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Gouttefangeas C, Klein R, Maia A. The good and the bad of T cell cross-reactivity: challenges and opportunities for novel therapeutics in autoimmunity and cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1212546. [PMID: 37409132 PMCID: PMC10319254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1212546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are main actors of the immune system with an essential role in protection against pathogens and cancer. The molecular key event involved in this absolutely central task is the interaction of membrane-bound specific T cell receptors with peptide-MHC complexes which initiates T cell priming, activation and recall, and thus controls a range of downstream functions. While textbooks teach us that the repertoire of mature T cells is highly diverse, it is clear that this diversity cannot possibly cover all potential foreign peptides that might be encountered during life. TCR cross-reactivity, i.e. the ability of a single TCR to recognise different peptides, offers the best solution to this biological challenge. Reports have shown that indeed, TCR cross-reactivity is surprisingly high. Hence, the T cell dilemma is the following: be as specific as possible to target foreign danger and spare self, while being able to react to a large spectrum of body-threatening situations. This has major consequences for both autoimmune diseases and cancer, and significant implications for the development of T cell-based therapies. In this review, we will present essential experimental evidence of T cell cross-reactivity, implications for two opposite immune conditions, i.e. autoimmunity vs cancer, and how this can be differently exploited for immunotherapy approaches. Finally, we will discuss the tools available for predicting cross-reactivity and how improvements in this field might boost translational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reinhild Klein
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Maia
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Smirnova LP, Mednova IA, Krotenko NM, Alifirova VM, Ivanova SA. IgG-Dependent Dismutation of Superoxide in Patients with Different Types of Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Subjects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8171020. [PMID: 32089782 PMCID: PMC7025067 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8171020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This work is the first to demonstrate that class G immunoglobulins (IgGs) in patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy individuals have the ability to catalyze the dismutation reaction of the superoxide anion radical. Thus, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity is an intrinsic property of antibodies, which is confirmed by a number of stringent criteria. SOD activity of IgGs in patients with multiple sclerosis statistically significantly exceeds such activity in healthy individuals by 2-4 times. Moreover, the maximum activity has been registered in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. The kinetic characteristics of the SOD reaction of IgGs are several orders of magnitude lower than those for the SOD enzyme but do not differ between patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy individuals. Consequently, abzymes with SOD activity have a lower catalysis rate than that of the enzymes and form a stronger complex with the substrates. Inhibitory analysis showed that this activity is inhibited by classical metal-dependent SOD inhibitors. The activity of IgGs was inhibited by classical metal-dependent inhibitors EDTA and TETA (triethylenetetramine). Also, high catalase activity of IgGs was detected in these patients. We suggest that these abzymes help protect the body from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila P. Smirnova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Irina A. Mednova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Nina M. Krotenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 644050, Russia
| | - Valentina M. Alifirova
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 644050, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Ivanova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 644050, Russia
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3
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Abstract
T cells recognize and respond to self antigens in both cancer and autoimmunity. One strategy to influence this response is to incorporate amino acid substitutions into these T cell-specific epitopes. This strategy is being reconsidered now with the goal of increasing time to regression with checkpoint blockade therapies in cancer and antigen-specific immunotherapies in autoimmunity. We discuss how these amino acid substitutions change the interactions with the MHC class I or II molecule and the responding T cell repertoire. Amino acid substitutions in epitopes that are the most effective in therapies bind more strongly to T cell receptor and/or MHC molecules and cross-react with the same repertoire of T cells as the natural antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Slansky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19thAvenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19thAvenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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4
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Hohlfeld R, Steinman L. T Cell-Transfer Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Pillar of Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 198:3381-3383. [PMID: 28416715 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center, University Hospital, Campus Martinsried-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich, Germany; .,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany; and
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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5
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The search for the target antigens of multiple sclerosis, part 1: autoreactive CD4+ T lymphocytes as pathogenic effectors and therapeutic targets. Lancet Neurol 2015; 15:198-209. [PMID: 26724103 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the target antigens of pathogenic antibodies and T cells is of fundamental importance for understanding the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, and for the development of personalised treatments for the disease. Myelin-specific CD4+ T cells emerged long ago as a key player in animal models of multiple sclerosis. Taking a forward-translational approach, autoreactive CD4+ T cells have been studied extensively in patients with multiple sclerosis, and there is evidence, but as yet no direct proof, that autoreactive CD4+ T cells are a key player in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Several therapies that selectively target myelin-specific CD4+ T cells have been investigated in clinical trials up to phase 3. So far, however, none of these (mostly underpowered) therapeutic trials have provided definitive evidence of clinical efficacy. One major obstacle to personalised, highly selective immunotherapy is the absence of standardised and reliable assays to assess antigen-specific human T-cell responses. Such assays would be essential for stratification of patients with multiple sclerosis according to their individual target antigens.
