifunctional chelators based on amino acids that rapidly complex 68Ga under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Price
- School of Life Sciences
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
| | - Juan Gallo
- Advanced (magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory
- 4715-330 Braga
- Portugal
| | - Vojtěch Kubíček
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Böhmová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Timothy J. Prior
- Chemistry
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
| | - John Greenman
- School of Life Sciences
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
| | - Petr Hermann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Graeme J. Stasiuk
- School of Life Sciences
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
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Krasikova RN, Aliev RA, Kalmykov SN. The next generation of positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals labeled with non-conventional radionuclides. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Velikyan I. Prospective of ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceutical development. Theranostics 2013; 4:47-80. [PMID: 24396515 PMCID: PMC3881227 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) experienced accelerated development and has become an established method for medical research and clinical routine diagnostics on patient individualized basis. Development and availability of new radiopharmaceuticals specific for particular diseases is one of the driving forces of the expansion of clinical PET. The future development of the ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceuticals must be put in the context of several aspects such as role of PET in nuclear medicine, unmet medical needs, identification of new biomarkers, targets and corresponding ligands, production and availability of ⁶⁸Ga, automation of the radiopharmaceutical production, progress of positron emission tomography technologies and image analysis methodologies for improved quantitation accuracy, PET radiopharmaceutical regulations as well as advances in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The review presents the prospects of the ⁶⁸Ga-based radiopharmaceutical development on the basis of the current status of these aspects as well as wide range and variety of imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- 1. Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-75183 Uppsala, Sweden
- 2. PET-Centre, Centre for Medical Imaging, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
- 3. Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, SE-75285 Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Radiometals comprise many useful radioactive isotopes of various metallic elements. When properly harnessed, these have valuable emission properties that can be used for diagnostic imaging techniques, such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, e.g.(67)Ga, (99m)Tc, (111)In, (177)Lu) and positron emission tomography (PET, e.g.(68)Ga, (64)Cu, (44)Sc, (86)Y, (89)Zr), as well as therapeutic applications (e.g.(47)Sc, (114m)In, (177)Lu, (90)Y, (212/213)Bi, (212)Pb, (225)Ac, (186/188)Re). A fundamental critical component of a radiometal-based radiopharmaceutical is the chelator, the ligand system that binds the radiometal ion in a tight stable coordination complex so that it can be properly directed to a desirable molecular target in vivo. This article is a guide for selecting the optimal match between chelator and radiometal for use in these systems. The article briefly introduces a selection of relevant and high impact radiometals, and their potential utility to the fields of radiochemistry, nuclear medicine, and molecular imaging. A description of radiometal-based radiopharmaceuticals is provided, and several key design considerations are discussed. The experimental methods by which chelators are assessed for their suitability with a variety of radiometal ions is explained, and a large selection of the most common and most promising chelators are evaluated and discussed for their potential use with a variety of radiometals. Comprehensive tables have been assembled to provide a convenient and accessible overview of the field of radiometal chelating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Price
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaV6T 1Z1.
