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Rezaei Z, Dastjerdi K, Allahyari A, ShahidSales S, Talebian S, Maharati A, Zangooie A, Zangouei AS, Sadri F, Sargazi S. Plasma microRNA-195, -34c, and - 1246 as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 475:116652. [PMID: 37557922 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, miRNAs have been regarded as potential candidates for mediating therapeutic functions by targeting genes related to drug response. In this study, we suggested that plasma miRNAs may be correlated with response to trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. To determine whether miR-195, miR-23b-3p, miR-1246, and miR-34c-3p are involved in trastuzumab resistance, we screened their expressions in the BT-474 cell line, which was followed by plasma analysis from 20 trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive breast cancer patients and 20 nonresistance subjects. Then, TargetScan, Pictar, and miRDB were applied to find the possible targets of the selected miRNAs. In addition, the expression status of admitted targets was evaluated. Our results showed that in resistant BT-474 cells, miR-1246, and miR-23b-3p were significantly upregulated, and miR-195-5p and miR-34c-3p were downregulated. In plasma analysis, we found miR-195-5p, miR-34c-3p, and miR-1246 meaningfully diminished in the resistant group, while the expression of miR-23b-3p was not statistically different. The expression levels of confirmed targets by qRT-PCR showed that the expression of RAF1, AKT3, c-MET, CCND1, PHLPP2, MYB, MAP2K1, and PTEN was significantly upregulated, while the expression of CCNG2 was significantly downregulated. The networks of miRNAs with their confirmed targets improved comprehension of miRNA-mediated therapeutic responses to trastuzumab and might be proposed for more characterization of miRNA functions. Moreover, these data indicated that miR-195-5p, miR-34c-3p, and miR-1246 could be possible biomarkers for prognosis and early detection of the trastuzumab-resistant group from the sensitive group of HER2-positive breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Rezaei
- Department of Biology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjnad, Iran
| | - Kazem Dastjerdi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjnad, Iran.
| | - Abolghasem Allahyari
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Sahar Talebian
- Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Maharati
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Zangooie
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjnad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Amir Sadra Zangouei
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzad Sadri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjnad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Doctor A, Seifert V, Ullrich M, Hauser S, Pietzsch J. Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Systems in Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102765. [PMID: 32993034 PMCID: PMC7600608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In preclinical cancer research, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems such as multicellular spheroids and organoids are becoming increasingly important. They provide valuable information before studies on animal models begin and, in some cases, are even suitable for reducing or replacing animal experiments. Furthermore, they recapitulate microtumors, metastases, and the tumor microenvironment much better than monolayer culture systems could. Three-dimensional models show higher structural complexity and diverse cell interactions while reflecting (patho)physiological phenomena such as oxygen and nutrient gradients in the course of their growth or development. These interactions and properties are of great importance for understanding the pathophysiological importance of stromal cells and the extracellular matrix for tumor progression, treatment response, or resistance mechanisms of solid tumors. Special emphasis is placed on co-cultivation with tumor-associated cells, which further increases the predictive value of 3D models, e.g., for drug development. The aim of this overview is to shed light on selected 3D models and their advantages and disadvantages, especially from the radiopharmacist's point of view with focus on the suitability of 3D models for the radiopharmacological characterization of novel radiotracers and radiotherapeutics. Special attention is paid to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) as a predestined target for the development of new radionuclide-based theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Doctor
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Verena Seifert
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Ullrich
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (A.D.); (V.S.); (M.U.); (S.H.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-351-260-2622
