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Kilian K, Pyrzyńska K. Scandium Radioisotopes-Toward New Targets and Imaging Modalities. Molecules 2023; 28:7668. [PMID: 38005390 PMCID: PMC10675654 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of theranostics uses radioisotopes of the same or chemically similar elements to label biological ligands in a way that allows the use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiation for a combined diagnosis and treatment regimen. For scandium, radioisotopes -43 and -44 can be used as diagnostic markers, while radioisotope scandium-47 can be used in the same configuration for targeted therapy. This work presents the latest achievements in the production and processing of radioisotopes and briefly characterizes solutions aimed at increasing the availability of these radioisotopes for research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kilian
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5a, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pyrzyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
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2
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Anees Ahmed A, Misiak R, Bartyzel M, Mietelski JW, Wąs B. Study of (p,x) reactions in the natCaO targets. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.110821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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3
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Qaim SM, Spahn I, Scholten B, Spellerberg S, Neumaier B. The role of chemistry in accelerator-based production and separation of radionuclides as basis for radiolabelled compounds for medical applications. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radiochemical separations used in large scale routine production of diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides at a particle accelerator for patient care are briefly outlined. The role of chemistry at various stages of development of a production route of a novel radionuclide, namely nuclear data measurement, high-current targetry, chemical processing and quality control of the product, is discussed in detail. Special attention is paid to production of non-standard positron emitters (e.g. 44gSc, 64Cu, 68Ga, etc.) at a cyclotron and novel therapeutic radionuclides (e.g. 67Cu, 225Ac, etc.) at an accelerator. Some typical examples of radiochemical methods involved are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Ingo Spahn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernhard Scholten
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Stefan Spellerberg
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
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4
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Kurakina ES, Wharton L, Hoehr C, Orvig C, Magomedbekov EP, Filosofov D, Radchenko V. Improved separation scheme for 44Sc produced by irradiation of natCa targets with 12.8 MeV protons. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 104-105:22-27. [PMID: 34847480 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 44Sc is of great interest as a positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclide due to its suitable nuclear characteristics: Eβ+max = 1.47 MeV, branching ratio 94.3% and convenient half-life of 3.97 h. Here, 44Sc was produced via the widely used reaction 44Ca (p,n)44Sc using natural calcium as a target. METHODS The irradiation was performed at TRIUMF using the 13 MeV cyclotron. The separation consisted of a combination of DGA branched resin and Dowex 50Wx8 (200-400 mesh). The distribution coefficients of Sc3+ on Dowex 50Wx8 (NH4+ form, 200-400 mesh) with ammonium α-hydroxyisobutyrate (pH = 4.8) medium were determined in this study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The tested scheme allows both a reliable separation of 44Sc from the target material as well as from the other competitive metals and a final fraction with high specific activity. The achieved radiochemical yield was 95 ± 3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Kurakina
- Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russian Federation; Department of High-Energy Chemistry and Radioecology, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation; Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - L Wharton
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada; Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - C Hoehr
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada; Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, and Statistics, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - C Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - E P Magomedbekov
- Department of High-Energy Chemistry and Radioecology, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation
| | - D Filosofov
- Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russian Federation
| | - V Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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5
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Ghosh K, Choudhury D, Lahiri S. Studies on production of 43,44,44mSc from 12C+ natCl reactions up to 64 MeV projectile energy. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 178:109966. [PMID: 34607294 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
For the first-time production of 43,44,44mSc radionuclides via 12C + natCl reaction have been reported. Production yield and experimental cross sections of natCl(12C,xn)43,44,44mSc up to 64 MeV have been reported. Experimental cross sections have been found comparable with the theoretically evaluated data using PACE4 and EMPIRE3.2.2 codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousiki Ghosh
- Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, India
| | - Dibyasree Choudhury
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Susanta Lahiri
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, India; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700064, India.
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6
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Production of a broad palette of positron emitting radioisotopes using a low-energy cyclotron: Towards a new success story in cancer imaging? Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 176:109860. [PMID: 34284216 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several years, positron emission tomography (PET) has matured as an indispensable component of cancer diagnostics. Owing to the large variability observed among the cancer patients and the need to personalize individual patient's diagnosis and treatment, the need for new positron emitting radioisotopes has continued to grow. This mini review opens with a brief introduction to the criteria for radioisotope selection for PET imaging. Subsequently, positron emitting radioisotopes are categorized as: established, emerging and futuristic, based on the stages of their advancement. The production methodologies and the radiochemical separation procedures for obtaining the important radioisotopes in a form suitable for preparation of radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging are briefly discussed.
