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Van de Wiele C, Maes A. Gamma camera imaging of apoptosis. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
One major characteristic of programmed cell death (apoptosis) results in the increased expression of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer membrane of dying cells. Consequently, PS represents an excellent target for non-invasive imaging of apoptosis by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). Annexin V is a 36 kDa protein which binds with high affinity to PS in the presence of Ca2+ ions. This makes radiolabeled annexins valuable apoptosis imaging agents for clinical and biomedical research applications for monitoring apoptosis in vivo. However, the use of radiolabeled annexin V for in vivo imaging of cell death has been met with a variety of challenges which have prevented its translation into the clinic. These difficulties include: complicated and time-consuming radiolabeling procedures, sub-optimal biodistribution, inadequate pharmacokinetics leading to poor tumour-to-blood contrast ratios, reliance upon Ca2+ concentrations in vivo, low tumor tissue penetration, and an incomplete understanding of what constitutes the best imaging protocol following induction of apoptosis. Therefore, new concepts and improved strategies for the development of PS-binding radiotracers are needed. Radiolabeled PS-binding peptides and various Zn(II) complexes as phosphate chemosensors offer an innovative strategy for radionuclide-based molecular imaging of apoptosis with PET and SPECT. Radiolabeled peptides and Zn(II) complexes provide several advantages over annexin V including better pharmacokinetics due to their smaller size, better availability, simpler synthesis and radiolabeling strategies as well as facilitated tissue penetration due to their smaller size and faster blood clearance profile allowing for optimized image contrast. In addition, peptides can be structurally modified to improve metabolic stability along with other pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The present review will summarize the current status of radiolabeled annexins, peptides and Zn(II) complexes developed as radiotracers for imaging apoptosis through targeting PS utilizing PET and SPECT imaging.
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Evaluation of [ 18F]CP18 as a Substrate-Based Apoptosis Imaging Agent for the Assessment of Early Treatment Response in Oncology. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:560-569. [PMID: 28050749 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-1037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The substrate-based positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [18F]CP18 is capable of detecting the activity of caspase-3/7, two key executioner proteases in the apoptosis pathway, through selective cleavage of the ligand by the activated proteases and subsequent accumulation in apoptotic cells. Using an in vitro and in vivo model of colorectal cancer (CRC), we investigated whether [18F]CP18 tracer accumulation provides a measure for apoptosis and reliably reflects early treatment response to chemotherapeutics. PROCEDURES [18F]CP18 cell uptake was assessed in treated Colo205 cells (saline, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), irinotecan or their combination) and correlated with caspase-3/7 activity. [18F]CP18 imaging was performed in Colo205 xenografts, starting with a baseline μPET/micro X-ray computed tomography (μCT) scan, followed by a 3-day treatment with saline (n = 5), 5-FU (low sensitivity, n = 4), irinotecan (high sensitivity, n = 5), or a combination of both (n = 7). The study was concluded with a second [18F]CP18 scan, 24 h after final treatment administration, followed by tumor removal for gamma counting (%ID/g) and for cleaved caspase-3 immunohistochemistry (apoptotic index/necrosis). Tumors were delineated on μCT images and, using the obtained volumes of interest, average percentage injected dose per cubic centimeter (%ID/cm3) was calculated from every μPET image. RESULTS In vitro, [18F]CP18 cell uptake was positively correlated with caspase-3/7 activity (r = 0.59, p = 0.003). A drug-dependent increase in [18F]CP18 tumor uptake compared to baseline was observed in animals treated with 5-FU (+14 ± 25 %), irinotecan (+56 ± 54 %), and their combination (+158 ± 69 %, p = 0.002). %ID/cm3 showed a positive relationship with both %ID/g (r = 0.83, p < 0.0001) and the apoptotic index (r = 0.60, p = 0.004), but not with tumor necrosis (r = 0.22, p = 0.36). CONCLUSION Both our in vitro and in vivo findings have shown the ability of [18F]CP18-PET to visualize therapy-induced cancer cell apoptosis and possibly serve as a biomarker for early therapy response.