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Huyan T, Li Q, Dong DD, Yang H, Zhang J, Huang QS, Yin DC, Shang P. Heat shock protein 90 inhibitors induce functional inhibition of human natural killer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2015; 38:77-86. [PMID: 26642940 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1119159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a ubiquitously expressed ATP-dependent molecular chaperone across all species that helps to the correct the folding of many proteins related to important signaling pathways. Tumor cells expressing Hsp90 have more ATP-binding affinity than normal cells. Many correlative inhibitors have been developed to promising anti-tumor strategies and have been evaluated in clinical trials. However, the effect of Hsp90 inhibitors on immunocytes cannot be ignored. Natural killer (NK) cells are key components of the innate immune system that play a pivotal role in tumor surveillance. The present study has investigated the potential effect of four Hsp90 inhibitors (NVP-AUY922, BIIB021, 17-DMAG, and SNX-2112) on human primary NK cells. The viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, phenotype, and cytokine secretion of NK cells after inhibitor treatment were assessed. The results of this study demonstrated that the inhibitors had negative effects on NK cell activity in a dose-dependent manner. The four inhibitors significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of the NK cells by decreasing viability, inducing apoptosis and down-regulating the expression of cytokines and functional receptors. These findings suggest that more attention should be given to the effect of Hsp90 inhibitors on NK cell function during clinical trials and also represent a potential immunosuppressant strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huyan
- a Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- a Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Dong
- a Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- a Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- a Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Sheng Huang
- a Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Chuan Yin
- a Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Shang
- a Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi , People's Republic of China
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Utility of [18 F]FLT-PET to assess treatment response in trastuzumab-resistant and trastuzumab-sensitive HER2-overexpressing human breast cancer xenografts. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 17:119-28. [PMID: 25034624 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to evaluate 3'-deoxy-3'-[(18) F]fluorothymidine ([(18) F]FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) as an early marker of trastuzumab response in HER2-overexpressing xenografts. PROCEDURES Tumor-to-muscle ratios were compared between both trastuzumab-sensitive and trastuzumab-resistant cohorts prior to and after one and two treatments. RESULTS A significant difference (P = 0.03) was observed between treated and control trastuzumab-sensitive xenografts after one treatment, which preceded between-group differences in tumor volume. Reduced Ki67 (P = 0.02) and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) (P = 0.35) immunoreactivity was observed in the treated xenografts. No significant differences in volume, tumor-to-muscle ratio, or immunoreactivity were observed between treated and control trastuzumab-resistant cohorts. A significant difference (P = 0.02) in tumor-to-muscle ratio was observed between trastuzumab-sensitive and trastuzumab-resistant cohorts after two treatments; however, tumor volumes were also different (P = 0.04). Ki67 (P = 0.04) and TK1 (P = 0.24) immunoreactivity was ~50 % less in trastuzumab-sensitive xenografts. CONCLUSIONS [(18) F]FLT-PET provided early response assessment in trastuzumab-sensitive xenografts but only differentiated between trastuzumab-resistant and trastuzumab-sensitive xenografts concurrent with differences in tumor size.
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Su YH, Tang WC, Cheng YW, Sia P, Huang CC, Lee YC, Jiang HY, Wu MH, Lai IL, Lee JW, Lee KH. Targeting of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways by Hsp90 inhibitor alone or in combination with berberine for treatment of colorectal cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2261-72. [PMID: 25982393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a wide range of drugs and combinations under investigation and/or approved over the last decade to treat colorectal cancer (CRC), but the 5-year survival rate remains poor at stages II-IV. Therefore, new, more-efficient drugs still need to be developed that will hopefully be included in first-line therapy or overcome resistance when it appears, as part of second- or third-line treatments in the near future. In this study, we revealed that heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors have high therapeutic potential in CRC according to combinative analysis of NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository and chemical genomic database of Connectivity Map (CMap). We found that second generation Hsp90 inhibitor, NVP-AUY922, significantly downregulated the activities of a broad spectrum of kinases involved in regulating cell growth arrest and death of NVP-AUY922-sensitive CRC cells. To overcome NVP-AUY922-induced upregulation of survivin expression which causes drug insensitivity, we found that combining berberine (BBR), a herbal medicine with potency in inhibiting survivin expression, with NVP-AUY922 resulted in synergistic antiproliferative effects for NVP-AUY922-sensitive and -insensitive CRC cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that treatment of NVP-AUY922-insensitive CRC cells with the combination of NVP-AUY922 and BBR caused cell growth arrest through inhibiting CDK4 expression and induction of microRNA-296-5p (miR-296-5p)-mediated suppression of Pin1-β-catenin-cyclin D1 signaling pathway. Finally, we found that the expression level of Hsp90 in tumor tissues of CRC was positively correlated with CDK4 and Pin1 expression levels. Taken together, these results indicate that combination of NVP-AUY922 and BBR therapy can inhibit multiple oncogenic signaling pathways of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hao Su
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chun Tang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peik Sia
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Huang