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Zhou X, Li X, Feng M, Zhang Q, Yang Z. Analysis of the direct injury effector of oligodendroglia cells or myelin sheath in an experimental allergic encephalomyelitis model induced by the MOG35-55 peptide. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7425-32. [PMID: 26459920 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and mononuclear macrophages in the pathogenic processes of experimental animals. To construct a chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, an artificially synthesized myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35‑55 peptide was used to induce C57BL/6 mice. Subsequently, the experimental animals were investigated at the level of their nervous function, and histopathological, immunohistochemical and fluorescence immunohistochemical experiments were performed at different time points following immunization. The expression of immune molecules and cytokines associated with the activation of the mononuclear macrophages and CTL during the different stages was assessed by western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. As a result, the MOG35‑55 peptide was identified as being successful at inducing C57BL/6 mice for the development of the EAE model. A modest level of mononuclear macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration was observed in the central nervous system (CNS), although no infiltration of neutrophils was observed. A sporadic flaky deletion of the myelin sheath was also identified. The activation and proliferation of mononuclear macrophages, including microglia cells, was clearly demonstrated. Furthermore, the expression levels of major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules and interleukin‑12 in the brain, which is associated with the activation and proliferation of mononuclear macrophages, increased over the duration of the experiment compared with less pronounced changes in the expression levels of interferon (IFN)‑γ, Fas and perforin in the CNS, which are associated with the function of CTL. The secretion of IFN‑γ in the spleen increased during the morbidity peak, however, any noticeable activation and proliferation of CD8+ T cells was absent. These results demonstrated that the induced immune response mediated by mononuclear macrophages made a more important contribution compared with CTL towards the pathological process of myelin sheath injury. Mononuclear macrophages are therefore, identified as being one of the most significant effector cell types to directly injure the myelin sheath in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated First Hospital of Shizuishan, The Ningxia Medical University, Shizuishan, Ningxia 753200, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, P.R. China
| | - Meina Feng
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Brain Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, P.R. China
| | - Zhendong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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7
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Ben-Nun A, Kaushansky N, Kawakami N, Krishnamoorthy G, Berer K, Liblau R, Hohlfeld R, Wekerle H. From classic to spontaneous and humanized models of multiple sclerosis: impact on understanding pathogenesis and drug development. J Autoimmun 2014; 54:33-50. [PMID: 25175979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), presents as a complex disease with variable clinical and pathological manifestations, involving different pathogenic pathways. Animal models, particularly experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have been key to deciphering the pathophysiology of MS, although no single model can recapitulate the complexity and diversity of MS, or can, to date, integrate the diverse pathogenic pathways. Since the first EAE model was introduced decades ago, multiple classic (induced), spontaneous, and humanized EAE models have been developed, each recapitulating particular aspects of MS pathogenesis. The advances in technologies of genetic ablation and transgenesis in mice of C57BL/6J background and the development of myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE in C57BL/6J mice yielded several spontaneous and humanized EAE models, and resulted in a plethora of EAE models in which the role of specific genes or cell populations could be precisely interrogated, towards modeling specific pathways of MS pathogenesis/regulation in MS. Collectively, the numerous studies on the different EAE models contributed immensely to our basic understanding of cellular and molecular pathways in MS pathogenesis as well as to the development of therapeutic agents: several drugs available today as disease modifying treatments were developed from direct studies on EAE models, and many others were tested or validated in EAE. In this review, we discuss the contribution of major classic, spontaneous, and humanized EAE models to our understanding of MS pathophysiology and to insights leading to devising current and future therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St. Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St. Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Naoto Kawakami
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried 82152, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Kerstin Berer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried 82152, Germany.
| | | | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Wekerle
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried 82152, Germany.
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8
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Emmer A, Staege MS, Kornhuber ME. The retrovirus/superantigen hypothesis of multiple sclerosis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:1087-96. [PMID: 25138639 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is as yet unknown. Commonly, MS is assumed to be due to an autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). Neurodegeneration is regarded to be a secondary reaction. This concept is increasingly being challenged. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) that could be locally activated in the CNS have been proposed as an alternative concept. HERV-encoded envelope proteins (env) can act as strong immune stimulators (superantigens). Thus, slow disease progression following neurodegeneration might be induced by re-activation of HERV expression directly, while relapses in parallel to inflammation might be secondary to the expression of HERV-encoded superantigens. It has been shown previously that T-cell superantigens are capable to induce a cellular inflammatory reaction in the CNS of experimental animals similar to that in MS. Furthermore, B-cell superantigens have been shown to activate blood leucocytes in vitro to produce immunoglobulin in an oligoclonal manner. It remains to be established, whether the outlined hypothesis accords with all known features of MS. Furthermore, anti-HERV agents may be taken into consideration to enrich and improve MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Emmer
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany,
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9
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Varrin-Doyer M, Shetty A, Spencer CM, Schulze-Topphoff U, Weber MS, Bernard CCA, Forsthuber T, Cree BAC, Slavin AJ, Zamvil SS. MOG transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains contain highly stimulatory T-cell epitopes in MS. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2014; 1:e20. [PMID: 25340072 PMCID: PMC4202926 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Recently, we reported that the 218 amino acid murine full-length myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) contains novel T-cell epitopes p119-132, p181-195, and p186-200, located within its transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, and that p119-132 is its immunodominant encephalitogenic T-cell epitope in mice. Here, we investigated whether the corresponding human MOG sequences contain T-cell epitopes in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy controls (HC). Methods: Peripheral blood T cells from patients with MS and HC were examined for proliferation to MOG p119-130, p181-195, p186-200, and p35-55 by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis using carboxylfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester dilution assay. Intracellular production of proinflammatory cytokines was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: MOG p119-130, p181-195, and p186-200 elicited significantly greater T-cell responses than p35-55 in patients with MS. T cells from patients with MS proliferated significantly more strongly to MOG p119-130 and p186-200 than did T cells from HC. Further, MOG p119-130–specific T cells exhibited Th17 polarization, suggesting this T-cell epitope may be relevant to MS pathogenesis. Conclusions: Transmembrane and cytoplasmic MOG domains contain potent T-cell epitopes in MS. Recognition of these determinants is important when evaluating T-cell responses to MOG in MS and may have implications for development of myelin antigen-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Varrin-Doyer
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., A.S., C.M.S., U.S.-T., B.A.C.C., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Immunology (T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; and Boehringer Ingelheim (A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT
| | - Aparna Shetty
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., A.S., C.M.S., U.S.-T., B.A.C.C., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Immunology (T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; and Boehringer Ingelheim (A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT
| | - Collin M Spencer
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., A.S., C.M.S., U.S.-T., B.A.C.C., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Immunology (T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; and Boehringer Ingelheim (A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT
| | - Ulf Schulze-Topphoff
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., A.S., C.M.S., U.S.-T., B.A.C.C., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Immunology (T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; and Boehringer Ingelheim (A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT