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7
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Mikolajczak R, Huclier-Markai S, Alliot C, Haddad F, Szikra D, Forgacs V, Garnuszek P. Production of scandium radionuclides for theranostic applications: towards standardization of quality requirements. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:19. [PMID: 34036449 PMCID: PMC8149571 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the frame of "precision medicine", the scandium radionuclides have recently received considerable interest, providing personalised adjustment of radiation characteristics to optimize the efficiency of medical care or therapeutic benefit for particular groups of patients. Radionuclides of scandium, namely scandium-43 and scandium-44 (43/44Sc) as positron emitters and scandium-47 (47Sc), beta-radiation emitter, seem to fit ideally into the concept of theranostic pair. This paper aims to review the work on scandium isotopes production, coordination chemistry, radiolabeling, preclinical studies and the very first clinical studies. Finally, standardized procedures for scandium-based radiopharmaceuticals have been proposed as a basis to pave the way for elaboration of the Ph.Eur. monographs for perspective scandium radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mikolajczak
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzej Soltan 7, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
| | - S Huclier-Markai
- Laboratoire Subatech, UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique /CNRS-IN2P3 / Université de Nantes, 4 Rue A. Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
- ARRONAX GIP, 1 rue Aronnax, 44817, Nantes Cedex, France.
| | - C Alliot
- ARRONAX GIP, 1 rue Aronnax, 44817, Nantes Cedex, France
- CRCINA, Inserm / CNRS / Université de Nantes, 8 quai Moncousu, 44007, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - F Haddad
- Laboratoire Subatech, UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique /CNRS-IN2P3 / Université de Nantes, 4 Rue A. Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France
- ARRONAX GIP, 1 rue Aronnax, 44817, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - D Szikra
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Scanomed Ltd., Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - V Forgacs
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - P Garnuszek
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzej Soltan 7, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
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8
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Improved Sc-44 production in a siphon-style liquid target on a medical cyclotron. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 172:109675. [PMID: 33756396 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to use new and promising radiometals for molecular imaging, it is important that they can be obtained as inexpensively and easily as possible. This often requires a cyclotron with solid target hardware or a radionuclide generator, which are not widely available for rarely used radionuclides. Here, we investigate the improved production of 44Sc with a siphon-style liquid target system and compare to our previous work with a simple liquid target. A metal salt solution with a high concentration of natural abundance Ca(NO3)2 (0.14 g/cm3) was irradiated with a medical cyclotron (12 MeV protons; 20 μA). 44Sc was produced via the natCa(p,x)44Sc reaction. As the pressure increase during irradiation was reduced in the siphon-style target, it was possible to irradiate with a higher proton beam current (20 μA) than with the simple liquid target system (7.9 μA). In addition, the saturation yield per μA of 44Sc was increased by a factor of 3.18 ± 0.05 (6.2 ± 0.1 MBq/μA with the siphon target versus 1.94 ± 0.08 MBq/μA with the simple target). This results in an overall increase in 44Sc activity by a factor of 11.
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9
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Vaughn BA, Koller AJ, Boros E. Aqueous chemistry of the smallest rare earth: Comprehensive characterization of radioactive and non-radioactive scandium complexes for biological applications. Methods Enzymol 2021; 651:343-371. [PMID: 33888209 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous chemistry of scandium(III) is of emerging interest for biological applications, specifically in nuclear medicine, as radioactive isotopes of scandium are becoming more readily accessible. In contrast to other rare earths, Sc3+ has no d or f electrons, limiting characterization of corresponding coordination complexes to spectroscopic techniques that do not rely on the characteristic electronic transitions of f-elements or transition metal ions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview on characterization techniques suitable to elucidate the solution behavior of small and macromolecular complexes of the smallest rare earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Vaughn
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Angus J Koller
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
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10
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Coenen HH, Ermert J. Expanding PET-applications in life sciences with positron-emitters beyond fluorine-18. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:241-269. [PMID: 32900582 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Positron-emission-tomography (PET) has become an indispensable diagnostic tool in modern nuclear medicine. Its outstanding molecular imaging features allow repetitive studies on one individual and with high sensitivity, though no interference. Rather few positron-emitters with near favourable physical properties, i.e. carbon-11 and fluorine-18, furnished most studies in the beginning, preferably if covalently bound as isotopic label of small molecules. With the advancement of PET-devices the scope of in vivo research in life sciences and especially that of medical applications expanded, and other than "standard" PET-nuclides received increasing significance, like the radiometals copper-64 and gallium-68. Especially during the last decades, positron-emitters of other chemical elements have gotten into the focus of interest, concomitant with the technical advancements in imaging and radionuclide production. With known nuclear imaging properties and main production methods of emerging positron-emitters their usefulness for medical application is promising and even proven for several ones already. Unfortunate decay properties could be corrected for, and β+-emitters, especially with a longer half-life, provided new possibilities for application where slower processes are of importance. Further on, (bio)chemical features of positron-emitters of other elements, among there many metals, not only expanded the field of classical clinical investigations, but also opened up new fields of application. Appropriately labelled peptides, proteins and nanoparticles lend itself as newer probes for PET-imaging, e.g. in theragnostic or PET/MR hybrid imaging. Furthermore, the potential of non-destructive in-vivo imaging with positron-emission-tomography directs the view on further areas of life sciences. Thus, exploiting the excellent methodology for basic research on molecular biochemical functions and processes is increasingly encouraged as well in areas outside of health, such as plant and environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz H Coenen
