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Teodori E, Braconi L, Manetti D, Romanelli MN, Dei S. The Tetrahydroisoquinoline Scaffold in ABC Transporter Inhibitors that Act as Multidrug Resistance (MDR) Reversers. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:2535-2569. [PMID: 36284399 DOI: 10.2174/1568026623666221025111528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The failure of anticancer chemotherapy is often due to the development of resistance to a variety of anticancer drugs. This phenomenon is called multidrug resistance (MDR) and is related to the overexpression of ABC transporters, such as P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance- associated protein 1 and breast cancer resistance protein. Over the past few decades, several ABC protein modulators have been discovered and studied as a possible approach to evade MDR and increase the success of anticancer chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the co-administration of pump inhibitors with cytotoxic drugs, which are substrates of the transporters, does not appear to be associated with an improvement in the therapeutic efficacy of antitumor agents. However, more recently discovered MDR reversing agents, such as the two tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives tariquidar and elacridar, are characterized by high affinity towards the ABC proteins and by reduced negative properties. Consequently, many analogs of these two derivatives have been synthesized, with the aim of optimizing their MDR reversal properties. OBJECTIVE This review aims to describe the MDR modulators carrying the tetraidroisoquinoline scaffold reported in the literature in the period 2009-2021, highlighting the structural characteristics that confer potency and/or selectivity towards the three ABC transport proteins. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Many compounds have been synthesized in the last twelve years showing interesting properties, both in terms of potency and selectivity. Although clear structure-activity relationships can be drawn only by considering strictly related compounds, some of the compounds reviewed could be promising starting points for the design of new ABC protein inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Teodori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Laura Braconi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Dina Manetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Maria Novella Romanelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Silvia Dei
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,5-disubstituted furan derivatives as P-glycoprotein inhibitors for Doxorubicin resistance in MCF-7/ADR cell. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:546-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Fusi F, Durante M, Sticozzi C, Frosini M, Perrone MG, Colabufo NA, Saponara S. Vascular Toxicity Risk Assessment of MC18 and MC70, Novel Potential Diagnostic Tools forIn VivoPET Studies. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 120:434-441. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fusi
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Miriam Durante
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | | | - Maria Frosini
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Maria G. Perrone
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Bari “A. Moro”; Bari Italy
| | - Nicola A. Colabufo
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Bari “A. Moro”; Bari Italy
| | - Simona Saponara
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Siena; Siena Italy
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Synthesis and In Vivo Imaging of N-(3-[11C]Methoxybenzyl)-2-(3-Methoxyphenyl)ethylaniline as a Potential Targeting Agent for P-glycoprotein. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 18:916-923. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-0965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cantore M, Benadiba M, Elsinga PH, Kwizera C, Dierckx RAJO, Colabufo NA, Luurtsema G. 11C- and18F-Labeled Radioligands for P-Glycoprotein Imaging by Positron Emission Tomography. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:108-18. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Cantore
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
- Biofordrug s.r.l.; Spin-off dell'Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”; via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Marcel Benadiba
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Kwizera
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Antonio Colabufo
- Biofordrug s.r.l.; Spin-off dell'Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”; via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”; via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