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16
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Abstract
Development of new radiopharmaceuticals and their availability are crucial factors influencing the expansion of clinical nuclear medicine. The number of new (68)Ga-based imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET) is increasing greatly. (68)Ga has been used for labeling of a broad range of molecules (small organic molecules, peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides) as well as particles, thus demonstrating its potential to become a PET analog of the legendary generator-produced gamma-emitting (99m)Tc but with added value of higher sensitivity and resolution as well as quantitation and dynamic scanning. Further, the availability of technology for GMP-compliant automated tracer production can facilitate the introduction of new radiopharmaceuticals and enable standardized, harmonized multicenter studies to be conducted for regulatory approval. This chapter presents some examples of tracers for targeted, pretargeted, and nontargeted imaging with emphasis on the potential of (68)Ga to facilitate clinically practical PET development and to promote the PET technique worldwide for earlier and better diagnostics, and personalized medicine with the ultimate objective of improved therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- Department of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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White JB, Hausner SH, Carpenter RD, Sutcliffe JL. Optimization of the solid-phase synthesis of [18F] radiolabeled peptides for positron emission tomography. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:2720-9. [PMID: 23041391 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Establishing improved methods for the radiolabeling of peptides with fluorine-18 via solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is desirable for the efficient synthesis of peptide-based molecular imaging agents. This work focuses on the development of a standardized platform to facilitate the reliable and efficient synthesis of high-purity fluorine-18 radiolabeled peptides for in vivo imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). Seven commercially available resins were selected for solid-phase radiolabeling of the model peptide VQAAIDYING with 4-[(18)F]fluorobenzoic acid ([(18)F]FBA). A wide range of radiochemical yields (18.8 ± 1.5% to 41.2 ± 5.3%) was obtained using standard conditions (coupling: 3 eq amino acid, 3 eq HATU, 6 eq DIPEA, 1.5 h, r.t.; cleavage: 94% TFA, 3 h, r.t.). After modification of coupling reagents and employing heated reactions to 37°C, radiochemical yields were improved by as much as 35.3% over standard conditions. When the optimized conditions were applied to the synthesis of [(18)F]FBA-PEG(28)-A20FMDV2, which targets the α(v)β(6) integrin in vivo, radiochemical yields improved by as much as 73.4% over those obtained using standard coupling and cleavage conditions. This platform can be utilized to improve the synthesis of peptide-based molecular probes for molecular imaging with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA
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18
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Fani M, Maecke HR, Okarvi SM. Radiolabeled peptides: valuable tools for the detection and treatment of cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:481-501. [PMID: 22737187 PMCID: PMC3364555 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cancer cells overexpress many peptide receptors as molecular targets. Radiolabeled peptides that bind with high affinity and specificity to the receptors on tumor cells hold great potential for both diagnostic imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy. The advantage of solid-phase peptide synthesis, the availability of different chelating agents and prosthetic groups and bioconjugation techniques permit the facile preparation of a wide variety of peptide-based targeting molecules with diverse biological and tumor targeting properties. Some of these peptides, including somatostatin, bombesin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin, neurotensin, exendin and RGD are currently under investigation. It is anticipated that in the near future many of these peptides may find applications in nuclear oncology. This article presents recent developments in the field of small peptides, and their applications in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Velikyan I, Xu H, Nair M, Hall H. Robust labeling and comparative preclinical characterization of DOTA-TOC and DOTA-TATE. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39:628-39. [PMID: 22336375 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Various radionuclide-labeled somatostatin analogues are used currently for diagnosis and therapy of neuroendocrine tumors. In particular, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC is commonly used for diagnosis, while [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE is used for therapy. With the development of theranostics and personalized medicine where the imaging diagnosis is tailored to the subsequent radiotherapy, it is of paramount importance to investigate the relevance of the ligand exchange. The aim of this study was to compare binding capacity of [67/68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC ([67/68Ga]Ga-N-(4,7,10-(tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-yl)acetyl-D-Phe-c[Cys-D-Tyr-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys]-Thr(ol)) and [67/68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE ([67/68Ga]Ga-N-(4,7,10-(tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-yl)acetyl-D-Phe-c[Cys-D-Tyr-Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys]-Thr) in vitro in monkey brain cryosections and in vivo in the rat, where, in contrast to transfected cell lines, there is a heterogeneous distribution of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtypes. The influence of various production methods of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE on the biological performance of the tracers was also studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS [67Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC, [67Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE were synthesized including preconcentration and purification of the generator eluate. The binding of the radioligands was assessed in vitro using autoradiography on cryosections of Rhesus monkey brains and in vivo/ex vivo using organ distribution studies in rats. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The tracer production method was improved in terms of higher robustness, simplification and good manufacturing practice (GMP) relevance. The synthesis variation did not influence the biological performance of the tracers. There was no statistically significant difference observed in the binding of [67/68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC and [67/68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE either in brain cortex in vitro or in rat biodistribution and uptake in SSTR-positive tissues such as pancreas, adrenals and pituitary. The uptake in these organs was precluded by the excess of octreotide (Sandostatin). The 10-fold higher affinity to SSTR2 of DOTA-TATE as compared to DOTA-TOC known from studies in transfected cells was reflected in a slightly more intense binding of [67/68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE than of [67/68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC in the monkey brain sections in vitro, but not in vivo in the rat. CONCLUSION A robust 68Ga-labeling method was introduced. The difference in the uptake of [67/68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC and [67/68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE in SSTR2-positive organs was not statistically significant either in vitro in tissue studies or in vivo/ex vivo in rat experiments. The results indicate that the more complex environment in vitro and in vivo diminishes the difference observed in transfected cell line binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University, PET Center, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Abstract
Radiolabeled peptides targeted against receptors on the cell surface have been shown to be remarkably specific and effective in the diagnosis and therapy of malignant disease. Much of the early work in this field took place outside the United States, but in recent years the research effort within the United States has accelerated. Most of the initial studies in the United States focused on somatostatin receptor ligands. (111)In-pentetreotide was approved in 1994 and has been used extensively in the diagnosis and management of a wide variety of neuroendocrine tumors, particularly carcinoid. This work was extended to (99m)Tc-labeled analogs, and the most successful, (99m)Tc-depreotide, was approved in 1999. This agent was found to be accurate in the diagnosis of lung cancer, but it was not particularly successful because it was supplanted by (18)F-FDG imaging with positron tomography. More recently, studies with (68)Ga-labeled somatostatin analogs were initiated in the United States. This effort was delayed relative to that in other parts of the world because of difficulty in obtaining the necessary generators and regulatory uncertainty, both of which are less of a problem currently. Several ligands are being developed to image melanoma through targeting of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor. Other ligands are being developed to use the arginine-glycine-aspartate oligopeptide to target angiogenesis and to use bombesin analogs to target the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor for the diagnosis and potential therapy of prostate cancer. Peptide dimers that target 2 receptors simultaneously are also being constructed, potentially increasing the selectivity of the approach significantly. Radiopeptide therapy has been explored with these ligands, initially with high-dose (111)In-pentetreotide. This step has been followed by U.S. participation in several trials with (90)Y-, (177)Lu-, and (188)Re-labeled analogs. Some of these agents are now available clinically outside the United States, and it is important to design and conduct the appropriate trials so that this therapy can be offered within the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Graham
- Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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21
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Baumhover NJ, Martin ME, Parameswarappa SG, Kloepping KC, O'Dorisio MS, Pigge FC, Schultz MK. Improved synthesis and biological evaluation of chelator-modified α-MSH analogs prepared by copper-free click chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5757-61. [PMID: 21873053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Radionuclide chelators (DOTA, NOTA) functionalized with a monofluorocyclooctyne group were prepared. These materials reacted rapidly and in high yield with a fully deprotected azide-modified peptide via Cu-free click chemistry under mild reaction conditions (aqueous solution, room temperature). The resulting bioconjugates bind with high affinity and specificity to their cell-surface receptor targets in vitro and appear stable to degradation in mouse serum over 3h of incubation at 37°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Baumhover
- Department of Radiology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, 500 Newton Road, ML B180, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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22
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Raposinho PD, Correia JDG, Oliveira MC, Santos I. Melanocortin-1 receptor-targeting with radiolabeled cyclic α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogs for melanoma imaging. Biopolymers 2011; 94:820-9. [PMID: 20564045 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer known for its high aggressiveness, early dissemination of metastases, and poor prognosis once metastasized. Thus, early diagnosis of melanoma is a key issue for increasing patient survival. The overexpression of melanocortin-1 receptors (MC1R) in isolated melanoma cells and melanoma tissues led to the radiolabeling of several linear and cyclic MC analogs for melanoma imaging or therapy. Cyclization of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) peptides has been successfully used to improve binding affinity and in vivo stability of peptides. Herein, we describe the different peptide cyclization strategies recently reported for radiolabeled α-MSH analogs and discuss how such strategies affect MC1R binding affinity, pharmacokinetic profile, and MC1R-melanoma imaging. This review also highlights how the nature of the radiometal and labeling approach influence those properties. Among the cyclized α-MSH peptides reported, (99m)Tc/(111)In-labeled metal-cyclized and lactam bridge-cyclized peptides displayed the highest melanoma and lowest renal uptake values in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing mice and became the most promising tools to be further explored as potential melanoma imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula D Raposinho
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, ITN, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal.