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5, Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Ermert
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5, Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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11
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Talip Z, Favaretto C, Geistlich S, van der Meulen NP. A Step-by-Step Guide for the Novel Radiometal Production for Medical Applications: Case Studies with 68Ga, 44Sc, 177Lu and 161Tb. Molecules 2020; 25:E966. [PMID: 32093425 PMCID: PMC7070971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of novel radionuclides is the first step towards the development of new effective radiopharmaceuticals, and the quality thereof directly affects the preclinical and clinical phases. In this review, novel radiometal production for medical applications is briefly elucidated. The production status of the imaging nuclide 44Sc and the therapeutic β--emitter nuclide 161Tb are compared to their more established counterparts, 68Ga and 177Lu according to their targetry, irradiation process, radiochemistry, and quality control aspects. The detailed discussion of these significant issues will help towards the future introduction of these promising radionuclides into drug manufacture for clinical application under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Talip
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Favaretto
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Geistlich
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P. van der Meulen
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
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12
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do Carmo SJC, Scott PJH, Alves F. Production of radiometals in liquid targets. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2020; 5:2. [PMID: 31925619 PMCID: PMC6954154 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last several years, the use of radiometals has gained increasing relevance in supporting the continuous development of new, complementary and more specific biological targeting agents. Radiopharmaceuticals labelled with radiometals from elements such as Tc, Zr, Y, Ga and Cu received increasing attention as they find application in both diagnostic SPECT and PET imaging techniques and radiotherapeutic purposes. Such interest stems from the wide variety of radionuclides available with distinct and complementary nuclear decay characteristics to choose from with unequalled specificity, but can also be explained by growing demand in targeted radionuclide therapy. As a result, as routine supply of these radiometals becomes mandatory, studies describing their production processes have expanded rapidly. Although most radiometals are traditionally provided by the irradiation of solid targets in specialized cyclotrons, recently developed techniques for producing radiometals through the irradiation of liquid targets have received growing attention due to compatibility with commonly available small medical cyclotrons, promising characteristics and encouraging results. Irradiating liquid targets to produce radiometals appears as a fast, reliable, convenient and cost-efficient alternative to the conventional solid target techniques, characterized by complex and time-consuming pre- and post-irradiation target handling. Production of radiometals in liquid targets incorporated to complete manufacturing processes for daily routine is already recognized as a viable alternative and complementary supply methodology to existing solid target based infrastructures to satisfy growing clinical demands. For instance, several sites already use the approach to produce 68Ga-radiopharmaceuticals for clinical use. This review article covers the production of common radiometals with clinical potential through the irradiation liquid targets. A comparison with the traditional solid target irradiation methods is presented when relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio J C do Carmo
- ICNAS - Produção, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Francisco Alves
- ICNAS - Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. .,IPC - Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, 3046-854, Coimbra, Portugal.
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13
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Sitarz M, Cussonneau JP, Matulewicz T, Haddad F. Radionuclide candidates for β+γ coincidence PET: An overview. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 155:108898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Zacchia NA, Martinez DM, Hoehr C. Radiolysis reduction in liquid solution targets for the production of 89Zr. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 155:108791. [PMID: 31756554 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased interest in radiometals for nuclear medicine and imaging can be hampered by radionuclide supply. 89Zr for example, is a PET imaging nuclide for which no radionuclide generator exists. One method to produce 89Zr involves irradiating aqueous solutions of yttrium nitrate salt on small medical cyclotrons. However, in irradiating these solutions the radiolysis of water can cause significant H2 and O2 gas buildup, which can eventually rupture a sealed target vessel. We examine the role of nitrate and nitrite in radiolysis. Here, we find that using copper-coated cadmium pellets to chemically reduce nitrate to nitrite in solution prior to irradiation can reduce in-target radiolysis by approximately 60% as compared to other published methods of radiolysis reduction, but only in acidic solutions. We hypothesize that during irradiation, nitrate is converted to nitrite, consuming free radicals which would otherwise be available to eliminate molecular gas species. Performing this conversion before irradiation may limit the consumption of these beneficial free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Zacchia
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2A3; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3.
