1
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KSNM60: The History of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences in Korea. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 56:114-126. [DOI: 10.1007/s13139-022-00744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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2
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Smith AJ, Osborne BE, Keeling GP, Blower PJ, Southworth R, Long NJ. DO2A-based ligands for gallium-68 chelation: synthesis, radiochemistry and ex vivo cardiac uptake. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1097-1106. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02354b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
New DO2A-based lipophilic and cationic chelators for gallium-68 have been synthesised for cardiac PET imaging. These radiotracers show preferential uptake in healthy cardiac tissue over cardiac tissue depolarised by CCCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London
- UK
| | - Bradley E. Osborne
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London
- UK
| | - George P. Keeling
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | - Philip J. Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | - Richard Southworth
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London
- UK
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3
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Kim HY, Park C, Lee JY, Chi DY, Lee YS, Jeong JM. One-pot radiosynthesis of O-[ 18F]fluoromethyl-D-tyrosine via intra-molecular nucleophilic 18F-fluorination with 1,2,3-triazolium triflate salt precursor. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 132:105-109. [PMID: 29197276 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A radiolabeled amino acid O-[18F]fluoromethyl-D-tyrosine (D-[18F]FMT) has been reported to show high tumor uptake. However, introduction of [18F]fluoromethyl group was difficult and was an issue to be solved. We solved it by using a precursor containing 1,2,3-triazolium salt. D-[18F]FMT was synthesized from (R)-1-((4-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-((3,4-dimethylbenzyl)oxy)-3-oxopropyl)phenoxy)methyl)-3-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-3-ium trifluoromethanesulfonate via intra-molecular 18F-fluorination and subsequent removal of the protecting groups. The total synthesis time was 65min (including purification) and the overall radiochemical yield was 9% based on the isolated product (not decay-corrected). The resulting D-[18F]FMT was obtained with high radiochemical purity (> 99%) and specific activity (100-150 GBq/μmol). D-[18F]FMT also achieved excellent results in pharmacological evaluation such as stability test and protein binding assay. We expect that this simple one-pot labeling method would help using D-[18F]FMT more widely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Young Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chansoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Youn Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yoon Chi
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Kim Y, Lee SJ, Yook CM, Oh SJ, Ryu JS, Lee JJ. Biological evaluation of new [(18) F]F-labeled synthetic amino acid derivatives as oncologic radiotracers. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 59:404-10. [PMID: 27397697 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the tumoral uptake of the novel synthetic amino acid positron emission tomography (PET) tracers (S)-2-amino-3-(4-([(18) F]fluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propanoic acid (AMC-101), (S)-2-amino-4-(4-([(18) F]fluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)butanoic acid (AMC-102), and (S)-2-amino-5-(4-([(18) F]fluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pentanoic acid (AMC-103), all of which are (S)-2-amino-(4-([(18) F]fluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)alkyl acids. In vitro cellular uptake was investigated using the rat glioma cell lines 9L and C6. In vitro competitive inhibition tests were performed to identify the involvement of specific amino acid transporters. In vivo dynamic PET images of 9L xenograft tumor-bearing model mice were acquired over 2 h after AMC administration. [(18) F]FDOPA PET studies were performed with and without S-carbidopa pretreatment for comparison. All three AMCs exhibited good in vitro cell uptake through the L and alanine-serine-cysteine transporters and enabled clear tumor visualization on PET, leaving the brain devoid of the tracer. Thirty minutes after injection, the mean tumor standardized uptake values were 1.59 ± 0.05, 1.89 ± 0.27, and 1.74 ± 0.13 for AMC-101, AMC-102, and AMC-103, respectively. Although the tumor uptake values of AMCs were lower than that of [(18) F]FDOPA with S-carbidopa pretreatment, AMCs enabled higher contrast images with lower background activity compared with [(18) F]FDOPA with S-carbidopa pretreatment. Our results indicate the potential uses of these new synthetic amino acids as oncologic radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeseulmi Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ju Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-Min Yook
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Kyunggi-do, Korea
| | - Seung Jun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Sook Ryu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Jin Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
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5