- The PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chao Lee
- The PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Jiang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Heng Wu
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Lu Lai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jun-Wei Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Haur Lee
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Lodi A, Woods SM, Ronen SM. MR-detectable metabolic consequences of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibition. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:700-708. [PMID: 24706368 PMCID: PMC4154568 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is increasingly being viewed as a hallmark of cancer. Accordingly, metabolic readouts can serve as biomarkers of response to therapy. The goal of this study was to investigate some of the MRS-detectable metabolic consequences of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibition. We investigated PC3 prostate cancer, MCF-7 breast cancer and A375 melanoma cells, and determined that, consistent with previous studies, MRS-detectable levels of phosphocholine decreased significantly in all cell lines (to 63%, 50% and 18% of the control, respectively) following MEK inhibition with U0126. This effect was mediated by a decrease in the expression of choline kinase α, the enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of choline. In contrast, the impact of MEK inhibition on glycolysis was cell line dependent. A375 cells, which express mutant BRAF, demonstrated significant decreases in glucose uptake (to 36% of control) and lactate production (to 42% of control) in line with positron emission tomography data. In contrast, in PC3 and MCF-7 cells, increases in glucose uptake (to 198% and 192% of control, respectively) and lactate production (to 177% and 212% of control, respectively) were observed, in line with a previous hyperpolarized (13) C MRS study. This effect is probably mediated by the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway and AMP-activated protein kinase. Our findings demonstrate the value of translatable non-invasive MRS methods for the provision of information on cellular metabolism as an indication of the activation of potential feedback loops following MEK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Lodi
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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YANG GE, WU DAOQUAN, ZHU JING, JIANG OU, SHI QIONG, TIAN JIE, WENG YAGUANG. Upregulation of miR-195 increases the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to Adriamycin treatment through inhibition of Raf-1. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:877-89. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Molecular imaging for monitoring treatment response in breast cancer patients. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 717:2-11. [PMID: 23545359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Currently, tumour response following drug treatment is based on measurement of anatomical size changes. This is often done according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) and is generally performed every 2-3 cycles. Bone metastases, being the most common site of distant metastases in breast cancer, are not measurable by RECIST. The standard response measurement provides no insight in changes of molecular characteristics. In the era of targeted medicine, knowledge of specific molecular tumour characteristics becomes more important. A potential way to assess this is by means of molecular imaging. Molecular imaging can visualise general tumour processes, such as glucose metabolism with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) and DNA synthesis with (18)F-fluorodeoxythymidine ((18)F-FLT). In addition, an increasing number of more specific targets, such as hormone receptors, growth factor receptors, and growth factors can be visualised. In the future molecular imaging may thus be of value for personalised treatment-selection by providing insight in the expression of these drug targets. Additionally, when molecular changes can be detected early during therapy, this may serve as early predictor of response. However, in order to define clinical utility of this approach results from (ongoing) clinical trials is required. In this review we summarise the potential role of molecular imaging of general tumour processes as well as hormone receptors, growth factor receptors, and tumour micro-environment for predicting and monitoring treatment response in breast cancer patients.
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Hsp90: still a viable target in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:211-8. [PMID: 23287571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that regulates the maturation, activation and stability of critical signaling proteins that drive the development and progression of prostate cancer, including the androgen receptor. Despite robust preclinical data demonstrating anti-tumor activity of first-generation Hsp90 inhibitors in prostate cancer, poor clinical responses initially cast doubt over the clinical utility of this class of agent. Recent advances in compound design and development, use of novel preclinical models and further biological insights into Hsp90 structure and function have now stimulated a resurgence in enthusiasm for these drugs as a therapeutic option. This review highlights how the development of new-generation Hsp90 inhibitors with improved physical and pharmacological properties is unfolding, and discusses the potential contexts for their use either as single agents or in combination, for men with metastatic prostate cancer.