| | - D M Martinez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - C Hoehr
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2A3
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15
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Qaim SM, Scholten B, Spahn I, Neumaier B. Positron-emitting radionuclides for applications, with special emphasis on their production methodologies for medical use. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A survey of the positron-emitting radionuclides over the whole mass range of the Periodic Table of Elements was carried out. As already known, positrons are preferably emitted from light mass neutron deficient radionuclides. Their emission from heavier mass nuclides is rather rare. The applications of positron annihilation in three areas, namely materials research, plant physiology and medical diagnosis, are reported. The methods of production of positron emitters are discussed, with emphasis on radionuclides presently attracting more attention in theranostics and multimodal imaging. Some future perspectives of radionuclide development technologies are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernhard Scholten
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Ingo Spahn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
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16
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Boschi A, Martini P, Costa V, Pagnoni A, Uccelli L. Interdisciplinary Tasks in the Cyclotron Production of Radiometals for Medical Applications. The Case of 47Sc as Example. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030444. [PMID: 30691170 PMCID: PMC6385051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing number of cyclotrons of different sizes installed in the territory has given a strong impulse to the production of conventional and emerging radionuclides for medical applications. In particular, the great advantage of using medical cyclotrons is the possibility to produce on-site, when needed (on-demand), with medical radionuclides of interest encouraging the personalized medicine approach. Radiometals satisfy the ideal characteristics that radionuclides should have for routine employment in nuclear medicine, especially since they have a robust chemistry suitable to synthetize stable in vivo radiopharmaceuticals with high radiochemical yields. In this letter several interdisciplinary aspects involved in the radiometals cyclotron production cycle are summarized focusing the attention on cyclotron production facilities, target material, and chemical processing available for medical applications. As an example, the current status and recent development in the production of the theranostic radionuclide scandium-47 have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Boschi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Petra Martini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell' Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Valentina Costa
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Antonella Pagnoni
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Licia Uccelli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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17
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Szydło M, Chmura A, Kowalski T, Pocięgiel M, d’Amico A, Sokół M. Optimisation of [ 11C]-choline synthesis. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2018; 22:260-265. [PMID: 30783391 PMCID: PMC6377417 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2018.81751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of [11C]-choline as a PET/CT marker has been extensively described, although its production presents considerable technical difficulties. The main ones are short half-lives and the occurrence of dimethylformamide (DMF) as a residual solvent. While the losses resulting from the radionuclide decay can be minimised by shortening the duration of the process, the best solution for reducing the content of DMF is its elimination from the reaction environment. In the current work two methods are compared for [11C]-choline synthesis - a green chemistry approach (with ethanol as a green solvent) and a dry synthesis. The results were compared with each other and with those of the method based on DMF. The solid phase synthesis proved to be the most effective in total elimination of DMF, its final release was the highest, and the synthesis time was the shortest. The optimised synthesis led to the formation of the desired radiotracer with a high radiochemical yield (65% ±3%) in a short production time (12 min) and the residual precursor in the final product at the level of 1 μg/ml. 27% increase of the saturation yield was possible, which resulted in 9 GBq higher activity from 40 minutes of beaming. Each test batch passed all standard quality control requirements, and the levels of residual DMEA were below the limits that have been published in the last Pharmacopoeia monograph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Szydło
- PET Diagnostics Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chmura
- PET Diagnostics Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalski
- PET Diagnostics Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Mateusz Pocięgiel
- PET Diagnostics Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Andrea d’Amico
- PET Diagnostics Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
| | - Maria Sokół
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Poland
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Abstract
Radiometals possess an exceptional breadth of decay properties and have been applied to medicine with great success for several decades. The majority of current clinical use involves diagnostic procedures, which use either positron-emission tomography (PET) or single-photon imaging to detect anatomic abnormalities that are difficult to visualize using conventional imaging techniques (e.g., MRI and X-ray). The potential of therapeutic radiometals has more recently been realized and relies on ionizing radiation to induce irreversible DNA damage, resulting in cell death. In both cases, radiopharmaceutical development has been largely geared toward the field of oncology; thus, selective tumor targeting is often essential for efficacious drug use. To this end, the rational design of four-component radiopharmaceuticals has become popularized. This Review introduces fundamental concepts of drug design and applications, with particular emphasis on bifunctional chelators (BFCs), which ensure secure consolidation of the radiometal and targeting vector and are integral for optimal drug performance. Also presented are detailed accounts of production, chelation chemistry, and biological use of selected main group and rare earth radiometals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Kostelnik
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
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19
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20
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Huclier-Markai S, Alliot C, Kerdjoudj R, Mougin-Degraef M, Chouin N, Haddad F. Promising Scandium Radionuclides for Nuclear Medicine: A Review on the Production and Chemistry up to In Vivo Proofs of Concept. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018; 33:316-329. [PMID: 30265573 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2018.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scandium radionuclides have been identified in the late 1990s as promising for nuclear medicine applications, but have been set aside for about 20 years. Among the different isotopes of scandium, 43Sc and 44Sc are interesting for positron emission tomography imaging, whereas 47Sc is interesting for therapy. The 44Sc/47Sc or 43Sc/47Sc pairs could be thus envisaged as true theranostic pairs. Another interesting aspect of scandium is that its chemistry is governed by the trivalent ion, Sc3+. When combined with its hardness and its size, it gives this element a lanthanide-like behavior. It is then also possible to use it in a theranostic approach in combination with 177Lu or other lanthanides. This article aims to review the progresses that have been made over the last decade on scandium isotope production and coordination chemistry. It also reviews the radiolabeling aspects and the first (pre) clinical studies performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Huclier-Markai