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23
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Hia J, Nasir A. Photonanodermatology: the interface of photobiology, dermatology and nanotechnology. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2011; 27:2-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2010.00536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Correia JDG, Paulo A, Raposinho PD, Santos I. Radiometallated peptides for molecular imaging and targeted therapy. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6144-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01599g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Because no effective cures are available for cutaneous malignant melanoma, early diagnosis and accurate staging are of the utmost importance in increasing patient survival. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography is a functional imaging technique that has contributed to ameliorating surveillance of patients with melanoma. New PET probes are under evaluation, and many have been tried in in vivo imaging protocols based on the use of small animal PET and animal models of cutaneous melanoma. Those compounds are targeted to a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor and to the intracellular biosynthesis of melanin, and all of them showed promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nanni
- UO Medicina Nucleare, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Via Massarenti n.9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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26
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(68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 44:233-40. [PMID: 24899958 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-010-0056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
(68)Ga is a promising emerging radionuclide for positron emission tomography (PET). It is produced using a (68)Ge/(68)Ga-generator, and thus, would enable the cyclotron-independent distribution of PET. However, new (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals that can replace (18)F-labeled agents like [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) are needed. Most of the (68)Ga-labeled derivatives currently used are peptide agents, but the developments of other agents, such as amino acid derivatives, nitroimidazole derivatives, and glycosylated human serum albumin, are being actively pursued in many laboratories. Thus, appearance of new (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals with high impact are expected in the near future. Here, we present an overview of (68)Ga-labeled agents in terms of their clinical significances and relevances to the management of certain tumors, and pertinent pre-clinical developments.
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Wadas TJ, Wong EH, Weisman GR, Anderson CJ. Coordinating radiometals of copper, gallium, indium, yttrium, and zirconium for PET and SPECT imaging of disease. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2858-902. [PMID: 20415480 PMCID: PMC2874951 DOI: 10.1021/cr900325h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus J Wadas
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225 St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Deutscher
- Biochemistry Department, 117 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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29
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Guo H, Yang J, Shenoy N, Miao Y. Gallium-67-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone peptide for primary and metastatic melanoma imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 20:2356-63. [PMID: 19919057 DOI: 10.1021/bc900428x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the melanoma imaging properties of a novel 67Ga-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) peptide. A lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-MSH peptide, DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH {DOTA-Gly-Glu-c[Lys-Nle-Glu-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Arg-Pro-Val-Asp]}, was synthesized and radiolabeled with 67Ga. The melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of 67Ga-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH were determined in B16/F1 flank primary melanoma-bearing and B16/F10 pulmonary metastatic melanoma-bearing C57 mice. Flank primary melanoma and pulmonary metastatic melanoma imaging were performed by small animal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT using 67Ga-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH as an imaging probe. 67Ga-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH was readily prepared with greater than 95% radiolabeling yield. 