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5-HT2A receptor SPECT imaging with [¹²³I]R91150 under P-gp inhibition with tariquidar: More is better? Nucl Med Biol 2015; 43:81-88. [PMID: 26454782 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacological P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition with tariquidar (TQD) is considered a promising strategy for the augmentation of radiotracer brain uptake. However, a region-dependent effect may compromise the robustness of quantitative studies. For this reason, we studied the effect of a TQD pretreatment on 5-HT2A imaging with [(123)I]R91150 and compared results with those obtained in Mdr1a knock-out (KO) rats. METHODS Ex vivo autoradiography was performed in TQD (15 mg/kg) pretreated wild-type (WT-TQD), Mdr1a knock-out (KO) and untreated WT rats for Specific Binding Ratio (SBR) estimation. In vivo dynamic SPECT imaging with serial arterial blood sampling was performed in the former two groups of rats and kinetic analysis was performed with a one tissue-compartment (1TC) model and the Specific Uptake Ratio (SUR). Results were analyzed statistically using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS SBR values differed between WT-TQD, Mdr1a KO and WT rats in a region-dependent manner (p<0.0001). In vivo brain uptake of radiotracer did not differ between groups. Similarly, kinetic analysis provided distribution volume (V(T)) values that did not differ significantly between groups. SUR binding potential (BPND) values from both groups highly correlated with corresponding V(T) (r=0.970, p<0.0001 and r=0.962, p<0.0001, respectively). However, SUR measured over averaged images between 100 and 120 min, using cerebellum as reference region, demonstrated values that were, by average, 2.99±0.53 times higher in the WT-TQD group, with the difference between groups being region-dependent (p<0.001). In addition, coefficient of variation of the SUR BPND values across brain regions was significantly higher in the WT-TQD rats (41.25%±9.63% versus 11.13%±5.59%, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION P-gp inhibition with TQD leads to region-dependent effect in the rat brain, with probably sub-optimal effect in cerebellum. This warrants attention when it is used as a reference region for quantitative studies.
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Savolainen H, Cantore M, Colabufo NA, Elsinga PH, Windhorst AD, Luurtsema G. Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of Three Novel Fluorine-18 Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals for P-Glycoprotein PET Imaging at the Blood-Brain Barrier. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2265-75. [PMID: 26043236 DOI: 10.1021/mp5008103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
P-Glycoprotein (P-gp), along with other transporter proteins at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), limits the entry of many pharmaceuticals into the brain. Altered P-gp function has been found in several neurological diseases. To study the P-gp function, many positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals have been developed. Most P-gp radiopharmaceuticals are labeled with carbon-11, while labeling with fluorine-18 would increase their applicability due to longer half-life. Here we present the synthesis and in vivo evaluation of three novel fluorine-18 labeled radiopharmaceuticals: 4-((6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)methyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxazole (1a), 2-biphenyl-4-yl-2-fluoroethoxy-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline (2), and 5-(1-(2-fluoroethoxy))-[3-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-propyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen (3). Compounds were characterized as P-gp substrates in vitro, and Mdr1a/b((-/-))Bcrp1((-/-)) and wild-type mice were used to assess the substrate potential in vivo. Comparison was made to (R)-[(11)C]verapamil, which is currently the most frequently used P-gp substrate. Compound [(18)F]3 was performing the best out of the new radiopharmaceuticals; it had 2-fold higher brain uptake in the Mdr1a/b((-/-))Bcrp1((-/-)) mice compared to wild-type and was metabolically quite stable. In the plasma, 69% of the parent compound was intact after 45 min and 96% in the brain. Selectivity of [(18)F]3 to P-gp was tested by comparing the uptake in Mdr1a/b((-/-)) mice to uptake in Mdr1a/b((-/-))Bcrp1((-/-)) mice, which was statistically not significantly different. Hence, [(18)F]3 was found to be selective for P-gp and is a promising new radiopharmaceutical for P-gp PET imaging at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Savolainen
- †Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mariangela Cantore
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.,§Biofordrug slr, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola A Colabufo
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.,§Biofordrug slr, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- †Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- ∥Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085 C, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- †Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
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Roehrbacher F, Bankstahl JP, Bankstahl M, Wanek T, Stanek J, Sauberer M, Muellauer J, Schroettner T, Langer O, Kuntner C. Development and performance test of an online blood sampling system for determination of the arterial input function in rats. EJNMMI Phys 2015; 2:1. [PMID: 26501803 PMCID: PMC4545758 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-014-0106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For positron emission tomography (PET) kinetic modelling, an accurate determination of the arterial input function is required. In this study, a blood sampling system was developed and tested using different radiotracers in rats. Methods The detector consists of pairs of lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) detectors, photomultiplier tubes and lead shield assembled within a steel casing working in coincidence mode. Rats were cannulated with microtubes in the femoral artery and vein for arterial blood sampling as well as administration of the PET tracers. Connected