| | - Martin S Weber
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., A.S., C.M.S., U.S.-T., B.A.C.C., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Immunology (T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; and Boehringer Ingelheim (A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT
| | - Claude C A Bernard
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., A.S., C.M.S., U.S.-T., B.A.C.C., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Immunology (T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; and Boehringer Ingelheim (A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT
| | - Thomas Forsthuber
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., A.S., C.M.S., U.S.-T., B.A.C.C., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Immunology (T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; and Boehringer Ingelheim (A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT
| | - Bruce A C Cree
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., A.S., C.M.S., U.S.-T., B.A.C.C., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Immunology (T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; and Boehringer Ingelheim (A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT
| | - Anthony J Slavin
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., A.S., C.M.S., U.S.-T., B.A.C.C., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Immunology (T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; and Boehringer Ingelheim (A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (M.V.-D., A.S., C.M.S., U.S.-T., B.A.C.C., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Immunology (T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; and Boehringer Ingelheim (A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT
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10
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Hawryluk GWJ, Spano S, Chew D, Wang S, Erwin M, Chamankhah M, Forgione N, Fehlings MG. An Examination of the Mechanisms by which Neural Precursors Augment Recovery following Spinal Cord Injury: A Key Role for Remyelination. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:365-80. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x662408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which neural precursor cells (NPCs) enhance functional recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI) remain unclear. Spinal cord injured rats were transplanted with wild-type mouse NPCs, shiverer NPCs unable to produce myelin, dead NPCs, or media. Most animals also received minocycline, cyclosporine, and perilesional infusion of trophins. Motor function was graded according to the BBB scale. H&E/LFB staining was used to assess gray and white matter, cyst, and lesional tissue. Mature oligodendrocytes and ED1+ inflammatory cells were quantitated. Confocal and electron microscopy were used to assess the relationship between the transplanted cells and axons. Pharmacotherapy and trophin infusion preserved gray matter, white matter, and oligodendrocytes. Trophin infusion also significantly increased cyst and lesional tissue volume as well as inflammatory infiltrate, and functional recovery was reduced. Animals transplanted with wild-type NPCs showed greatest functional recovery; animals transplanted with shiverer NPCs performed the worst. Wild-type NPCs remyelinated host axons. Shiverer NPCs ensheathed axons but did not produce MBP. These results suggest that remyelination by NPCs is an important contribution to functional recovery following SCI. Shiverer NPCs may prevent remyelination by endogenous cells capable of myelin formation. These findings suggest that remyelination is an important therapeutic target following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. J. Hawryluk
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stefania Spano
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derek Chew
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shelly Wang
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Erwin
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mahmood Chamankhah
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Forgione
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Gerald and Tootsie Halbert Chair, Neural Repair and Regeneration, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Kumar A, Melis P, Genna V, Cocco E, Marrosu MG, Pieroni E. Antigenic peptide molecular recognition by the DRB1–DQB1 haplotype modulates multiple sclerosis susceptibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:2043-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00203b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DRB1–DQB1 binding affinities in peptide molecular recognition process. (A) In protective haplotype DRB1 allele displays a preferential affinity for MBP peptide, while (B) in predisposing haplotype DQB1 allele displays a preferential affinity for EBNA1 peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- CRS4 Biomedicine