67Ga-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH exhibited substantial tumor uptake (12.93 +/- 1.63%ID/g at 2 h postinjection) and prolonged tumor retention (5.02 +/- 1.35%ID/g at 24 h postinjection) in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. The uptake values for nontarget organs were generally low (<0.30%ID/g) except for the kidneys at 2, 4, and 24 h postinjection. 67Ga-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher uptakes (1.44 +/- 0.75%ID/g at 2 h postinjection and 1.49 +/- 0.69%ID/g at 4 h postinjection) in metastatic melanoma-bearing lung than those in normal lung (0.15 +/- 0.10%ID/g and 0.17 +/- 0.11%ID/g at 2 and 4 h postinjection, respectively). Both flank primary B16/F1 melanoma and B16/F10 pulmonary melanoma metastases were clearly visualized by SPECT/CT using 67Ga-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH as an imaging probe 2 h postinjection. 67Ga-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH exhibited favorable melanoma targeting and imaging properties, highlighting its potential as an effective imaging probe for early detection of primary and metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Cancer Research Treatment Center, and Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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In vivo binding of [68Ga]-DOTATOC to somatostatin receptors in neuroendocrine tumours — impact of peptide mass. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 37:265-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Quinn T, Zhang X, Miao Y. Targeted melanoma imaging and therapy with radiolabeled alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone peptide analogues. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2010; 145:245-58. [PMID: 20467398 PMCID: PMC2999912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Radiolabeled alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (a-MSH) analogues have been used to define the expression, affinity and function of the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1-R). The MC1-R is one of a family of five G-protein linker receptors, which is primarily involved in regulation of skin pigmentation. Over-expression of the MC1-R on melanoma tumor cells has made it an attractive target for the development of a-MSH peptide based imaging and therapeutic agents. Initially, the native a-MSH peptide was radiolabeled directly, but it suffered from low specific activity and poor stability. The addition of non-natural amino acids yielded a-MSH analogues with greater MC-1R affinity and stability. Furthermore, peptide cyclization via disulfide and lactam bond formation as well as site-specific metal coordination resulted in additional gains in receptor affinity and peptide stability in vitro and in vivo. Radiochemical stability of the a-MSH analogues was improved through the conjugation of metal chelators to the peptide's N-terminus or lysine residues for radionuclide coordination. In vitro cell binding studies demonstrated that the radiolabeled a-MSH analogues had low to subnanomolar affinities for the MC1-R. Biodistribution and imaging studies in the B16 mouse melanoma modeled showed rapid tumor uptake of the radiolabeled peptides, with the cyclic peptides demonstrating prolonged tumor retention. Cyclic a-MSH analogues labeled with beta and alpha emitting radionuclides demonstrated melanoma therapeutic efficacy in the B16 melanoma mouse model. Strong pre-clinical imaging and therapy data highlight the clinical potential use of radiolabeled a-MSH peptides for melanoma imaging and treatment of disseminated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Quinn
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Administration Hospital Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Tan EH, Goh SW. Exploring new frontiers in molecular imaging: Emergence of 68Ga PET/CT. World J Radiol 2010; 2:55-67. [PMID: 21160919 PMCID: PMC2998924 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v2.i2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since US Food and Drug Administration approval of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose as a positron tracer, and the development of hybrid positron emission tomography/computed tomography machines, there has been a great increase in clinical application and progress in the field of nuclear molecular imaging. However, not underestimating the value of 18F, there are known limitations in the use of this cyclotron-produced positron tracer. We hence turn our focus to an emerging positron tracer, 68Ga, and examine the advantages, current clinical uses and potential future applications of this radioisotope.