- 1 Laboratoire Subatech , UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique/CNRS-IN2P3/Université de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France .,2 ARRONAX GIP , Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Cyrille Alliot
- 2 ARRONAX GIP , Nantes Cedex, France .,3 CRCINA, Inserm/CNRS/Université de Nantes , Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Rabha Kerdjoudj
- 1 Laboratoire Subatech , UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique/CNRS-IN2P3/Université de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France .,2 ARRONAX GIP , Nantes Cedex, France
| | | | - Nicolas Chouin
- 3 CRCINA, Inserm/CNRS/Université de Nantes , Nantes Cedex, France .,4 Unité AMaROC ONIRIS Site de la Chantrerie , Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Ferid Haddad
- 1 Laboratoire Subatech , UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique/CNRS-IN2P3/Université de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France .,2 ARRONAX GIP , Nantes Cedex, France
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21
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Chaple IF, Lapi SE. Production and Use of the First-Row Transition Metal PET Radionuclides 43,44Sc, 52Mn, and 45Ti. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1655-1659. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.213264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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22
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Production of Sc medical radioisotopes with proton and deuteron beams. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 142:104-112. [PMID: 30273758 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Proton and deuteron beams (15.3 and 6.8 MeV, respectively) extracted from the PETtrace medical cyclotron at the Radiopharmaceuticals Production and Research Centre in the University of Warsaw, Heavy Ion Laboratory, 28 MeV protons from the C30 cyclotron at the National Centre for Nuclear Research, Świerk, near Warsaw and 33 MeV protons from the ARRONAX accelerator, Nantes were used to produce and investigate the medically interesting Sc radioisotopes. Both natural and isotopically enriched CaCO3 and TiO2 targets were used (42Ca, 43Ca, 44Ca, 48Ca, 48Ti). The production efficiency and isotopic purity were determined and are reported here for the highest commercially available enrichments of the target material. The Thick Target Yield, Activities at the End of Bombardment (EOB) and the relative activities of produced impurities at EOB are reported for 43Sc, 44gSc, 44mSc and 47Sc produced with particle energies below 33 MeV.
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Dias GM, Ramogida CF, Rousseau J, Zacchia NA, Hoehr C, Schaffer P, Lin KS, Bénard F. 89 Zr for antibody labeling and in vivo studies – A comparison between liquid and solid target production. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 58:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jahangiri P, Martinez DM, Hoehr C. Pressure rise in medical cyclotron liquid targets: Transient analysis. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 136:87-100. [PMID: 29482171 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transient behavior of proton-beam bombarded liquid-targets are studied at various initial conditions at the TR13 cyclotron at TRIUMF. Depending on the initial condition, experiments show a range of different responses from steady-state to self-sustained oscillations. To address this, a system of equations based on the conservation of mass and energy is proposed. Coupling between the beam and fluid-density and chemical reactions driven by the beam (radiolysis) are identified as the main reasons to describe this behavior. Excellent qualitative agreements are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouyan Jahangiri
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 2A3; University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3.
| | - D Mark Martinez
- University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Synowiecki MA, Perk LR, Nijsen JFW. Production of novel diagnostic radionuclides in small medical cyclotrons. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2018; 3:3. [PMID: 29503860 PMCID: PMC5824710 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-018-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The global network of cyclotrons has expanded rapidly over the last decade. The bulk of its industrial potential is composed of small medical cyclotrons with a proton energy below 20 MeV for radionuclides production. This review focuses on the recent developments of novel medical radionuclides produced by cyclotrons in the energy range of 3 MeV to 20 MeV. The production of the following medical radionuclides will be described based on available literature sources: Tc-99 m, I-123, I-124, Zr-89, Cu-64, Ga-67, Ga-68, In-111, Y-86 and Sc-44. Remarkable developments in the production process have been observed in only some cases. More research is needed to make novel radionuclide cyclotron production available for the medical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Adam Synowiecki
- Radboudumc, Radboud Translational Medicine B.V, Geert Grooteplein 21 (route 142), 6525EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Rutger Perk
- Radboudumc, Radboud Translational Medicine B.V, Geert Grooteplein 21 (route 142), 6525EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Frank W. Nijsen
- Radboudumc, Dept. of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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26
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Alabyad M, Mohamed GY, Hassan HE, Takács S, Ditrói F. Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations for proton, deuteron and α-particle induced nuclear reactions on calcium: special relevance to the production of 43,44Sc. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Amin T, Infantino A, Barlow R, Hoehr C. Validating production of PET radionuclides in solid and liquid targets: Comparing Geant4 predictions with FLUKA and measurements. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 133:61-67. [PMID: 29289812 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Monte Carlo toolkit Geant4 is used to simulate the production of a number of positron emitting radionuclides: 13N, 18F, 44Sc, 52Mn, 55Co 61Cu, 68Ga, 86Y, 89Zr and 94Tc, which have been produced using a 13MeV medical cyclotron. The results are compared to previous simulations with the Monte Carlo code FLUKA and experimental measurements. The comparison shows variable degrees of agreement for different isotopes. The mean absolute deviation of Monte Carlo results from experiments was 1.4±1.6 for FLUKA and 0.7±0.5 for Geant4 using TENDL cross sections with QGSP-BIC-AllHP physics. Both agree well within the large error, which is due to the uncertainties present in both experimentally determined and theoretical reaction cross sections. Overall, Geant4 has been confirmed as a tool to simulate radionuclide production at low proton energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Amin
- University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - A Infantino
- European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - R Barlow
- University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - C Hoehr
- TRIUMF, Vancouver BC V6T 2A3, Canada.