PTFE microtubes were centred between the LYSO crystals using a special holder. To enhance sensitivity, three layers with two coils were used. A flexible tube pump was used to ensure a constant blood flow. Performance of the detector was assessed with [18F]fludeoxyglucose (FDG), [18F]ciprofloxacin, (R)-[11C]verapamil, [11C]tariquidar, [11C]mephobarbital and [11C]MC113. Obtained input function curves were compared with manual samples drawn every 5 s during the first 3 min and further on at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min after radiotracer injection. After manual sampling, an arterio/venous shunt was established. Shape and area-under-the-curve (AUC; Bq/μl*h) of the input functions were evaluated. Results The developed detector system provided an absolute sensitivity of 6.5%. Maximum peak values agreed well between manual samples and the detector with a mean difference of −0.4% ± 7.0% (max 12.0%, min −9.9%). AUC values also exhibited an excellent correlation (R = 0.996) between manual sampling and detector measurements with a mean difference of 9.3% ± 9.7% (max 24.1%, min −3.2%). The system was able to measure peak blood activity concentration levels of 110 to 2,000 Bq/μl which corresponds to injected activities from 5.5 to 100 MBq depending on the used radiotracer, applied volume and weight of the animal. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the developed blood sampling system can be used for in vivo small animal PET studies in rats in a reliable way. The usage of the systems enhances the accuracy of the input curve as handling of small blood samples especially with low activity (as for C-11) is prone to measurement errors. Additionally, the radiation dose of the experimenters can be reduced, as it is not required anymore to continuously draw samples where the personal is in close contact to the radioactive animals and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Roehrbacher
- Radiation Safety and Applications, Seibersdorf Laboratories GmbH, Seibersdorf, 2444, Austria.
| | - Jens P Bankstahl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, 30559, Germany. .,Centre for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, 30559, Germany.
| | - Thomas Wanek
- Biomedical Systems, Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, 2444, Austria.
| | - Johann Stanek
- Biomedical Systems, Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, 2444, Austria.
| | - Michael Sauberer
- Biomedical Systems, Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, 2444, Austria.
| | - Julia Muellauer
- Biomedical Systems, Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, 2444, Austria.
| | - Thales Schroettner
- Radiation Safety and Applications, Seibersdorf Laboratories GmbH, Seibersdorf, 2444, Austria.
| | - Oliver Langer
- Biomedical Systems, Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, 2444, Austria. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
| | - Claudia Kuntner
- Biomedical Systems, Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, 2444, Austria.
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Capparelli E, Zinzi L, Cantore M, Contino M, Perrone MG, Luurtsema G, Berardi F, Perrone R, Colabufo NA. SAR studies on tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives: the role of flexibility and bioisosterism to raise potency and selectivity toward P-glycoprotein. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9983-94. [PMID: 25379609 DOI: 10.1021/jm501640e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) ligands remains of considerable interest, mostly for investigating the protein's structure and transport mechanism. In recent years, many different generations of ligands have been tested for their ability to modulate P-gp activity. The aim of the present work is to perform SAR studies on tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives in order to design potent and selective P-gp ligands. For this purpose, the effect of bioisosteric replacement and the role of flexibility have been investigated, and four series of tetrahydroisoquinoline ligands have been developed: (a) 2-aryloxazole bioisosteres, (b) elongated analogues, (c) 2H-chromene, and (d) 2-biphenyl derivatives. The results showed that both 2-biphenyl derivative 20b and elongated derivative 6g behaved as strong P-gp substrates. In conclusion, important aspects for developing potent and selective P-gp ligands have been highlighted, providing a solid starting point for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Capparelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro" , via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Bankstahl JP. What does a picture tell? In vivo imaging of ABC transporter function. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 12:e113-9. [PMID: 25027369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Activity of ABC transporters in tumor tissue or at the blood–brain barrier is believed to be responsible for treatment failure of substrate drugs. As this mechanism will not be present in every single patient, diagnostic tools to study transporter function are urgently needed. Many efforts were made over the past years to improve in vivo quantification of ABC transporter function by molecular imaging techniques. This includes development of new positron emitting tracers, but also the evaluation of modified experimental protocols using already existing tracers. In addition to imaging of transporter function in healthy animals or volunteers, results from disease models or human patients are covered in this review.