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Guo H, Yang J, Gallazzi F, Miao Y. Reduction of the ring size of radiolabeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-MSH peptide, resulting in enhanced melanoma uptake. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:418-26. [PMID: 20150256 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.071787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to examine the profound effect of the ring size of the radiolabeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) peptide on its melanoma-targeting properties. METHODS A novel cyclic alpha-MSH peptide, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid-Nle-c[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-CONH(2) (DOTA-Nle-CycMSH(hex)), was synthesized and radiolabeled with (111)In. The melanocortin-1 receptor-binding affinity of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH(hex) was determined in B16/F1 melanoma cells. The internalization and efflux of (111)In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH(hex) were examined in B16/F1 cells. The melanoma-targeting properties and SPECT/CT characteristics of (111)In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH(hex) were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. RESULTS DOTA-Nle-CycMSH(hex) displayed 1.77 nM receptor-binding affinity. (111)In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH(hex) exhibited rapid internalization and extended retention in B16/F1 cells. The tumor uptake of (111)In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH(hex) was 24.94% +/- 4.58% and 10.53% +/- 1.11% injected dose per gram at 0.5 and 24 h after injection, respectively. Greater than 82% of the injected radioactivity was cleared through the urinary system by 2 h after injection. The tumor-to-kidney uptake ratios reached 2.04 and 1.70 at 2 and 4 h after injection, respectively. Flank melanoma tumors were clearly visualized by SPECT/CT using (111)In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH(hex) as an imaging probe at 2 and 24 h after injection. The radioactivity accumulation in normal organs, except for the kidneys, was low at 2, 4, and 24 h after injection. CONCLUSION The reduction of the peptide ring size dramatically increased the melanoma uptake and decreased the renal uptake of (111)In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH(hex), providing a new insight into the design of a novel radiolabeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-MSH peptide for melanoma imaging and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Guo H, Yang J, Gallazzi F, Prossnitz ER, Sklar LA, Miao Y. Effect of DOTA position on melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of 111In-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone peptide. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 20:2162-8. [PMID: 19817405 DOI: 10.1021/bc9003475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) position on melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) peptide. METHOD A novel lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-MSH peptide, Ac-GluGlu-CycMSH[DOTA] {Ac-Glu-Glu-c[Lys-Nle-Glu-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Arg-Pro-Val-Lys(DOTA)]}, was synthesized using standard 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry. DOTA was directly attached to the alpha-amino group of Lys in the cyclic ring, while the N-terminus of the peptide was acetylated to generate Ac-GluGlu-CycMSH[DOTA]. The MC1 receptor binding affinity of Ac-GluGlu-CycMSH[DOTA] was determined in B16/F1 melanoma cells. Melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of Ac-GluGlu-CycMSH[DOTA]-111In were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice and compared to that of 111In-DOTA-Gly-Glu-c[Lys-Nle-Glu-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Arg-Pro-Val-Asp] (111In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH; DOTA was coupled to the N-terminus of the peptide). RESULTS Ac-GluGlu-CycMSH[DOTA] displayed 0.6 nM MC1 receptor binding affinity in B16/F1 cells. Ac-GluGlu-CycMSH[DOTA]-111In was readily prepared with greater than 95% radiolabeling yield. Ac-GluGlu-CycMSH[DOTA]-111In exhibited high tumor uptake (11.42 +/- 2.20% ID/g 2 h postinjection) and prolonged tumor retention (9.42 +/- 2.41% ID/g 4 h postinjection) in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. The uptake values for nontarget organs were generally low (<1.3% ID/g) except for the kidneys 2, 4, and 24 h postinjection. CONCLUSIONS DOTA position exhibited profound effect on melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of Ac-GluGlu-CycMSH[DOTA]-111In, providing a new insight into the design of lactam bridge-cyclized peptide for melanoma imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Cancer Research Treatment Center, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Pathology, Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Cantorias MV, Figueroa SD, Quinn TP, Lever JR, Hoffman TJ, Watkinson LD, Carmack TL, Cutler CS. Development of high-specific-activity 68Ga-labeled DOTA-rhenium-cyclized α-MSH peptide analog to target MC1 receptors overexpressed by melanoma tumors. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 36:505-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Schottelius M, Wester HJ. Molecular imaging targeting peptide receptors. Methods 2009; 48:161-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Wei L, Zhang X, Gallazzi F, Miao Y, Jin X, Brechbiel MW, Xu H, Clifford T, Welch MJ, Lewis JS, Quinn TP. Melanoma imaging using (111)In-, (86)Y- and (68)Ga-labeled CHX-A''-Re(Arg11)CCMSH. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 36:345-54. [PMID: 19423001 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A novel alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptide analog CHX-A''-Re(Arg(11))CCMSH, which targeted the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1-R) overexpressed on melanoma cells, was investigated for its biodistribution and tumor imaging properties. METHODS The metal bifunctional chelator CHX-A'' was conjugated to the melanoma targeting peptide (Arg(11))CCMSH and cyclized by Re incorporation to yield CHX-A''-Re(Arg(11))CCMSH. CHX-A''-Re(Arg(11))CCMSH was labeled with (111)In, (86)Y and (68)Ga, and the radiolabeled peptides were examined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing mice for their pharmacokinetic as well as their tumor targeting properties using small animal SPECT and PET. RESULTS The radiolabeling efficiencies of the (111)In-, (86)Y- and (68)Ga-labeled CHX-A''-Re(Arg(11))CCMSH peptides were >95%, resulting in specific activities of 4.44, 3.7 and 1.85 MBq/microg, respectively. Tumor uptake of the (111)In-, (86)Y- and (68)Ga-labeled peptides was rapid with 4.17+/-0.94, 4.68+/-1.02 and 2.68+/-0.69 %ID/g present in the tumors 2 h postinjection, respectively. Disappearance of radioactivity from the normal organs and tissues was rapid with the exception of the kidneys. Melanoma tumors were imaged with all three radiolabeled peptides 2 h postinjection. MC1-R-specific uptake was confirmed by competitive receptor blocking studies. CONCLUSIONS Melanoma tumor uptake and imaging was exhibited by the (111)In-, (86)Y- and (68)Ga-labeled Re(Arg(11))CCMSH peptides, although the tumor uptake was moderated by low specific activity. The facile radiolabeling properties of CHX-A''-Re(Arg(11))CCMSH allow it to be employed as a melanoma imaging agent with little or no purification after (111)In, (86)Y and (68)Ga labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wei
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer types. It is generally divided into two categories: melanoma (∼ 5%) and nonmelanoma (∼ 95%), which can be further categorized into basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and some rare skin cancer types. Biopsy is still the gold standard for skin cancer evaluation in the clinic. Various anatomical imaging techniques have been used to evaluate different types of skin cancer lesions, including laser scanning confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, high-frequency ultrasound, terahertz pulsed imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and some other recently developed techniques such as photoacoustic microscopy. However, anatomical imaging alone may not be sufficient in guiding skin cancer diagnosis and therapy. Over the last decade, various molecular imaging techniques (in particular single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography) have been investigated for skin cancer imaging. The pathways or molecular targets that have been studied include glucose metabolism, integrin αvβ3, melanocortin-1 receptor, high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen, and several other molecular markers. Preclinical molecular imaging is thriving all over the world, while clinical molecular imaging has not lived up to the expectations because of slow bench-to-bedside translation. It is likely that this situation will change in the near future and molecular imaging will truly play an important role in personalized medicine of melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Sadeghi M, Aboudzadeh M, Zali A, Mirzaii M, Bolourinovin F. Radiochemical studies relevant to 86Y production via 86Sr(p,n)86Y for PET imaging. Appl Radiat Isot 2008; 67:7-10. [PMID: 18930657 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel production technique of yttrium-86 based on bombardment of deposited strontium carbonate was investigated. (86)Y was produced via proton-induced reactions on SrCO(3) target that was prepared by the sedimentation method. Production yield of 0.37mCi/microAh at 30 microA was measured by means of gamma-ray spectrometry for natural target. The separation of (86/87/88)Y from Cu and Sr was carried out by two ion-exchange columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sadeghi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Group, Agricultural, Medical & Industrial Research School, P.O. Box 31485/498, Karaj, Tehran, Iran
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