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Seelam SR, Lee JY, Lee YS, Hong MK, Kim YJ, Banka VK, Lee DS, Chung JK, Jeong JM. Development of (68)Ga-labeled multivalent nitroimidazole derivatives for hypoxia imaging. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7743-50. [PMID: 26643217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled nitroimidazole (NI) derivatives have been extensively studied for imaging hypoxia. To increase the hypoxic tissue uptake, we developed (68)Ga-labeled agents based on mono-, bis-, and trisnitroimidazole conjugates with the chelating agent 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-tris[methyl(2-carboxyethyl)phosphinic acid] (TRAP). All the three agents showed high radiolabeling yields (>96%) and were found to be stable up to 4h in prepared medium at room temperature and in human serum at 37°C. The trivalent agent showed a significant increase in hypoxic to normoxic uptake ratio (p <0.005) according to the in vitro cell uptake experiments. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of hypoxia in xenografted CT26 tumor tissue. The trivalent derivative ((68)Ga-3: 0.17±0.04, (68)Ga-4: 0.33±0.04, (68)Ga-5: 0.45±0.09, and (68)Ga-6: 0.47±0.05% ID/g) showed the highest uptake by tumor cells according to the biodistribution studies in CT-26 xenografted mice. All the nitroimidazole derivatives showed significantly higher uptake by tumor cells than the control agent (p <0.05) at 1h post-injection. The trivalent derivative ((68)Ga-3: 0.10±0.06; (68)Ga-4: 0.20±0.06; (68)Ga-5: 0.33±0.08; (68)Ga-6: 0.59±0.09) also showed the highest standard uptake value for tumor cells at 1h post-injection in animal PET studies using CT-26 xenografted mice. In conclusion, we successfully synthesized multivalent (68)Ga-labeled NI derivatives for imaging hypoxia. Among them, the trivalent agent showed the highest tumor uptake in biodistribution and animal PET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakara Reddy Seelam
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Applied Life Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Youn Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Applied Life Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinay Kumar Banka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Key Chung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Applied Life Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Choi J, Jeong JM, Yoo BC, Hong MK, Kim YJ, Lee YS, Lee DS, Chung JK. Ga-68-labeled neolactosylated human serum albumin (LSA) for PET imaging of hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Hopper LE, Allen MJ. Rapid synthesis of 1,7-bis( t-butoxycarbonylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO2A- t-Bu ester). Tetrahedron Lett 2014; 55:5560-5561. [PMID: 25506095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A three-step route was used to synthesize 1,7-bis(t-butoxycarbonylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO2A-t-Bu ester) from 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen). The overall time of reaction was reduced from a combined ~56 h to 2.3 h with an overall yield comparable to previously reported methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Hopper
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Matthew J Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
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8
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Kilian K. 68Ga-DOTA and analogs: Current status and future perspectives. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2014; 19:S13-S21. [PMID: 28443194 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of the 68Ge/68Ga generator has increased application of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with this isotope in medicine. 68Ga-PET is widely employed in the management of neuroendocrine tumors but favorable chemistry with tri- and tetraaza-ring molecules has opened wide range of 68Ga application in other fields of PET imaging. This review covers the radiopharmaceuticals labeled with gallium in molecular imaging and shows perspectives on the use of gallium-68 as a substitute for technetium-99, fluorine-18 and carbon-11 in some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kilian
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 5a, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
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Velikyan I. Prospective of ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceutical development. Theranostics 2013; 4:47-80. [PMID: 24396515 PMCID: PMC3881227 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) experienced accelerated development and has become an established method for medical research and clinical routine diagnostics on patient individualized basis. Development and availability of new radiopharmaceuticals specific for particular diseases is one of the driving forces of the expansion of clinical PET. The future development of the ⁶⁸Ga-radiopharmaceuticals must be put in the context of several aspects such as role of PET in nuclear medicine, unmet medical needs, identification of new biomarkers, targets and corresponding ligands, production and availability of ⁶⁸Ga, automation of the radiopharmaceutical production, progress of positron emission tomography technologies and image analysis methodologies for improved quantitation accuracy, PET radiopharmaceutical regulations as well as advances in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The review presents the prospects of the ⁶⁸Ga-based radiopharmaceutical development on the basis of the current status of these aspects as well as wide range and variety of imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- 1. Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-75183 Uppsala, Sweden
- 2. PET-Centre, Centre for Medical Imaging, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
- 3. Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, SE-75285 Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Synthesis and radiolabelling of DOTA-linked glutamine analogues with ⁶⁷,⁶⁸Ga as markers for increased glutamine metabolism in tumour cells. Molecules 2013; 18:7160-78. [PMID: 23783455 PMCID: PMC6270456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18067160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DOTA-linked glutamine analogues with a C6- alkyl and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) chain between the chelating group and the l-glutamine moiety were synthesised and labelled with 67,68Ga using established methods. High yields were achieved for the radiolabelling of the molecules with both radionuclides (>90%), although conversion of the commercially available 67Ga-citrate to the chloride species was a requirement for consistent high radiochemical yields. The generator produced 68Ga was in the [68Ga(OH)4]− form. The 67Ga complexes and the 67Ga complexes were demonstrated to be stable in PBS buffer for a week. Uptake studies were performed with longer lived 67Ga analogues against four tumour cell lines, as well as uptake inhibition studies against l-glutamine, and two known amino acid transporter inhibitors. Marginal uptake was exhibited in the PEG variant radio-complex, and inhibition studies indicate this uptake is via a non-targeted amino acid pathway.
