1
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Miao Y, Guo Y, Chen Y, Lin Y, Lu Y, Guo Q. The effect of B-vitamins on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2023:nuad127. [PMID: 37850302 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous research evaluating the effects in B-vitamins on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has substantial limitations and lacks recently published large prospective studies; hence, conducting an updated meta-analysis is needed. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between vitamin B status and human CVD development in order to provide more specific advice about vitamin B intake for those at risk of CVD. DATA SOURCES Relevant articles were identified by JSTOR, PubMed, and ProQuest databases. DATA EXTRACTION Key words used to identify the studies included the different combinations of B-vitamins, folate, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, homocysteine, cardiovascular disease, stroke, coronary disease, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular and transient ischemic attack. The database search was supplemented by hand-searching of reference lists of selected articles. DATA ANALYSIS Pooled estimates were calculated from the mean differences using a random-effects model. RESULTS Supplementation with folic acid was reported to have a clinical benefit of significantly reducing carotid intima-media thickness. Higher intakes of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 were generally associated with a lower risk of CVD in the general population, except in those without normal renal function and those with unstable angina or past non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. CONCLUSION Vitamin B supplementation resulted in the greatest cardiovascular benefit in those with normal renal function and without unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction recently. Factors such as age, gender, and genetic polymorphisms contribute to varying effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Miao
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Guo
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijia Lin
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihao Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Roa-Díaz ZM, Teuscher J, Gamba M, Bundo M, Grisotto G, Wehrli F, Gamboa E, Rojas LZ, Gómez-Ochoa SA, Verhoog S, Vargas MF, Minder B, Franco OH, Dehghan A, Pazoki R, Marques-Vidal P, Muka T. Gene-diet interactions and cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review of observational and clinical trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:377. [PMID: 35987633 PMCID: PMC9392936 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both genetic background and diet are important determinants of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Understanding gene-diet interactions could help improve CVD prevention and prognosis. We aimed to summarise the evidence on gene-diet interactions and CVD outcomes systematically. METHODS We searched MEDLINE® via Ovid, Embase, PubMed®, and The Cochrane Library for relevant studies published until June 6th 2022. We considered for inclusion cross-sectional, case-control, prospective cohort, nested case-control, and case-cohort studies as well as randomised controlled trials that evaluated the interaction between genetic variants and/or genetic risk scores and food or diet intake on the risk of related outcomes, including myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and CVD as a composite outcome. The PROSPERO protocol registration code is CRD42019147031. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We included 59 articles based on data from 29 studies; six articles involved multiple studies, and seven did not report details of their source population. The median sample size of the articles was 2562 participants. Of the 59 articles, 21 (35.6%) were qualified as high quality, while the rest were intermediate or poor. Eleven (18.6%) articles adjusted for multiple comparisons, four (7.0%) attempted to replicate the findings, 18 (30.5%) were based on Han-Chinese ethnicity, and 29 (49.2%) did not present Minor Allele Frequency. Fifty different dietary exposures and 52 different genetic factors were investigated, with alcohol intake and ADH1C variants being the most examined. Of 266 investigated diet-gene interaction tests, 50 (18.8%) were statistically significant, including CETP-TaqIB and ADH1C variants, which interacted with alcohol intake on CHD risk. However, interactions effects were significant only in some articles and did not agree on the direction of effects. Moreover, most of the studies that reported significant interactions lacked replication. Overall, the evidence on gene-diet interactions on CVD is limited, and lack correction for multiple testing, replication and sample size consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayne M Roa-Díaz
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland. .,Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Julian Teuscher
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Magda Gamba
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marvin Bundo
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Grisotto
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Faina Wehrli
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edna Gamboa
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Faculty, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Lyda Z Rojas
- Nursing Research and Knowledge Development Group GIDCEN, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - Sergio A Gómez-Ochoa
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sanne Verhoog
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Beatrice Minder
- Public Health & Primary Care Library, University Library of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Raha Pazoki
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,CIRTM Centre for Inflammation Research and Translational Medicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Taulant Muka
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Sex-related differences in plasma amino acids of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and glycine as risk marker of acute heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1295-1310. [PMID: 35779172 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the problem of preventing acute heart failure (AHF) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction (pLVEF) is still not completely resolved, especially in late-presented patients. The purpose of study was: (1) assessment of free plasma amino acid (PAA) alterations in STEMI patients [not receiving reperfusion therapy (RT)], depending on sex and LVEF; (2) analysis of development of late/persistent AHF more than 48 h after admission (pAHF) in STEMI patients with pLVEF depending on PAA levels. This prospective cohort study included 92 STEMI patients (33 women and 59 men), not receiving RT. The free PAA were investigated by ion-exchange liquid-column chromatography. The women had significantly higher PAA levels than men in general cohort and cohort with pLVEF (n = 69). There were associations between female sex and pAHF in general cohort (OR 3.7, p = 0.004) and cohort with pLVEF (OR 11.4, p = 0.0001) by logistic regression. The association between pAHF and glycine level [OR 2.5, p < 0.0001; AUC 0.84, p < 0.0001; 86.7% sensitivity and 77.8% specificity for > 2.6 mg/dL] was revealed in cohort with pLVEF (including female and male). Glycine remained a predictor of pAHF with pLVEF by multivariable logistic regression adjusting for comorbidities, demographic and clinical variables. Higher rate of pAHF in female than in male STEMI patients with pLVEF is associated with higher plasma glycine in women. The glycine level may be genetically determinated by female sex. The plasma glycine > 2.6 mg/dL is a predictor of pAHF in STEMI with pLVEF (including female and male).