- Science and Technology Park
- Pula, Italy
- Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine
- University of Cagliari
| | - Paola Melis
- CRS4 Biomedicine
- Science and Technology Park
- Pula, Italy
| | - Vito Genna
- CRS4 Biomedicine
- Science and Technology Park
- Pula, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine
- University of Cagliari
- Italy
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12
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Kaushansky N, Altmann DM, David CS, Lassmann H, Ben-Nun A. DQB1*0602 rather than DRB1*1501 confers susceptibility to multiple sclerosis-like disease induced by proteolipid protein (PLP). J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:29. [PMID: 22316121 PMCID: PMC3344688 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with pathogenic autoimmunity primarily focused on major CNS-myelin target antigens including myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipidprotein (PLP), myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG). MS is a complex trait whereby the HLA genes, particularly class-II genes of HLA-DR15 haplotype, dominate the genetic contribution to disease-risk. Due to strong linkage disequilibrium in HLA-II region, it has been hard to establish precisely whether the functionally relevant effect derives from the DRB1*1501, DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602, or DRB5*0101 loci of HLA-DR15 haplotype, their combinations, or their epistatic interactions. Nevertheless, most genetic studies have indicated DRB1*1501 as a primary risk factor in MS. Here, we used 'HLA-humanized' mice to discern the potential relative contribution of DRB1*1501 and DQB1*0602 alleles to susceptibility to "humanized" MS-like disease induced by PLP, one of the most prominent and encephalitogenic target-antigens implicated in human MS. Methods The HLA-DRB1*1501- and HLA-DQB1*0602-Tg mice (MHC-II-/-), and control non-HLA-DR15-relevant-Tg mice were immunized with a set of overlapping PLP peptides or with recombinant soluble PLP for induction of "humanized" MS-like disease, as well as for ex-vivo analysis of immunogenic/immunodominant HLA-restricted T-cell epitopes and associated cytokine secretion profile. Results PLP autoimmunity in both HLA-DR15-Tg mice was focused on 139-151 and 175-194 epitopes. Strikingly, however, the HLA-DRB1*1501-transgenics were refractory to disease induction by any of the overlapping PLP peptides, while HLA-DQB1*0602 transgenics were susceptible to disease induction by PLP139-151 and PLP175-194 peptides. Although both transgenics responded to both peptides, the PLP139-151- and PLP175-194-reactive T-cells were directed to Th1/Th17 phenotype in DQB1*0602-Tg mice and towards Th2 in DRB1*1501-Tg mice. Conclusions While genome studies map a strong MS susceptibility effect to the region of DRB1*1501, our findings offer a rationale for potential involvement of pathogenic DQ6-associated autoimmunity in MS. Moreover, that DQB1*0602, but not DRB1*1501, determines disease-susceptibility to PLP in HLA-transgenics, suggests a potential differential, functional role for DQB1*0602 as a predisposing allele in MS. This, together with previously demonstrated disease-susceptibility to MBP and MOG in DRB1*1501-transgenics, also suggests a differential role for DRB1*1501 and DQB1*0602 depending on target antigen and imply a potential complex 'genotype/target antigen/phenotype' relationship in MS heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
This review explores the principle features of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS), particularly relapsing-remitting MS. It highlights the emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of MS in the context of known features of pathology, including the characterization of cytokine networks promoting inflammatory damage of the central nervous system, B-cell involvement, and inflammatory damage of axons and neurons. This article preferentially focuses on MS rather than animal models of the disease, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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Juryńczyk M, Walczak A, Jurewicz A, Jesionek-Kupnicka D, Szczepanik M, Selmaj K. Immune regulation of multiple sclerosis by transdermally applied myelin peptides. Ann Neurol 2010; 68:593-601. [PMID: 21031576 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antigen-specific therapy targeting selective inhibition of autoreactive responses holds promise for controlling multiple sclerosis (MS) without disturbing homeostasis of the whole immune system. Key autoantigens in MS include myelin proteins, such as myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). In this study, we examined the effect of transdermal therapy with myelin peptides on immune responses in the skin, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood immune cells of MS patients. METHODS In a 1-year placebo-controlled study, 30 patients with relapsing-remitting MS were treated transdermally with a mixture of 3 myelin peptides: MBP85-99, PLP139-151, and