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Centenera MM, Gillis JL, Hanson AR, Jindal S, Taylor RA, Risbridger GP, Sutherland PD, Scher HI, Raj GV, Knudsen KE, Yeadon T, Tilley WD, Butler LM. Evidence for efficacy of new Hsp90 inhibitors revealed by ex vivo culture of human prostate tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3562-70. [PMID: 22573351 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeting Hsp90 has significant potential as a treatment for prostate cancer, but prototypical agents such as 17-allylamino-17 demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) have been ineffective in clinical trials. Recently, a phase I study aimed at defining a biologically active dose reported the first response to an Hsp90 inhibitor in a patient with prostate cancer, which supports the development of new generation compounds for this disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The biological actions of two new synthetic Hsp90 inhibitors, NVP-AUY922 and NVP-HSP990, were evaluated in the prostate cancer cell lines PC-3, LNCaP, and VCaP and in an ex vivo culture model of human prostate cancer. RESULTS In cell lines, both NVP-AUY922 and NVP-HSP990 showed greater potency than 17-AAG with regard to modulation of Hsp90 client proteins, inhibition of proliferation, and induction of apoptotic cell death. In prostate tumors obtained from radical prostatectomy that were cultured ex vivo, treatment with 500 nmol/L of NVP-AUY922, NVP-HSP990, or 17-AAG caused equivalent target modulation, determined by the pharmacodynamic marker Hsp70, but only NVP-AUY922 and NVP-HSP990 showed antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity. CONCLUSIONS This study provides some of the first evidence that new generation Hsp90 inhibitors are capable of achieving biologic responses in human prostate tumors, with both NVP-AUY922 and NVP-HSP990 showing potent on-target efficacy. Importantly, the ex vivo culture technique has provided information on Hsp90 inhibitor action not previously observed in cell lines or animal models. This approach, therefore, has the potential to enable more rational selection of therapeutic agents and biomarkers of response for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Centenera
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, University of Adelaide and Hanson Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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Bristol ML, Di X, Beckman MJ, Wilson EN, Henderson SC, Maiti A, Fan Z, Gewirtz DA. Dual functions of autophagy in the response of breast tumor cells to radiation: cytoprotective autophagy with radiation alone and cytotoxic autophagy in radiosensitization by vitamin D 3. Autophagy 2012; 8:739-53. [PMID: 22498493 DOI: 10.4161/auto.19313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In MCF-7 breast tumor cells, ionizing radiation promoted autophagy that was cytoprotective; pharmacological or genetic interference with autophagy induced by radiation resulted in growth suppression and/or cell killing (primarily by apoptosis). The hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1,25D 3, also promoted autophagy in irradiated MCF-7 cells, sensitized the cells to radiation and suppressed the proliferative recovery that occurs after radiation alone. 1,25D 3 enhanced radiosensitivity and promoted autophagy in MCF-7 cells that overexpress Her-2/neu as well as in p53 mutant Hs578t breast tumor cells. In contrast, 1,25D 3 failed to alter radiosensitivity or promote autophagy in the BT474 breast tumor cell line with low-level expression of the vitamin D receptor. Enhancement of MCF-7 cell sensitivity to radiation by 1,25D 3 was not attenuated by a genetic block to autophagy due largely to the promotion of apoptosis via the collateral suppression of protective autophagy. However, MCF-7 cells were protected from the combination of 1,25D 3 with radiation using a concentration of chloroquine that produced minimal sensitization to radiation alone. The current studies are consistent with the premise that while autophagy mediates a cytoprotective function in irradiated breast tumor cells, promotion of autophagy can also confer radiosensitivity by vitamin D (1,25D 3). As both cytoprotective and cytotoxic autophagy can apparently be expressed in the same experimental system in response to radiation, this type of model could be utilized to distinguish biochemical, molecular and/or functional differences in these dual functions of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly L Bristol
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Sharma R, Aboagye E. Development of radiotracers for oncology--the interface with pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 163:1565-85. [PMID: 21175573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing role for positron emission tomography (PET) in oncology, particularly as a component of early phase clinical trials. As a non-invasive functional imaging modality, PET can be used to assess both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of novel therapeutics by utilizing radiolabelled compounds. These studies can provide crucial information early in the drug development process that may influence the further development of novel therapeutics. PET imaging probes can also be used as early biomarkers of clinical response and to predict clinical outcome prior to the administration of therapeutic agents. We discuss the role of PET imaging particularly as applied to phase 0 studies and discuss the regulations involved in the development and synthesis of novel radioligands. The review also discusses currently available tracers and their role in the assessment of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics as applied to oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Sharma