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Abstract
Imaging hypoxia using positron emission tomography (PET) is of great importance for therapy of cancer. [(18)F]Fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) was the first PET agent for hypoxia imaging, and various radiolabeled nitroimidazole derivatives such as [(18)F]fluoroerythronitroimidazole (FETNIM), [(18)F]1-α-D: -(2-deoxy-2-fluoroarabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole (FAZA), [(18)F]2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) acetamide (EF-5), and [(18)F]fluoroetanidazole (FETA) have been developed successively. To overcome the high cost of cyclotron installation, (68)Ga-labeled nitroimidazole derivatives also have been developed. Another important hypoxia imaging agent is (64)Cu-diacetyl-bis(N (4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) ((64)Cu-ATSM), which can distribute in cancer tissue rapidly due to high lipophilicity. However, its application is limited due to high cost of radionuclide production. Although various hypoxia imaging agents have been reported and tested, hypoxia PET images still have to be improved, because of the low blood flow in hypoxic tissues and resulting low uptake of the agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lathika Hoigebazar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chang CA, Lee HY, Chen CL. Simulated annealing and density functional theoretical prediction of macrocyclic ligand conformations, protonation sites and complex metal–ligand exchange reaction directions. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:6397-409. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt32113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Development of new radiopharmaceuticals and their availability are crucial factors influencing the expansion of clinical nuclear medicine. The number of new (68)Ga-based imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET) is increasing greatly. (68)Ga has been used for labeling of a broad range of molecules (small organic molecules, peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides) as well as particles, thus demonstrating its potential to become a PET analog of the legendary generator-produced gamma-emitting (99m)Tc but with added value of higher sensitivity and resolution as well as quantitation and dynamic scanning. Further, the availability of technology for GMP-compliant automated tracer production can facilitate the introduction of new radiopharmaceuticals and enable standardized, harmonized multicenter studies to be conducted for regulatory approval. This chapter presents some examples of tracers for targeted, pretargeted, and nontargeted imaging with emphasis on the potential of (68)Ga to facilitate clinically practical PET development and to promote the PET technique worldwide for earlier and better diagnostics, and personalized medicine with the ultimate objective of improved therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- Department of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Development of a bifunctional chelating agent containing isothiocyanate residue for one step F-18 labeling of peptides and application for RGD labeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5941-7. [PMID: 22917858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report herein a novel isothiocyanate active ligand for fluorine-18 labeling prepared by four step synthesis. It can be conjugated to a target molecule containing an amino functional group under weak basic conditions by way of thiourea bond formation. We explored the application of synthesized ligand by conjugating to well known α(v)β(3) integrin targeting peptide, c(RGDyK). The conjugated peptide showed good radiochemical yield and efficiency with an excellent radiochemical purity (97.1 ± 1.2%) in a short reaction time (10 min). Labeled peptide showed excellent in vitro and in vivo stability (>95%). α(v)β(3) integrin specific tumor uptake was observed both in biodistribution and small animal microPET studies on α(v)β(3)-positive U87MG (human glioma cells) xenograft bearing mice. In general, successful application of synthesized ligand for labeling of RGD peptide could facilitate the possibility of using this ligand for labeling peptides containing an amino functional group.