MOG35-55, or placebo. The phenotype of immune cells in the skin was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Cell populations in lymph nodes were analyzed using flow cytometry. In peripheral blood immune cells, cytokine production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and myelin-specific proliferation was examined by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-based assay. RESULTS We found that myelin peptides applied transdermally to MS patients activated dendritic Langerhans cells in the skin at the site of immunization and induced a unique population of granular dendritic cells in local lymph nodes. In the periphery, transdermal immunization with myelin peptides resulted in the generation of type 1, interleukin-10-producing regulatory T cells, suppression of specific autoreactive proliferative responses, and suppression of interferon-γ and transforming growth factor-β production. INTERPRETATION We demonstrate for the first time the immunoregulatory potential of transdermal immunization with myelin peptides in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Juryńczyk
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Blanchfield JL, Mannie MD. A GMCSF-neuroantigen fusion protein is a potent tolerogen in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that is associated with efficient targeting of neuroantigen to APC. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:509-21. [PMID: 20007248 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0709520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-NAg fusion proteins represent an emerging platform for specific targeting of self-antigen to particular APC subsets as a means to achieve antigen-specific immunological tolerance. This study focused on cytokine-NAg fusion proteins that targeted NAg to myeloid APC. Fusion proteins contained GM-CSF or the soluble extracellular domain of M-CSF as the N-terminal domain and the encephalitogenic 69-87 peptide of MBP as the C-terminal domain. GMCSF-NAg and MCSF-NAg fusion proteins were approximately 1000-fold and 32-fold more potent than NAg in stimulating antigenic proliferation of MBP-specific T cells, respectively. The potentiated antigenic responses required cytokine-NAg covalent linkage and receptor-mediated uptake. That is, the respective cytokines did not potentiate antigenic responses when cytokine and NAg were added as separate molecules, and the potentiated responses were inhibited specifically by the respective free cytokine. Cytokine-dependent targeting of NAg was specific for particular subsets of APC. GMCSF-NAg and MCSF-NAg targeted NAg to DC and macrophages; conversely, IL4-NAg and IL2-NAg fusion proteins, respectively, induced an 1000-fold enhancement in NAg reactivity in the presence of B cell and T cell APC. GMCSF-NAg significantly attenuated severity of EAE when treatment was completed before encephalitogenic challenge or alternatively, when treatment was initiated after onset of EAE. MCSF-NAg also had significant tolerogenic activity, but GMCSF-NAg was substantially more efficacious as a tolerogen. Covalent GMCSF-NAg linkage was required for prevention and treatment of EAE. In conclusion, GMCSF-NAg was highly effective for targeting NAg to myeloid APC and was a potent, antigen-specific tolerogen in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lori Blanchfield
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Willison HJ, Wraith DC. A hazardous vapour trail from abattoir to neuropathy clinic. Lancet Neurol 2009; 9:22-4. [PMID: 19945915 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kaushansky N, Altmann DM, Ascough S, David CS, Lassmann H, Ben-Nun A. HLA-DQB1*0602 Determines Disease Susceptibility in a New “Humanized” Multiple Sclerosis Model in HLA-DR15 (DRB1*1501;DQB1*0602) Transgenic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3531-41. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Advances in our understanding of autoimmunity and tumour immunity have led to improvements in immunotherapy for these diseases. Ironically, effective tumour immunity requires the induction of the same responses that underlie autoimmunity, whereas autoimmunity is driven by dysregulation of the same mechanisms that are involved in host defence and immune surveillance. Therefore, as we manipulate the immune system to treat cancer or autoimmunity, we inevitably unbalance the vital mechanisms that regulate self tolerance and antimicrobial resistance. This Science and Society article aims to dissect the conundrum that is inherent to the concept of immunotherapy and highlights the need for new and more specific therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Caspi
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Fasano A, Amoresano A, Rossano R, Carlone G, Carpentieri A, Liuzzi GM, Pucci P, Riccio P. The different forms of PNS myelin P0 protein within and outside lipid rafts. J Neurochem 2008; 107:291-301. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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