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK
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Chaumeil MM, Ozawa T, Park I, Scott K, James CD, Nelson SJ, Ronen SM. Hyperpolarized 13C MR spectroscopic imaging can be used to monitor Everolimus treatment in vivo in an orthotopic rodent model of glioblastoma. Neuroimage 2012; 59:193-201. [PMID: 21807103 PMCID: PMC3196046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor in humans. Because the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway is activated in more than 88% of GBM, new drugs which target this pathway, such as the mTOR inhibitor Everolimus, are currently in clinical trials. Early tumor response to molecularly targeted treatments remains challenging to assess non-invasively, because it is often associated with tumor stasis or slower tumor growth. Innovative neuroimaging methods are therefore critically needed to provide metabolic or functional information that is indicative of targeted therapeutic action at early time points during the course of treatment. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that hyperpolarized (HP) 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) can be used on a clinical MR system to monitor early metabolic response of orthotopic GBM tumors to Everolimus treatment through measurement of the HP lactate-to-pyruvate ratios. The study was performed on a highly invasive non-enhancing orthotopic GBM tumor model in rats (GS-2 tumors), which replicates many fundamental features of human GBM tumors. Seven days after initiation of treatment there was a significant drop in the HP lactate-to-pyruvate ratio from the tumor tissue in treated animals relative to day 0 (67%±27% decrease). In the control group, no significant changes in the HP lactate-to-pyruvate ratios were observed. Importantly, at the 7 day time point, conventional MR imaging (MRI) was unable to detect a significant difference in tumor size between control and treated groups. Inhibition of tumor growth by conventional MRI was observed from day 15 of treatment. This implies that the decrease in the HP lactate-to-pyruvate ratio could be detected before any treatment-induced inhibition of tumor growth. Using immunohistochemical staining to further examine tumor response to treatment, we found that the decrease in the HP lactate-to-pyruvate ratio was associated with a drop in expression of lactate dehydrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes pyruvate to lactate conversion. Also evident was decreased staining for carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX), an indicator of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) activity, which, in turn, regulates expression of lactate dehydrogenase. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of the use of HP 13C MRSI at a clinical field strength to monitor GBM response to molecularly targeted treatments. It highlights the potential of HP lactate-to-pyruvate ratio as an early biomarker of response, thereby supporting further investigation of this non-invasive imaging approach for eventual clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M. Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street Box 2532, San Francisco 94158, CA, USA
| | - Tomoko Ozawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Box 0520, San Francisco, CA 94143, CA, USA
| | - IlWoo Park
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street Box 2532, San Francisco 94158, CA, USA
| | - Kristen Scott
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street Box 2532, San Francisco 94158, CA, USA
| | - C. David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Box 0520, San Francisco, CA 94143, CA, USA
| | - Sarah J. Nelson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street Box 2532, San Francisco 94158, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina M. Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street Box 2532, San Francisco 94158, CA, USA
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Abstract
Abnormal choline metabolism is emerging as a metabolic hallmark that is associated with oncogenesis and tumour progression. Following transformation, the modulation of enzymes that control anabolic and catabolic pathways causes increased levels of choline-containing precursors and breakdown products of membrane phospholipids. These increased levels are associated with proliferation, and recent studies emphasize the complex reciprocal interactions between oncogenic signalling and choline metabolism. Because choline-containing compounds are detected by non-invasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), increased levels of these compounds provide a non-invasive biomarker of transformation, staging and response to therapy. Furthermore, enzymes of choline metabolism, such as choline kinase, present novel targets for image-guided cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Glunde
- The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 720 Rutland Avenue, 212 Traylor Building, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Zaver M. Bhujwalla