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28
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Notni J, Wester HJ. Re-thinking the role of radiometal isotopes: Towards a future concept for theranostic radiopharmaceuticals. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 61:141-153. [PMID: 29143368 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential and future role of certain metal radionuclides, for example, 44 Sc, 89 Zr, 86 Y, 64 Cu, 68 Ga, 177 Lu, 225 Ac, and 213 Bi, and several terbium isotopes has been controversially discussed in the past decades. Furthermore, the possible benefits of "matched pairs" of isotopes for tandem applications of diagnostics and therapeutics (theranostics) have been emphasized, while such approaches still have not made their way into routine clinical practice. Analysis of bibliographical data illustrates how popularity of certain nuclides has been promoted by cycles of availability and applications. We furthermore discuss the different practical requirements for diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals and the resulting consequences for efficient development of clinically useful pairs of radionuclide theranostics, with particular emphasis on the underlying economical factors. Based on an exemplary assessment of overall production costs for 68 Ga and 18 F radiopharmaceuticals, we venture a look into the future of theranostics and predict that high-throughput PET applications, that is, diagnosis of frequent conditions, will ultimately rely on 18 F tracers. PET radiometals will occupy a niche in the clinical low-throughput sector (diagnosis of rare diseases), but above all, dominate preclinical research and clinical translation. Matched isotope pairs will be of lesser relevance for theranostics but may become important for future PET-based therapeutic dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Notni
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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29
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Radchenko V, Engle JW, Medvedev DG, Maassen JM, Naranjo CM, Unc GA, Meyer CA, Mastren T, Brugh M, Mausner L, Cutler CS, Birnbaum ER, John KD, Nortier FM, Fassbender ME. Proton-induced production and radiochemical isolation of 44Ti from scandium metal targets for 44Ti/44Sc generator development. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 50:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Jahangiri P, Doering R, Ferguson S, Li K, Buckley K, Bénard F, Martinez DM, Hoehr C. Modeling the pressure rise of a liquid target on a medical cyclotron: Steady-state analysis. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 120:22-29. [PMID: 27898371 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The steady-state behaviour of a liquid target used to produce medical isotopes by low-energy cyclotrons is studied. A model based on the conservation of mass and energy is proposed to describe the pressure rise of the target assuming equilibrium between liquid and vapour phases during irradiation. The effects of water radiolysis are taken into account. Excellent agreement is achieved between the model, and both constant-temperature bath tests and experiments conducted on a 13MeV cyclotron at TRIUMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouyan Jahangiri
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 2A3; University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3.
| | - Riley Doering
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 2A3
| | | | - Keana Li
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 2A3
| | - Ken Buckley
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 2A3
| | - François Bénard
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - D Mark Martinez
- University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
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31
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Separation of 44Ti from proton irradiated scandium by using solid-phase extraction chromatography and design of 44Ti/44Sc generator system. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1477:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Szkliniarz K, Sitarz M, Walczak R, Jastrzębski J, Bilewicz A, Choiński J, Jakubowski A, Majkowska A, Stolarz A, Trzcińska A, Zipper W. Production of medical Sc radioisotopes with an alpha particle beam. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 118:182-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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33
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Qaim SM. Nuclear data for production and medical application of radionuclides: Present status and future needs. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 44:31-49. [PMID: 27821344 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The significance of nuclear data in the choice and medical application of a radionuclide is considered: the decay data determine its suitability for organ imaging or internal therapy and the reaction cross section data allow optimisation of its production route. A brief discussion of reaction cross sections and yields is given. STANDARD RADIONUCLIDES The standard SPECT, PET and therapeutic radionuclides are enumerated and their decay and production data are considered. The status of nuclear data is generally good. Some existing discrepancies are outlined. A few promising alternative production routes of 99mTc and 68Ga are discussed. RESEARCH-ORIENTED RADIONUCLIDES The increasing significance of non-standard positron emitters in organ imaging and of low-energy highly-ionizing radiation emitters in internal therapy is discussed, their nuclear data are considered and a brief review of their status is presented. Some other related nuclear data issues are also mentioned. PRODUCTION OF RADIONUCLIDES USING NEWER TECHNOLOGIES The data needs arising from new directions in radionuclide applications (multimode imaging, theranostic approach, radionanoparticles, etc.) are considered. The future needs of data associated with possible utilization of newer irradiation technologies (intermediate energy cyclotron, high-intensity photon accelerator, spallation neutron source, etc.) are outlined. CONCLUSION Except for a few small discrepancies, the available nuclear data are sufficient for routine production and application of radionuclides. Considerable data needs exist for developing novel radionuclides for applications. The developing future technologies for radionuclide production will demand further data-related activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Minegishi K, Nagatsu K, Fukada M, Suzuki H, Ohya T, Zhang MR. Production of scandium-43 and -47 from a powdery calcium oxide target via the (nat/44)Ca(α,x)-channel. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 116:8-12. [PMID: 27472825 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We produced (43)Sc and (47)Sc via the (nat/44)Ca(α,x)-channel using a vertical beam coupled with a ceramic target box. After activation, the powdery CaO target material was dissolved in HCl in the target box in situ and remotely recovered as a radio-Sc solution. The respective yields of (43)Sc and (47)Sc following isolation via a precipitation method with a typical 0.22µm sterile filter were 54.8MBq/µAh (1.48mCi/µAh) and 780kBq/µAh (21.1µCi/µAh) at the end of separation (approximately 1.5h from the EOB). In addition, we discuss the recycling of target Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Minegishi
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (NIRS-QST), Japan; Neos-Tech, Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Kotaro Nagatsu
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (NIRS-QST), Japan.
