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Tan Z, Wei H, Song X, Mai W, Yan J, Ye W, Ling X, Hou L, Zhang S, Yan S, Xu H, Wang L. Positron Emission Tomography in the Neuroimaging of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:806876. [PMID: 35495051 PMCID: PMC9043810 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.806876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a basket term for neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by marked impairments in social interactions, repetitive and stereotypical behaviors, and restricted interests and activities. Subtypes include (A) disorders with known genetic abnormalities including fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis and (B) idiopathic ASD, conditions with unknown etiologies. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technology that can be utilized in vivo for dynamic and quantitative research, and is a valuable tool for exploring pathophysiological mechanisms, evaluating therapeutic efficacy, and accelerating drug development in ASD. Recently, several imaging studies on ASD have been published and physiological changes during ASD progression was disclosed by PET. This paper reviews the specific radioligands for PET imaging of critical biomarkers in ASD, and summarizes and discusses the similar and different discoveries in outcomes of previous studies. It is of great importance to identify general physiological changes in cerebral glucose metabolism, cerebral blood flow perfusion, abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems, and inflammation in the central nervous system in ASD, which may provide excellent points for further ASD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Tan
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiyi Wei
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiubao Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangxiang Mai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajian Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijian Ye
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Ling
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Hou
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaojuan Zhang
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sen Yan
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Xu,
| | - Lu Wang
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Lu Wang,
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New small molecule fluorescent probes for G protein-coupled receptors: valuable tools for drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2020; 13:63-90. [PMID: 33319586 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential signaling proteins and tractable therapeutic targets. To develop new drug candidates, GPCR drug discovery programs require versatile, sensitive pharmacological tools for ligand binding and compound screening. With the availability of new imaging modalities and proximity-based ligand binding technologies, fluorescent ligands offer many advantages and are increasingly being used, yet labeling small molecules remains considerably more challenging relative to peptides. Focusing on recent fluorescent small molecule studies for family A GPCRs, this review addresses some of the key challenges, synthesis approaches and structure-activity relationship considerations, and discusses advantages of using high-resolution GPCR structures to inform conjugation strategies. While no single approach guarantees successful labeling without loss of affinity or selectivity, the choice of fluorophore, linker type and site of attachment have proved to be critical factors that can significantly affect their utility in drug discovery programs, and as discussed, can sometimes lead to very unexpected results.
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Laube M, Frizler M, Wodtke R, Neuber C, Belter B, Kniess T, Bachmann M, Gütschow M, Pietzsch J, Löser R. Synthesis and preliminary radiopharmacological characterisation of an 11 C-labelled azadipeptide nitrile as potential PET tracer for imaging of cysteine cathepsins. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:448-459. [PMID: 30912586 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An O-methyltyrosine-containing azadipeptide nitrile was synthesised and investigated for its inhibitory activity towards cathepsins L, S, K, and B. Labelling with carbon-11 was accomplished by reaction of the corresponding phenolic precursor with [11 C]methyl iodide starting from cyclotron-produced [11 C]methane. Radiopharmacological evaluation of the resulting radiotracer in a mouse xenograft model derived from a mammary tumour cell line by small animal PET imaging indicates tumour targeting with complex pharmacokinetics. Radiotracer uptake in the tumour region was considerably lower under treatment with the nonradioactive reference compound and the epoxide-based irreversible cysteine cathepsin inhibitor E64. The in vivo behaviour observed for this radiotracer largely confirms that of the corresponding 18 F-fluoroethylated analogue and suggests the limited suitability of azadipeptide nitriles for the imaging of tumour-associated cysteine cathepsins despite target-mediated uptake is evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Laube
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maxim Frizler
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Belter
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Kniess
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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