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15
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Shetty D, Jeong JM, Shim H. Stroma targeting nuclear imaging and radiopharmaceuticals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR IMAGING 2012; 2012:817682. [PMID: 22685650 PMCID: PMC3364577 DOI: 10.1155/2012/817682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Malignant transformation of tumor accompanies profound changes in the normal neighboring tissue, called tumor stroma. The tumor stroma provides an environment favoring local tumor growth, invasion, and metastatic spreading. Nuclear imaging (PET/SPECT) measures biochemical and physiologic functions in the human body. In oncology, PET/SPECT is particularly useful for differentiating tumors from postsurgical changes or radiation necrosis, distinguishing benign from malignant lesions, identifying the optimal site for biopsy, staging cancers, and monitoring the response to therapy. Indeed, PET/SPECT is a powerful, proven diagnostic imaging modality that displays information unobtainable through other anatomical imaging, such as CT or MRI. When combined with coregistered CT data, [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18)F]FDG)-PET is particularly useful. However, [(18)F]FDG is not a target-specific PET tracer. This paper will review the tumor microenvironment targeting oncologic imaging such as angiogenesis, invasion, hypoxia, growth, and homing, and also therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals to provide a roadmap for additional applications of tumor imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Shetty
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1701 Uppergate Drive, C5008, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jae-Min Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110744, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1701 Uppergate Drive, C5008, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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16
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Hoigebazar L, Jeong JM, Lee JY, Shetty D, Yang BY, Lee YS, Lee DS, Chung JK, Lee MC. Syntheses of 2-Nitroimidazole Derivatives Conjugated with 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane-N,N′-Diacetic Acid Labeled with F-18 Using an Aluminum Complex Method for Hypoxia Imaging. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3155-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201611a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lathika Hoigebazar
- Radiation Applied Life Sciences,
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Jae Min Jeong
- Radiation Applied Life Sciences,
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Lee
- Radiation Applied Life Sciences,
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Dinesh Shetty
- Radiation Applied Life Sciences,
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Bo Yeun Yang
- Radiation Applied Life Sciences,
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Radiation Applied Life Sciences,
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Radiation Applied Life Sciences,
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - June-Key Chung
- Radiation Applied Life Sciences,
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Myung Chul Lee
- Radiation Applied Life Sciences,
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul
National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
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17
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Evaluation of 111In-labeled macrocyclic chelator-amino acid derivatives for cancer imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39:325-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Breeman WAP, de Blois E, Sze Chan H, Konijnenberg M, Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP. (68)Ga-labeled DOTA-peptides and (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography: current status of research, clinical applications, and future perspectives. Semin Nucl Med 2011; 41:314-21. [PMID: 21624565 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review we give an overview of current knowledge of (68)Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals, with focus on imaging receptor-mediated processes. A major advantage of a (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator is its continuous source of (68)Ga, independently from an on-site cyclotron. The increase in knowledge of purification and concentration of the eluate and the complex ligand chemistry has led to (68)Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals with major clinical impact. (68)Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals have the potential to cover all today's clinical options with (99m)Tc, with the concordant higher resolution of positron emission tomography (PET) in comparison with single photon emission computed tomography. (68)Ga-labeled analogs of octreotide, such as DOTATOC, DOTANOC, and DOTA-TATE, are in clinical application in nuclear medicine, and these analogs are now the most frequently applied of all (68)Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals. All the above-mentioned items in favor of successful application of (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for imaging in patients are strong arguments for the development of a (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator with Marketing Authorization and thus to provide pharmaceutical grade eluate. Moreover, now not one United States Food and Drug Administration-approved or European Medicines Agency-approved (68)Ga-radiopharmaceutical is available. As soon as these are achieved, a whole new radiopharmacy providing PET radiopharmaceuticals might develop.
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Synthesis of 68Ga-labeled DOTA-nitroimidazole derivatives and their feasibilities as hypoxia imaging PET tracers. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2176-81. [PMID: 21419635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The imaging of hypoxia is important for therapeutic decision making in various diseases. (68)Ga is an important radionuclide for positron emission tomography (PET), and its usage is increasing, due to the development of the (68)Ge/(68)Ga-generator. In the present study, the authors synthesized two nitroimidazole derivatives by conjugating nitroimidazole and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) via an amide bond (4) and a thiourea bond (5). Both derivatives were labeled with (68)Ga with high labeling efficiency and were stable after labeling. The low partition coefficients (logP) of (68)Ga-4 (-4.6) and (68)Ga-5 (-4.5) demonstrated the hydrophilic natures of the derivatives, and both showed higher uptake in cancer cell lines cultured under hypoxic condition than under normoxic condition. However, (68)Ga-5 showed higher liver uptake than (68)Ga-4 in a biodistribution study due to higher lipophilicity. In an animal PET study, (68)Ga-4 showed higher standard uptake values (SUV) in tumors than (68)Ga-5 in mice xenografted with CT-26 mouse colon cancer cells.
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(68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 44:233-40. [PMID: 24899958 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-010-0056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
(68)Ga is a promising emerging radionuclide for positron emission tomography (PET). It is produced using a (68)Ge/(68)Ga-generator, and thus, would enable the cyclotron-independent distribution of PET. However, new (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals that can replace (18)F-labeled agents like [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) are needed. Most of the (68)Ga-labeled derivatives currently used are peptide agents, but the developments of other agents, such as amino acid derivatives, nitroimidazole derivatives, and glycosylated human serum albumin, are being actively pursued in many laboratories. Thus, appearance of new (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals with high impact are expected in the near future. Here, we present an overview of (68)Ga-labeled agents in terms of their clinical significances and relevances to the management of certain tumors, and pertinent pre-clinical developments.
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