| | - Masami Fukada
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (NIRS-QST), Japan
| | - Hisashi Suzuki
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (NIRS-QST), Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohya
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (NIRS-QST), Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (NIRS-QST), Japan
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35
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Krasikova RN, Aliev RA, Kalmykov SN. The next generation of positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals labeled with non-conventional radionuclides. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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36
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Target development for diversified irradiations at a medical cyclotron. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 104:106-12. [PMID: 26142809 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The irradiation facility at an old medical cyclotron (Ep=17 MeV; Ed=10 MeV) was upgraded by extending the beam line and incorporation of solid state targetry. Tests performed to check the quality of the available beam are outlined. Results on nuclear data measurements and improvement of radiochemical separations are described. Using solid targets, with the proton beam falling at a slanting angle of 20°, a few radionuclides, e.g. (75)Se, (120)I, (124)I, etc. were produced with medium currents (up to 20 µA) in no-carrier-added form in quantities sufficient for local use. The extended irradiation facility has considerably enhanced the utility of the medical cyclotron.
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37
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Oehlke E, Hoehr C, Hou X, Hanemaayer V, Zeisler S, Adam MJ, Ruth TJ, Celler A, Buckley K, Benard F, Schaffer P. Production of Y-86 and other radiometals for research purposes using a solution target system. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:842-9. [PMID: 26264926 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diagnostic radiometals are typically obtained from cyclotrons by irradiating solid targets or from radioisotope generators. These methods have the advantage of high production yields, but require additional solid target handling infrastructure that is not readily available to many cyclotron facilities. Herein, we provide an overview of our results regarding the production of various positron-emitting radiometals using a liquid target system installed on a 13 MeV cyclotron at TRIUMF. Details about the production, purification and quality control of (89)Zr, (68)Ga and for the first time (86)Y are discussed. METHODS Aqueous solutions containing 1.35-1.65 g/mL of natural-abundance zinc nitrate, yttrium nitrate, and strontium nitrate were irradiated on a 13 MeV cyclotron using a standard liquid target. Different target body and foil materials were investigated for corrosion. Production yields were calculated using theoretical cross-sections from the EMPIRE code and compared with experimental results. The radioisotopes were extracted from irradiated target material using solid phase extraction methods adapted from previously reported methods, and used for radiolabelling experiments. RESULTS We demonstrated production quantities that are sufficient for chemical and biological studies for three separate radiometals, (89)Zr (Asat = 360 MBq/μA and yield = 3.17 MBq/μA), (86)Y (Asat = 31 MBq/μA and yield = 1.44 MBq/μA), and (68)Ga (Asat = 141 MBq/μA and yield = 64 MBq/μA) from one hour long irradiations on a typical medical cyclotron. (68)Ga yields were sufficient for potential clinical applications. In order to avoid corrosion of the target body and target foil, nitrate solutions were chosen as well as niobium as target-body material. An automatic loading system enabled up to three production runs per day. The separation efficiency ranged from 82 to 99%. Subsequently, (68)Ga and (86)Y were successfully used to radiolabel DOTA-based chelators while deferoxamine was used to coordinate (89)Zr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Oehlke
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelia Hoehr
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xinchi Hou
- University of British Columbia, 3350-950W. 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E3, Canada
| | | | - Stefan Zeisler
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael J Adam
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Thomas J Ruth
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3, Vancouver, BC, Canada; British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Anna Celler
- University of British Columbia, 3350-950W. 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E3, Canada
| | - Ken Buckley
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Francois Benard
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada; University of British Columbia, 3350-950W. 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E3, Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of British Columbia, 3350-950W. 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E3, Canada
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Cyclotron production of high purity 44m,44 Sc with deuterons from 44 CaCO 3 targets. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:524-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Chakravarty R, Goel S, Valdovinos HF, Hernandez R, Hong H, Nickles RJ, Cai W. Matching the decay half-life with the biological half-life: ImmunoPET imaging with (44)Sc-labeled cetuximab Fab fragment. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:2197-204. [PMID: 25389697 PMCID: PMC4275156 DOI: 10.1021/bc500415x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Scandium-44
(t1/2 = 3.9 h) is a relatively
new radioisotope of potential interest for use in clinical positron
emission tomography (PET). Herein, we report, for the first time,
the room-temperature radiolabeling of proteins with 44Sc
for in vivo PET imaging. For this purpose, the Fab
fragment of Cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody that binds with high
affinity to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), was generated
and conjugated with N-[(R)-2-amino-3-(para-isothiocyanato-phenyl)propyl]-trans-(S,S)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine-N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentaacetic acid (CHX-A″-DTPA).
