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Beneficial Effect of Taraxacum coreanum Nakai via the Activation of LKB1-AMPK Signaling Pathway on Obesity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6655599. [PMID: 33531919 PMCID: PMC7834777 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Liver kinase B (LKB) 1 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are master regulators and sensors for energy homeostasis. AMPK is mainly activated via phosphorylation of LKB1 under energy stress. Here, we highlighted the antiobesity effect and underlying mechanism of Taraxacum coreanum Nakai (TCN) in connection with LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were fed on a high-fat diet (60% kcal fat; HFD) to induce obesity. Simultaneously, they received 100 or 200 mg/kg TCN orally for 5 weeks. We measured the body weight gain and liver weight along with liver histology. Moreover, the changes of factors related to lipid metabolism and β-oxidation were analyzed in the liver, together with blood parameters. Results The body weights were decreased in mice of the TCN200 group more than those of the HFD control group. Moreover, TCN supplementation lowered serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels, whereas TCN increased HDL-cholesterol level. Liver pathological damage induced by HFD was alleviated with TCN treatment and accompanied with significant reduction in serum AST and ALT activities. In addition, TCN significantly increased the expression of p-AMPK compared with the HFD control group via the activation of LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. Lipid synthesis gene like ACC was downregulated and factors related to β-oxidation such as carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) were upregulated through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α activation. Conclusion Taken together, these data suggest that TCN treatment regulates lipid metabolism via LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway and promotes β-oxidation by PPARα; hence, TCN may have potential remedy in the prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Zhang C, Biehl Rudkjær LC, Cachón MF, Falkenhahn M, Theis S, Schmidt T, Vrang N, Jelsing J, Rigbolt K. Transcriptomic changes in pancreatic islets, adipose and liver after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in a diet-induced obese rat model. Peptides 2021; 136:170467. [PMID: 33253774 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most efficient intervention in morbid obesity and promotes metabolic improvements in several peripheral tissues. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. To further understand the effects of RYGB on peripheral tissues transcriptomes, we determined transcriptome signatures in pancreatic islets, adipose and liver tissue from diet-induced obese (DIO) rats model following RYGB. Whereas RYGB led to discrete gene expression changes in pancreatic islets, substantial transcriptome changes were observed in metabolic and immune signaling pathways in adipose tissue and the liver, indicating major gene adaptive responses in fat-storing tissues. Compared to RYGB DIO rats, peripheral tissue transcriptome signatures were markedly different in caloric restricted weight matching DIO rats, implying that caloric restriction paradigms do not reflect transcriptomic regulations of RYGB induced weight loss. The present gene expression study may serve as a basis for further investigations into molecular regulatory effects in peripheral tissues following RYGB-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Theis
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Gao J, Lyu Y, Zhang D, Reddi KK, Sun F, Yi J, Liu C, Li H, Yao H, Dai J, Xu F. Genomic Characteristics and Selection Signatures in Indigenous Chongming White Goat ( Capra hircus). Front Genet 2020; 11:901. [PMID: 32973871 PMCID: PMC7472782 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chongming white goat (CM) is an indigenous goat breed exhibits unique traits that are adapted to the local environment and artificial selection. By performing whole-genome re-sequencing, we generated 14-20× coverage sequences from 10 domestic goat breeds to explore the genomic characteristics and selection signatures of the CM breed. We identified a total of 23,508,551 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 2,830,800 insertion-deletion mutations (indels) after read mapping and variant calling. We further specifically identified 1.2% SNPs (271,713) and 0.9% indels (24,843) unique to the CM breed in comparison with the other nine goat breeds. Missense (SIFT < 0.05), frameshift, splice-site, start-loss, stop-loss, and stop-gain variants were identified in 183 protein-coding genes of the CM breed. Of the 183, 36 genes, including AP4E1, FSHR, COL11A2, and DYSF, are involved in phenotype ontology terms related to the nervous system, short stature, and skeletal muscle morphology. Moreover, based on genome-wide F ST and pooled heterozygosity (Hp) calculation, we further identified selection signature genes between the CM and the other nine goat breeds. These genes are significantly associated with the nervous system (C2CD3, DNAJB13, UCP2, ZMYND11, CEP126, SCAPER, and TSHR), growth (UCP2, UCP3, TSHR, FGFR1, ERLIN2, and ZNF703), and coat color (KITLG, ASIP, AHCY, RALY, and MC1R). Our results suggest that the CM breed may be differentiated from other goat breeds in terms of nervous system owing to natural or artificial selection. The whole-genome analysis provides an improved understanding of genetic diversity and trait exploration for this indigenous goat breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yuhua Lyu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Defu Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kiran Kumar Reddi
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Fengping Sun