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Rybczynska AA, Boersma HH, de Jong S, Gietema JA, Noordzij W, Dierckx RAJO, Elsinga PH, van Waarde A. Avenues to molecular imaging of dying cells: Focus on cancer. Med Res Rev 2018. [PMID: 29528513 PMCID: PMC6220832 DOI: 10.1002/med.21495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Successful treatment of cancer patients requires balancing of the dose, timing, and type of therapeutic regimen. Detection of increased cell death may serve as a predictor of the eventual therapeutic success. Imaging of cell death may thus lead to early identification of treatment responders and nonresponders, and to “patient‐tailored therapy.” Cell death in organs and tissues of the human body can be visualized, using positron emission tomography or single‐photon emission computed tomography, although unsolved problems remain concerning target selection, tracer pharmacokinetics, target‐to‐nontarget ratio, and spatial and temporal resolution of the scans. Phosphatidylserine exposure by dying cells has been the most extensively studied imaging target. However, visualization of this process with radiolabeled Annexin A5 has not become routine in the clinical setting. Classification of death modes is no longer based only on cell morphology but also on biochemistry, and apoptosis is no longer found to be the preponderant mechanism of cell death after antitumor therapy, as was earlier believed. These conceptual changes have affected radiochemical efforts. Novel probes targeting changes in membrane permeability, cytoplasmic pH, mitochondrial membrane potential, or caspase activation have recently been explored. In this review, we discuss molecular changes in tumors which can be targeted to visualize cell death and we propose promising biomarkers for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Rybczynska
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus H Boersma
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steven de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jourik A Gietema
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Walter Noordzij
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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De Tommaso G, Celentano V, Malgieri G, Fattorusso R, Romanelli A, D'Andrea LD, Iuliano M, Isernia C. fac-[Re(H2O)3(CO)3]+Complexed with Histidine and Imidazole in Aqueous Solution: Speciation, Affinity and Binding Features. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano De Tommaso
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples “Federico II”; Cupa Nuova Cintia 21- 80126 Naples ITALY
| | - Veronica Celentano
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16-80134 Naples ITALY
| | - Gaetano Malgieri
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Technologies, Second University of Naples; Via Vivaldi 43-81100 Caserta Italy
| | - Roberto Fattorusso
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Technologies, Second University of Naples; Via Vivaldi 43-81100 Caserta Italy
- Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides; Via Mezzocannone 16-80134 Naples Italy
| | - Alessandra Romanelli
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Naples “Federico II”; Via Mezzocannone 16-80134 Naples Italy
- Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides; Via Mezzocannone 16-80134 Naples Italy
| | - Luca Domenico D'Andrea
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging CNR; Via Mezzocannone 16-80134 Naples ITALY
- Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides; Via Mezzocannone 16-80134 Naples Italy
| | - Mauro Iuliano
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples “Federico II”; Cupa Nuova Cintia 21- 80126 Naples ITALY
| | - Carla Isernia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Technologies, Second University of Naples; Via Vivaldi 43-81100 Caserta Italy
- Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides; Via Mezzocannone 16-80134 Naples Italy
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Kusters DHM, Chatrou ML, Willems BAG, De Saint-Hubert M, Bauwens M, van der Vorst E, Bena S, Biessen EAL, Perretti M, Schurgers LJ, Reutelingsperger CPM. Pharmacological Treatment with Annexin A1 Reduces Atherosclerotic Plaque Burden in LDLR-/- Mice on Western Type Diet. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130484. [PMID: 26090792 PMCID: PMC4475013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate therapeutic effects of annexin A1 (anxA1) on atherogenesis in LDLR-/- mice. Methods Human recombinant annexin A1 (hr-anxA1) was produced by a prokaryotic expression system, purified and analysed on phosphatidylserine (PS) binding and formyl peptide receptor (FPR) activation. Biodistribution of 99mTechnetium-hr-anxA1 was determined in C57Bl/6J mice. 12 Weeks old LDLR-/- mice were fed a Western Type Diet (WTD) during 6 weeks (Group I) or 12 weeks (Group P). Mice received hr-anxA1 (1 mg/kg) or vehicle by intraperitoneal injection 3 times per week for a period of 6 weeks starting at start of WTD (Group I) or 6 weeks after start of WTD (Group P). Total aortic plaque burden and phenotype were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Results Hr-anxA1 bound PS in Ca2+-dependent manner and activated FPR2/ALX. It inhibited rolling and adherence of neutrophils but not monocytes on activated endothelial cells. Half lives of circulating 99mTc-hr-anxA1 were <10 minutes and approximately 6 hours for intravenously (IV) and intraperitoneally (IP) administered hr-anxA1, respectively. Pharmacological treatment with hr-anxA1 had no significant effect on initiation of plaque formation (-33%; P = 0.21)(Group I) but significantly attenuated progression of existing plaques of aortic arch and subclavian artery (plaque size -50%, P = 0.005; necrotic core size -76% P = 0.015, hr-anxA1 vs vehicle) (Group P). Conclusion Hr-anxA1 may offer pharmacological means to treat chronic atherogenesis by reducing FPR-2 dependent neutrophil rolling and adhesion to activated endothelial cells and by reducing total plaque inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H. M. Kusters