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4
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Zhilyaeva T, Chekanina O, Rukavishnikov G, Blagonravova A, Mazo G. Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-1 (MTHFD1) 1958 G>A genetic polymorphism (rs2236225) is associated with lower schizophrenia risk: Preliminary study. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Wang Z, Wang D, Jiang K, Guo Y, Li Z, Jiang R, Han R, Li G, Tian Y, Li H, Kang X, Liu X. A Comprehensive Proteome and Acetyl-Proteome Atlas Reveals Molecular Mechanisms Adapting to the Physiological Changes From Pre-laying to Peak-Laying Stage in Liver of Hens ( Gallus gallus). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:700669. [PMID: 34746273 PMCID: PMC8566343 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.700669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with sexual maturity, the liver undergoes numerous metabolic processes to adapt the physiological changes associated with egg-laying in hens. However, mechanisms regulating the processes were unclear. In this study, comparative hepatic proteome and acetyl-proteome between pre- and peak-laying hens were performed. The results showed that the upregulated proteins were mainly related to lipid and protein biosynthesis, while the downregulated proteins were mainly involved in pyruvate metabolism and were capable of inhibiting gluconeogenesis and lactate synthesis in peak-laying hens compared with that in pre-laying hens. With unchanged expression level, the significant acetylated proteins were largely functioned on activation of polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation in peroxisome, while the significant deacetylated proteins were principally used to elevate medium and short fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation. Most of the proteins which involved in gluconeogenesis, lipid transport, and detoxification were influenced by both protein expression and acetylation. Taken overall, a novel mechanism wherein an alternate source of acetyl coenzyme A was produced by activation of FA oxidation and pyruvate metabolism to meet the increased energy demand and lipid synthesis in liver of laying hens was uncovered. This study provides new insights into molecular mechanism of adaptation to physiological changes in liver of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Keren Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yulong Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruili Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoxi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
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6
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Martí-Carvajal AJ, Solà I, Lathyris D, Dayer M. Homocysteine-lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 8:CD006612. [PMID: 28816346 PMCID: PMC6483699 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006612.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease, which includes coronary artery disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease, is a leading cause of death worldwide. Homocysteine is an amino acid with biological functions in methionine metabolism. A postulated risk factor for cardiovascular disease is an elevated circulating total homocysteine level. The impact of homocysteine-lowering interventions, given to patients in the form of vitamins B6, B9 or B12 supplements, on cardiovascular events has been investigated. This is an update of a review previously published in 2009, 2013, and 2015. OBJECTIVES To determine whether homocysteine-lowering interventions, provided to patients with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease are effective in preventing cardiovascular events, as well as reducing all-cause mortality, and to evaluate their safety. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2017, Issue 5), MEDLINE (1946 to 1 June 2017), Embase (1980 to 2017 week 22) and LILACS (1986 to 1 June 2017). We also searched Web of Science (1970 to 1 June 2017). We handsearched the reference lists of included papers. We also contacted researchers in the field. There was no language restriction in the search. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of homocysteine-lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events with a follow-up period of one year or longer. We considered myocardial infarction and stroke as the primary outcomes. We excluded studies in patients with end-stage renal disease. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We performed study selection, 'Risk of bias' assessment and data extraction in duplicate. We estimated risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes. We calculated the number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB). We measured statistical heterogeneity using the I2 statistic. We used a random-effects model. We conducted trial sequential analyses, Bayes factor, and fragility indices where appropriate. MAIN RESULTS In this third update, we identified three new randomised controlled trials, for a total of 15 randomised controlled trials involving 71,422 participants. Nine trials (60%) had low risk of bias, length of follow-up ranged from one to 7.3 years. Compared with placebo, there were no differences in effects of homocysteine-lowering interventions on myocardial infarction (homocysteine-lowering = 7.1% versus placebo = 6.0%; RR 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95 to 1.10, I2 = 0%, 12 trials; N = 46,699; Bayes factor 1.04, high-quality evidence), death from any cause (homocysteine-lowering = 11.7% versus placebo = 12.3%, RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.06, I2 = 0%, 11 trials, N = 44,817; Bayes factor = 1.05, high-quality evidence), or serious adverse events (homocysteine-lowering = 8.3% versus comparator = 8.5%, RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.14, I2 = 0%, eight trials, N = 35,788; high-quality evidence). Compared with placebo, homocysteine-lowering interventions were associated with reduced stroke outcome (homocysteine-lowering = 4.3% versus comparator = 5.1%, RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.99, I2 = 8%, 10 trials, N = 44,224; high-quality evidence). Compared with low doses, there were uncertain effects of high doses of homocysteine-lowering interventions on stroke (high = 10.8% versus low = 11.2%, RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.22, I2 = 72%, two trials, N = 3929; very low-quality evidence).We found no evidence of publication bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In this third update of the Cochrane review, there were no differences in effects of homocysteine-lowering interventions in the form of supplements of vitamins B6, B9 or B12 given alone or in combination comparing with placebo on myocardial infarction, death from any cause or adverse events. In terms of stroke, this review found a small difference in effect favouring to homocysteine-lowering interventions in the form of supplements of vitamins B6, B9 or B12 given alone or in combination comparing with placebo.There were uncertain effects of enalapril plus folic acid compared with enalapril on stroke; approximately 143 (95% CI 85 to 428) people would need to be treated for 5.4 years to prevent 1 stroke, this evidence emerged from one mega-trial.Trial sequential analyses showed that additional trials are unlikely to increase the certainty about the findings of this issue regarding homocysteine-lowering interventions versus placebo. There is a need for additional trials comparing homocysteine-lowering interventions combined with antihypertensive medication versus antihypertensive medication, and homocysteine-lowering interventions at high doses versus homocysteine-lowering interventions at low doses. Potential trials should be large and co-operative.
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7
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Ding Y, Pedersen ER, Svingen GF, Helgeland Ø, Gregory JF, Løland KH, Meyer K, Tell GS, Ueland PM, Nygård OK. Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase 1 Polymorphisms Modify the Associations of Plasma Glycine and Serine With Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris in WENBIT (Western Norway B Vitamin Intervention Trial). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:541-547. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.116.001483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Serine and glycine interconversion and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1)–mediated 1-carbon transfer are the major sources of methyl groups for 1-carbon metabolism. Recently, plasma glycine and a common polymorphism in MTHFD1 have been associated with risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It is, therefore, of interest to explore if these 2 pathways interact in relation to AMI.
Methods and Results—
A total of 2571 participants in the WENBIT (Western Norway B Vitamin Intervention Trial) undergoing coronary angiography for stable angina pectoris were studied. Associations of plasma serine and glycine concentrations with risk of AMI across 2 common and functional MTHFD1 polymorphisms (
rs2236225
and
rs1076991
) were explored in Cox regression models. During a median follow-up of 4.7 years, 212 patients (8.2%) experienced an AMI. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, plasma glycine (
P
<0.01), but not serine (
P
=0.52), showed an overall association with AMI. However, interactions of MTHFD1
rs2236225
polymorphism with both plasma serine and glycine were observed (
P
interaction
=0.03 for both). Low plasma serine and glycine were associated with an increased risk of AMI among patients carrying the
rs2236225
minor A allele. Similarly, low plasma glycine showed stronger risk relationship with AMI in the
rs1076991
CC genotype carriers but weaker associations in patients carrying the minor T allele (
P
interaction
=0.02).
Conclusions—
Our results showed that 2 common and functional polymorphisms in the
MTHFD1
gene modulate the risk associations of plasma serine and glycine with AMI. These findings emphasize the possible role of the MTHFD1 in regulating serine and glycine metabolism in relation to atherosclerotic complications.
Clinical Trial Registration—
URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique Identifier: NCT00354081.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Ding
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Eva R. Pedersen
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Gard F.T. Svingen
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Øyvind Helgeland
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Jesse F. Gregory
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Kjetil H. Løland
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Klaus Meyer
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Grethe S. Tell
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Per M. Ueland
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
| | - Ottar K. Nygård
- From the Department of Clinical Science (Y.D., E.R.P., P.M.U., O.K.N.), KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science (Ø.H., O.K.N.), and Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (G.S.T.), University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease (G.F.T.S., K.H.L., O.K.N.) and Department of Pediatrics (Ø.H.), Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Bergen, Norway (P.M.U.); Food Science and Human Nutrition Department,
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