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Leopoldo M, Contino M, Berardi F, Perrone R, Colabufo NA. PET Radiotracers for Imaging P-glycoprotein: The Challenge for Early Diagnosis in AD. ChemMedChem 2013; 9:38-42. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kannan P, Pike VW, Halldin C, Langer O, Gottesman MM, Innis RB, Hall MD. Factors that limit positron emission tomography imaging of p-glycoprotein density at the blood-brain barrier. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2222-9. [PMID: 23597242 PMCID: PMC3675842 DOI: 10.1021/mp400011g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Efflux transporters located at the
blood–brain barrier,
such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein
(BCRP), regulate the passage of many drugs in and out of the brain.
Changes in the function and density of these proteins, in particular
P-gp, may play a role in several neurological disorders. Several radioligands
have been developed for measuring P-gp function at the blood–brain
barrier of human subjects with positron emission tomography (PET).
However, attempts to measure P-gp density with radiolabeled inhibitors
that bind to these proteins in vivo have not thus
far provided useful, quantifiable PET signals. Herein, we argue that
not only the low density of transporters in the brain as a whole but
also their very high density in brain capillaries act to lower the
concentration of ligand in the plasma and thereby contribute to absent
or low signals in PET studies of P-gp density. Our calculations, based
on published data and theoretical approximations, estimate that whole
brain densities of many efflux transporters at the blood–brain
barrier range from 0.04 to 5.19 nM. We conclude that the moderate
affinities (>5 nM) of currently labeled inhibitors may not allow
measurement
of efflux transporter density at the blood–brain barrier, and
inhibitors with substantially higher affinity will be needed for density
imaging of P-gp and other blood–brain barrier transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavitra Kannan
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Syvänen S, Eriksson J. Advances in PET imaging of P-glycoprotein function at the blood-brain barrier. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:225-37. [PMID: 23421673 DOI: 10.1021/cn3001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts substrate compounds from entering the brain and may thus contribute to pharmacoresistance observed in patient groups with refractory epilepsy and HIV. Altered P-gp function has also been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Positron emission tomography (PET), a molecular imaging modality, has become a promising method to study the role of P-gp at the BBB. The first PET study of P-gp function was conducted in 1998, and during the past 15 years two main categories of P-gp PET tracers have been investigated: tracers that are substrates of P-gp efflux and tracers that are inhibitors of P-gp function. PET, as a noninvasive imaging technique, allows translational research. Examples of this are preclinical investigations of P-gp function before and after administering P-gp modulating drugs, investigations in various animal and disease models, and clinical investigations regarding disease and aging. The objective of the present review is to give an overview of available PET radiotracers for studies of P-gp and to discuss how such studies can be designed. Further, the review summarizes results from PET studies of P-gp function in different central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Rudbecklaboratoriet, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Eriksson
- PET Centre, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 14C, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
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Contino M, Zinzi L, Perrone MG, Leopoldo M, Berardi F, Perrone R, Colabufo NA. Potent and selective tariquidar bioisosters as potential PET radiotracers for imaging P-gp. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1370-4. [PMID: 23374872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Compounds 8a-d have been designed as bioisosters of tariquidar for imaging P-gp expression and density by PET. The results displayed that compounds 8b and 8d could be considered potential P-gp/BCRP ligands suitable as (11)C and (18)F radiotracers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialessandra Contino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari 'A. Moro', via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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