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn L. Chatrou
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Brecht A. G. Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- VitaK BV, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke De Saint-Hubert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Bauwens
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel van der Vorst
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefania Bena
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik A. L. Biessen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leon J. Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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A dual-labeled Annexin A5 is not suited for SPECT imaging of brain cell death in experimental murine stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:jcbfm2014115. [PMID: 24984896 PMCID: PMC4158671 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is one of the pathophysiological hallmarks after stroke. Markers to image cell death pathways in vivo are highly desirable. We previously showed that fluorescently labeled Annexin A5 (AnxA5), which binds specifically to phosphatidylserine (PS) on dead/dying cells, can be used in experimental stroke for monitoring cell death with optical imaging. Here we investigated whether dual-labeled AnxA5 (technetium and fluorescence label) can be used for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of cell death in the same model. C57Bl6/N mice were subjected to 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and underwent SPECT imaging at 24, 48, and 72 hours afterwards. They were injected intravenously with either PS-binding AnxA5 or the nonfunctional AnxA5 (negative control), labeled with 99mTc and Alexa Fluor 568, respectively. After SPECT imaging, brain sections were cut for autoradiography and fluorescence microscopy. Ethanol-induced cell death in the femur muscle was used as positive control. We detected dual-labeled AnxA5 in the model of ethanol-induced cell death in the femur muscle, but not after MCAO at any time point, either with SPECT or with ex vivo autoradiography or fluorescence microscopy. Dual-labeled AnxA5 appears to be unsuited for visualizing death of brain cells in this MCAO model.
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Park SJ, Ryu J, Kim IH, Choi YH, Nam TJ. Induction of apoptosis by a peptide from Porphyra yezoensis: regulation of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor signaling pathway in MCF-7 cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1011-6. [PMID: 24970277 PMCID: PMC4121416 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined how PPY, a peptide from Porphyra yezoensis, regulates multiple cell growth-related signaling pathways in MCF-7 cells. This study determined that PPY induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits the IGF-IR signaling pathway. Cell proliferation studies revealed that PPY induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Expression levels of IGF-IR were decreased in MCF-7 cells by PPY in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that inhibition of the IGF-IR pathway is also involved in PPY induced proliferation of MCF-7 cells. In addition, these data demonstrated that PPY induces cell cycle arrest and activates apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Park
- Department of Food and Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Ryu
- Department of Food and Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hye Kim
- Institute of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 619-911, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Institute of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 619-911, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Department of Food and Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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Armania N, Yazan LS, Ismail IS, Foo JB, Tor YS, Ishak N, Ismail N, Ismail M. Dillenia Suffruticosa extract inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) via induction of G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Molecules 2013; 18:13320-39. [PMID: 24172241 PMCID: PMC6269718 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research was designed to evaluate the anticancer properties of Dillenia suffruticosa extract. Our focus was on the mode of cell death and cell cycle arrest induced in breast cancer cells by the active fractions (designated as D/F4, D/F5 and EA/P2) derived from chromatographic fractionation of D. suffruticosa extracts. The results showed that the active fractions are more cytotoxic towards MCF-7 (estrogen positive breast cancer cells) and MDA-MB-231 (estrogen negative breast cancer cells) as compared to other selected cancer cell lines that included HeLa, A459 and CaOV3. The induction of cell death through apoptosis by the active fractions on the breast cancer cells was confirmed by Annexin V-FITC and PI staining. Cell cycle analysis revealed that D/F4 and EA/P2 induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells. On the other hand, MDA-MB-231 cells treated with D/F4 and D/F5 accumulated in the sub-G1 phase without cell cycle arrest, suggesting the induction of cell death through apoptosis. The data suggest that the active fractions of D. suffruticosa extract eliminated breast cancer cells through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The reason why MCF-7 was more sensitive towards the treatment than MDA-MB-231 remains unclear. This warrants further work, especially on the role of hormones in response towards cytotoxic agents. In addition, more studies on the mechanisms underlying the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by the plant extract also need to be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdin Armania