- The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 720 Rutland Avenue, 212 Traylor Building, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Sabrina M. Ronen
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, UCSF Mission Bay Campus, Byers Hall, San Francisco, California CA94158-2330, USA
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15
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Nyga A, Cheema U, Loizidou M. 3D tumour models: novel in vitro approaches to cancer studies. J Cell Commun Signal 2011; 5:239-48. [PMID: 21499821 PMCID: PMC3145874 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-011-0132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
3D in vitro models have been used in cancer research as a compromise between 2-dimensional cultures of isolated cancer cells and the manufactured complexity of xenografts of human cancers in immunocompromised animal hosts. 3D models can be tailored to be biomimetic and accurately recapitulate the native in vivo scenario in which they are found. These 3D in vitro models provide an important alternative to both complex in vivo whole organism approaches, and 2D culture with its spatial limitations. Approaches to create more biomimetic 3D models of cancer include, but are not limited to, (i) providing the appropriate matrix components in a 3D configuration found in vivo, (ii) co-culturing cancer cells, endothelial cells and other associated cells in a spatially relevant manner, (iii) monitoring and controlling hypoxia- to mimic levels found in native tumours and (iv) monitoring the release of angiogenic factors by cancer cells in response to hypoxia. This article aims to overview current 3D in vitro models of cancer and review strategies employed by researchers to tackle these aspects with special reference to recent promising developments, as well as the current limitations of 2D cultures and in vivo models. 3D in vitro models provide an important alternative to both complex in vivo whole organism approaches, and 2D culture with its spatial limitations. Here we review current strategies in the field of modelling cancer, with special reference to advances in complex 3D in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Nyga
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Umber Cheema
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Tissue Repair and Engineering Centre, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Stanmore Campus, London, HA7 4LP UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital, 9th floor, Pond Street, NW3 2QG London, UK
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16
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Brandes AH, Ward CS, Ronen SM. 17-allyamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin treatment results in a magnetic resonance spectroscopy-detectable elevation in choline-containing metabolites associated with increased expression of choline transporter SLC44A1 and phospholipase A2. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:R84. [PMID: 20946630 PMCID: PMC3096977 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction 17-allyamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), a small molecule inhibitor of Hsp90, is currently in clinical trials in breast cancer. However, 17-AAG treatment often results in inhibition of tumor growth rather than shrinkage, making detection of response a challenge. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) are noninvasive imaging methods than can be used to monitor metabolic biomarkers of drug-target modulation. This study set out to examine the MRS-detectable metabolic consequences of Hsp90 inhibition in a breast cancer model. Methods MCF-7 breast cancer cells were investigated, and MRS studies were performed both on live cells and on cell extracts. 31P and 1H MRS were used to determine total cellular metabolite concentrations and 13C MRS was used to probe the metabolism of [1,2-13C]-choline. To explain the MRS metabolic findings, microarray and RT-PCR were used to analyze gene expression, and in vitro activity assays were performed to determine changes in enzymatic activity following 17-AAG treatment. Results Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 17-AAG for 48 hours caused a significant increase in intracellular levels of choline (to 266 ± 18% of control, P = 0.05) and phosphocholine (PC; to 181 ± 10% of control, P = 0.001) associated with an increase in expression of choline transporter SLC44A1 and an elevation in the de novo synthesis of PC. We also detected an increase in intracellular levels of glycerophosphocholine (GPC; to 176 ± 38% of control, P = 0.03) associated with an increase in PLA2 expression and activity. Conclusions This study determined that in the MCF-7 breast cancer model inhibition of Hsp90 by 17-AAG results in a significant MRS-detectable increase in choline, PC and GPC, which is likely due to an increase in choline transport into the cell and phospholipase activation. 1H MRSI can be used in the clinical setting to detect levels of total choline-containing metabolite (t-Cho, composed of intracellular choline, PC and GPC). As Hsp90 inhibitors enter routine clinical use, t-Cho could thus provide an easily detectable, noninvasive metabolic biomarker of Hsp90 inhibition in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa H Brandes
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 94158, USA
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