The high purity of Cetuximab-Fab was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and mass
spectrometry. The potential of the bioconjugate for PET imaging of
EGFR expression in human glioblastoma (U87MG) tumor-bearing mice was
investigated after 44Sc labeling. PET imaging revealed
rapid tumor uptake (maximum uptake of ∼12% ID/g at 4 h postinjection)
of 44Sc–CHX-A″-DTPA–Cetuximab-Fab
with excellent tumor-to-background ratio, which might allow for same
day PET imaging in future clinical studies. Immunofluorescence staining
was conducted to correlate tracer uptake in the tumor and normal tissues
with EGFR expression. This successful strategy for immunoPET imaging
of EGFR expression using 44Sc–CHX-A″-DTPA–Cetuximab-Fab
can make clinically translatable advances to select the right population
of patients for EGFR-targeted therapy and also to monitor the therapeutic
efficacy of anti-EGFR treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
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40
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Valdovinos HF, Hernandez R, Barnhart TE, Graves S, Cai W, Nickles RJ. Separation of cyclotron-produced 44Sc from a natural calcium target using a dipentyl pentylphosphonate functionalized extraction resin. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 95:23-29. [PMID: 25464172 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Significant interest in 44Sc as a radioactive synthon to label small molecules for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has been recently observed. Despite the efforts of several research groups, the ideal 44Sc production and separation method remains elusive. Herein, we propose a novel separation method to obtain 44Sc from the proton irradiation of calcium targets based on extraction chromatography, which promises to greatly simplify current production methodologies. Using the commercially available Uranium and Tetravalent Actinides (UTEVA) extraction resin we were able to rapidly (<20min) recover >80% of the activity generated at end of bombardment (EoB) in small ~1M HCl fractions (400μL). The chemical purity of the 44Sc eluates was evaluated through chelation with DOTA and DTPA, and by trace metal analysis using microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The distribution coefficients (Kd) of Sc(III) and Ca(II) in UTEVA were determined in HCl medium in a range of concentrations from zero to 12.1M. The 44Sc obtained with our method proved to be suitable for the direct labeling of small biomolecules for PET imaging, with excellent specific activities and radiochemical purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Valdovinos
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - R Hernandez
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T E Barnhart
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S Graves
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - W Cai
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - R J Nickles
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Knapp FF, Pillai MRA, Osso JA, Dash A. Re-emergence of the important role of radionuclide generators to provide diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides to meet future research and clinical demands. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Hernandez R, Valdovinos HF, Yang Y, Chakravarty R, Hong H, Barnhart TE, Cai W. (44)Sc: an attractive isotope for peptide-based PET imaging. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2954-61. [PMID: 25054618 PMCID: PMC4128785 DOI: 10.1021/mp500343j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
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The
overexpression of integrin αvβ3 has
been linked to tumor aggressiveness and metastasis in several
cancer types. Because of its high affinity, peptides containing the
arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) motif have been
proven valuable vectors for noninvasive imaging of integrin αvβ3 expression and for targeted radionuclide
therapy. In this study, we aim to develop a 44Sc-labeled
RGD-based peptide for in vivo positron emission tomography
(PET) imaging of integrin αvβ3 expression
in a preclinical cancer model. High quality 44Sc (t1/2, 3.97 h; β+ branching ratio,
94.3%) was produced inexpensively in a cyclotron, via proton irradiation
of natural Ca metal targets, and separated by extraction chromatography.
A dimeric cyclic-RGD peptide, (cRGD)2, was conjugated to
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and
radiolabeled with 44Sc in high yield (>90%) and specific
activity (7.4 MBq/nmol). Serial PET imaging of mice bearing U87MG
tumor xenografts showed elevated 44Sc-DOTA-(cRGD)2 uptake in the tumor tissue of 3.93 ± 1.19, 3.07 ± 1.17,
and 3.00 ± 1.25 %ID/g at 0.5, 2, and 4 h postinjection, respectively
(n = 3), which were validated by ex vivo biodistribution experiments. The integrin αvβ3 specificity of the tracer was corroborated, both in vitro and in vivo, by competitive cell
binding and receptor blocking assays. These results parallel previously
reported studies showing similar tumor targeting and pharmacokinetic
profiles for dimeric cRGD peptides labeled with 64Cu or 68Ga. Our findings, together with the advantageous radionuclidic
properties of 44Sc, capitalize on the relevance of this
isotope as an attractive alternative isotope to more established radiometals
for small molecule-based PET imaging, and as imaging surrogate of 47Sc in theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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