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Haedicke K, Gräfe S, Lehmann F, Hilger I. Multiplexed in vivo fluorescence optical imaging of the therapeutic efficacy of photodynamic therapy. Biomaterials 2013; 34:10075-83. [PMID: 24050876 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In our study we wanted to elucidate a time frame for in vivo optical imaging of the therapeutic efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) by using a multiplexed imaging approach for detecting apoptosis and vascularization. The internalization of the photosensitizer Foslip(®) into tongue-squamous epithelium carcinoma cells (CAL-27) was examined in vitro and in vivo. For detecting apoptosis, annexin V was covalently coupled to the near-infrared dye DY-734 and the spectroscopic properties and binding affinity to apoptotic CAL-27 cells were elucidated. CAL-27 tumor bearing mice were treated with PDT and injected 2 days and 2 weeks thereafter with DY-734-annexin V. PDT-induced changes in tumor vascularization were detected with the contrast agent IRDye(®) 800CW RGD up to 3 weeks after PDT. A perinuclear enrichment of Foslip(®) could be seen in vitro which was reflected in an accumulation in CAL-27 tumors in vivo. The DY-734-annexin V (coupling efficiency 30-50%) revealed a high binding affinity to apoptotic compared to non-apoptotic cells (17.2% vs. 1.2%) with a KD-value of 20 nm. After PDT-treatment, the probe showed a significantly higher (p <0.05) contrast in tumors at 2 days compared to 2 weeks after therapy (2-8 h post injection). A reduction of the vascularization could be detected after PDT especially in the central tumor areas. To detect the therapeutic efficacy of PDT, a multiplexed imaging approach is necessary. A detection of apoptotic cells is possible just shortly after therapy, whereas at later time points the efficacy can be verified by investigating the vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Haedicke
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, Jena D-07747, Germany.
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Smith BA, Smith BD. Biomarkers and molecular probes for cell death imaging and targeted therapeutics. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1989-2006. [PMID: 22989049 DOI: 10.1021/bc3003309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is a critically important biological process. Disruption of homeostasis, either by excessive or deficient cell death, is a hallmark of many pathological conditions. Recent research advances have greatly increased our molecular understanding of cell death and its role in a range of diseases and therapeutic treatments. Central to these ongoing research and clinical efforts is the need for imaging technologies that can locate and identify cell death in a wide array of in vitro and in vivo biomedical samples with varied spatiotemporal requirements. This review article summarizes community efforts over the past five years to identify useful biomarkers for dead and dying cells, and to develop molecular probes that target these biomarkers for optical, radionuclear, or magnetic resonance imaging. Apoptosis biomarkers are classified as either intracellular (caspase enzymes, mitochondrial membrane potential, cytosolic proteins) or extracellular (plasma membrane phospholipids, membrane potential, surface exposed histones). Necrosis, autophagy, and senescence biomarkers are described, as well as unexplored cell death biomarkers. The article discusses possible chemotherapeutic and theranostic strategies, and concludes with a summary of current challenges and expected eventual rewards of clinical cell death imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Fernández S, Giglio J, Rey AM, Cerecetto H. Influence of ligand denticity on the properties of novel ⁹⁹mTc(I)-carbonyl complexes. Application to the development of radiopharmaceuticals for imaging hypoxic tissue. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4040-8. [PMID: 22658538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
An important issue in the development of metal-based radiopharmaceuticals is the selection of the labelling strategy in order to couple the metal to the pharmacophore without losing the biological activity. With the aim to evaluate the correlation between ligand denticity and biological behaviour of the corresponding (99m)Tc complexes, we designed a tridentate and a bidentate 5-nitroimidazole derivatives suitable for (99m)Tc(I) tricarbonyl complexation and with potential use as radiopharmaceuticals towards hypoxic tissue diagnosis. Ligands were synthesized using metronidazol, a pharmaceutical containing the bioreductive pharmacophore as starting material. The chelating units were connected to the pharmacophore using the click reaction of Huisgen. Both (99m)Tc complexes were obtained in high yield and were hydrophilic and stable in labelling milieu. The complex obtained from the tridentate ligand exhibited high stability in human plasma, low protein binding and a favourable biodistribution characterized by low blood and liver uptake, fast elimination and negligible uptake in other organs or tissues. Selective uptake and retention in tumour together with favourable tumour/muscle ratio makes this (99m)Tc-complex a promising candidate for further evaluation as potential hypoxia imaging agent in tumours. The bidentate ligand, on the other hand, yielded a less stable (99m)Tc-complex that experimented hydrolysis in vitro and decomposition in human plasma and showed high protein binding, high blood and liver uptake and moderate excretion. Although selective uptake and retention in tumour was also observed physicochemical and biological behaviour are inadequate for in vivo use, demonstrating that denticity of the ligand is particularly important and that tridentate ligands are preferable in order to prepare (99m)Tc-tricarbonyl complexes for Nuclear Medicine imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Fernández
- Cátedra de Radioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República. Avda. Gral. Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Patel V, Papineni RVL, Gupta S, Stoyanova R, Ahmed MM. A realistic utilization of nanotechnology in molecular imaging and targeted radiotherapy of solid tumors. Radiat Res 2012; 177:483-95. [PMID: 22404738 DOI: 10.1667/rr2597.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Precise dose delivery to malignant tissue in radiotherapy is of paramount importance for treatment efficacy while minimizing morbidity of surrounding normal tissues. Current conventional imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography (CT), are used to define the three-dimensional shape and volume of the tumor for radiation therapy. In many cases, these radiographic imaging (RI) techniques are ambiguous or provide limited information with regard to tumor margins and histopathology. Molecular imaging (MI) modalities, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon-emission computed-tomography (SPECT) that can characterize tumor tissue, are rapidly becoming routine in radiation therapy. However, their inherent low spatial resolution impedes tumor delineation for the purposes of radiation treatment planning. This review will focus on applications of nanotechnology to synergize imaging modalities in order to accurately highlight, as well as subsequently target, tumor cells. Furthermore, using such nano-agents for imaging, simultaneous coupling of novel therapeutics including radiosensitizers can be delivered specifically to the tumor to maximize tumor cell killing while sparing normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Vangestel C, Van de Wiele C, Mees G, Mertens K, Staelens S, Reutelingsperger C, Pauwels P, Van Damme N, Peeters M. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomographic Imaging of the Early Time Course of Therapy-Induced Cell Death Using Technetium 99m Tricarbonyl His-Annexin A5 in a Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Model. Mol Imaging 2012. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2011.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As apoptosis occurs over an interval of time after administration of apoptosis-inducing therapy in tumors, the changes in technetium 99m (99mTc)-tricarbonyl (CO)3 His-annexin A5 (His-ann A5) accumulation over time were examined. Colo205-bearing mice were divided into six treatment groups: (1) control, (2) 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 250 mg/kg), (3) irinotecan (100 mg/kg), (4) oxaliplatin (30 mg/kg), (5) bevacizumab (5 mg/kg), and (6) panitumumab (6 mg/kg). 99mTc-(CO)3 His-ann A5 was injected 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours posttreatment, and micro–single-photon emission computed tomography was performed. Immunostaining of caspase-3 (apoptosis), survivin (antiapoptosis), and LC3-II (autophagy marker) was also performed. Different dynamics of 99mTc-(CO)3 His-ann A5 uptake were observed in this colorectal cancer xenograft model, in response to a single dose of three different chemotherapeutics (5-FU, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin). Bevacizumab-treated mice showed no increased uptake of the radiotracer, and a peak of 99mTc-(CO)3 His-ann A5 uptake in panitumumab-treated mice was observed 24 hours posttreatment, as confirmed by caspase-3 immunostaining. For irinotecan-, oxaliplatin-, and bevacizumab-treated tumors, a significant correlation was established between the radiotracer uptake and caspase-3 immunostaining ( r = .8, p < .05; r = .9, p < .001; r = .9, p < .001, respectively). For 5-FU- and panitumumabtreated mice, the correlation coefficients were r = .7 ( p = .18) and r = .7 ( p = .19), respectively. Optimal timing of annexin A5 imaging after the start of different treatments in the Colo205 model was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Vangestel
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Christophe Van de Wiele
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Gilles Mees
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Koen Mertens
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Steven Staelens
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Chris Reutelingsperger
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Nancy Van Damme
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
| | - Marc Peeters
- From the Departments of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, and Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Signal and Image Processing Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University-IBBT, Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the
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Lin KJ, Wu CC, Pan YH, Chen FH, Fu SY, Chiang CS, Hong JH, Lo JM. In vivo imaging of radiation-induced tissue apoptosis by (99m)Tc(I)-his (6)-annexin A5. Ann Nucl Med 2012; 26:272-80. [PMID: 22278351 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-012-0571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A recombinant annexin A5 with the N-terminal extension of six histidine residues was labeled with (99m)Tc(I)-tricarbonyl ion to produce the (99m)Tc-labeled annexin A5, referred to (99m)Tc(I)-his(6)-annexin A5. We have explored the agent as an effective imaging probe for in vivo detecting the apoptosis of internal tissue subjected with high radiation doses in a γ-irradiated mouse model. METHODS [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(OH(2))(3)](+) was prepared and taken to directly label his(6)-annexin A5. The radiochemical purity of (99m)Tc(I)-his(6)-annexin A5 after size-exclusion separation was measured by HPLC. The binding affinity of (99m)Tc(I)-his(6)-annexin A5 to apoptotic cells was assessed using 20 Gy-irradiated Jurkat T cells. The effectiveness of (99m)Tc(I)-his(6)-annexin A5 as an imaging probe to detect the internal tissue apoptosis was assessed by biodistribution study and nanoSPECT/CT using the animal model of C57BL/6J mice conducted with 10 Gy γ irradiation. RESULTS The radiochemical purity of (99m)Tc(I)-his(6)-annexin A5 could attain ≥95%. The binding affinity of (99m)Tc(I)-his(6)-annexin A5 to the 20 Gy-irradiated Jurkat cells was found to be ca. 20-fold higher than that to the sham-irradiated cells. In the animal imaging study, the splenic uptake of (99m)Tc(I)-his(6)-annexin A5 for the 10 Gy-irradiated mice showed from ca. 3-fold to 5-fold higher than those of the sham-irradiated mice from 45 to 165 min postinjection. The corresponding intestinal uptake showed from ca. 2-fold to 3-fold higher during the same period of time postinjection. The biodistribution study demonstrated the organ uptakes comparable with the imaging results. The apoptotic extents of the spleen and the intestine from the SPECT/CT imaging were correlated with an immunohistochemical staining assay for caspase 3 active form fragment. CONCLUSION This work is the first study to demonstrate that (99m)Tc(I)-his(6)-annexin A5 is a potential clinical imaging agent for detecting radiation-induced tissue apoptosis in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ju Lin
- Molecular Imaging Center and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Vangestel C, Van de Wiele C, Van Damme N, Staelens S, Pauwels P, Reutelingsperger CPM, Peeters M. (99)mTc-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 micro-SPECT demonstrates increased cell death by irinotecan during the vascular normalization window caused by bevacizumab. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:1786-94. [PMID: 22045708 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.092650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Colorectal tumors are dependent on angiogenesis for growth, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key mediator of tumor angiogenesis. Antiangiogenic drugs can induce a transient normalization of the tumor vasculature with improved delivery of coadministered chemotherapy. The efficacy of antihuman VEGF antibody (bevacizumab) with or without irinotecan was evaluated in a colorectal cancer xenograft using (99m)Tc-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5. METHODS Colo205-bearing mice were treated with a single dose of bevacizumab (5 mg/kg) during 2, 4, or 6 d. Microvessel density, pericyte coverage (α-smooth-muscle actin immunostaining), collagen-covered tumor vessels (Masson trichrome staining), and tumor hypoxic fraction (pimonidazole staining) were determined at the 3 different time points after treatment with bevacizumab. To investigate the possible synergistic effects of combination therapy with bevacizumab and irinotecan, Colo205-bearing mice were treated with a single dose of bevacizumab 2, 4, or 6 d before administration of a single dose of irinotecan (100 mg/kg) or 0.9% NaCl. The apoptosis-detecting radiotracer (99m)Tc-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 was injected (18.5 MBq) in mice 12, 24, and 48 h after the start of the irinotecan or NaCl treatment, and micro-SPECT was subsequently performed 3.5 h after injection of the radiotracer. Results were correlated to histologic analysis for apoptosis (caspase-3 activation). RESULTS Four days after bevacizumab administration, microvessel density decreased significantly, and α-smooth-muscle actin and collagen-covered vessels, compared with control tumors, were increased, suggesting normalization of the tumor vasculature. Hypoxic fraction was slightly reduced 4 d after treatment with bevacizumab. SPECT analyses demonstrated a significant increase in tumoral (99m)Tc-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 uptake 4 d after bevacizumab treatment and 24 h after irinotecan administration (232.78 ± 24.82 percentage injected dose/tumor weight [g]/body weight [kg], P < 0.05), compared with each monotherapy, indicating a synergistic effect of both therapies. CONCLUSION (99m)Tc-(CO)(3) His-annexin A5 micro-SPECT demonstrates increased antitumor activity of irinotecan during the transient vascular normalization period caused by bevacizumab. Our data outline the importance of timing of combined anti-VEGF treatment with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Vangestel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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