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhong Yi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengqian Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Yao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuyi Xu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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mRNA m 6A plays opposite role in regulating UCP2 and PNPLA2 protein expression in adipocytes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1912-1924. [PMID: 29487348 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of mRNA plays an important role in regulating adipogenesis. However, its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. SUBJECTS/METHODS Using Jinhua and Landrace pigs as fat and lean models, we presented a comprehensive transcriptome-wide m6A profiling in adipose tissues from these two pig breeds. Two differentially methylated genes were selected to explore the mechanisms of m6A-mediated regulation of gene function. RESULTS The ratio of m6A/A in the layer of backfat (LB) was significantly higher in Landrace than that in Jinhua. Transcriptome-wide m6A profiling revealed that m6A modification on mRNA occurs in the conserved sequence motif of RRACH and that the pig transcriptome contains 0.53-0.91 peak per actively expressed transcript. The relative density of m6A peaks in the 3'UTR were higher than in 5'UTR. Genes with common m6A peaks from both Landrace (L-LB) and Jinhua (J-LB) were enriched in RNA splicing and cellular lipid metabolic process. The unique m6A peak genes (UMGs) from L-LB were mainly enriched in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and collagen catabolic process, whereas the UMGs from J-LB are mainly involved in RNA splicing, etc. Lipid metabolism processes were not significantly enriched in the UMGs from L-LB or J-LB. Uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) and patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2 (PNPLA2) were two of the UMGs in L-LB. Synonymous mutations (MUT) were conducted to reduce m6A level of UCP2 and PNPLA2 mRNAs. Adipogenesis test showed that UCP2-MUT further inhibited adipogenesis, while PNPLA2-MUT promoted lipid accumulation compared with UCP2-WT and PNPLA2-WT, respectively. Further study showed m6A negatively mediates UCP2 protein expression and positively mediates PNPLA2 protein expression. m6A modification affects the translation of PNPLA2 most likely through YTHDF1, whereas UCP2 is likely neither the target of YTHDF2 nor the target of YTHDF1. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated a conserved and yet dynamically regulated m6A methylome in pig transcriptomes and provided an important resource for studying the function of m6A epitranscriptomic modification in obesity development.
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Nicoletti CF, de Oliveira APRP, Brochado MJF, Pinhel MAS, de Oliveira BAP, Marchini JS, Dos Santos JE, Salgado W, Cury NM, de Araújo LF, Silva WA, Nonino CB. The Ala55Val and -866G>A polymorphisms of the UCP2 gene could be biomarkers for weight loss in patients who had Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Nutrition 2016; 33:326-330. [PMID: 27743836 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Ala55Val and -866G>A polymorphisms of the UCP2 gene are related to weight loss and changes in body composition after bariatric surgery performed by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). METHODS This longitudinal study enrolled obese patients submitted to RYGB. Data regarding weight (kg), body mass index (kg/m2), fat-free mass (FFM; kg), fat mass (kg), weight loss (kg and %), and percent excess weight loss were collected from both preoperative and 1-y postoperative medical records. Polymorphisms were genotyped by allelic discrimination using real-time polymerase chain reaction and TaqMan-predesigned single nucleotide polymorphism Genotyping Assay kits (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The t test was used to compare variables between genotypes of each polymorphism to analyze the dominant and recessive models. Linear regression models were used to adjust the effects of initial weight, age, and sex on the variation of weight and body composition (P < 0.05). RESULTS We analyzed 150 severely obese individuals (age 47.2 ± 10.5 y; 80% women). Genotype analysis showed a greater prevalence of heterozygous GA (41.3%) for -866G>A polymorphism and CT (39.3%) for Ala55Val polymorphism. Individuals who carried the T (CT+TT) and A (GA+AA) mutated alleles for Ala55Val and -866G>A, respectively, showed a higher weight and FFM loss. CONCLUSION The mutated alleles T for Ala55Val and A for -866G>A polymorphism could be biomarkers of weight loss 1 y after RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina F Nicoletti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria José F Brochado
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela A S Pinhel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno A P de Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio S Marchini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José E Dos Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Salgado
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Moreno Cury
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza Ferreira de Araújo
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson A Silva
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla B Nonino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Lim WC, Ho JN, Lee HS, Cho HY. Germinated Waxy Black Rice Suppresses Weight Gain in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. J Med Food 2016; 19:410-7. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Chul Lim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Jin-Nyoung Ho
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hee-Seop Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Hong-Yon Cho
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
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Donadelli M, Dando I, Fiorini C, Palmieri M. UCP2, a mitochondrial protein regulated at multiple levels. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1171-90. [PMID: 23807210 PMCID: PMC11114077 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An ever-increasing number of studies highlight the role of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes. The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of UCP2 regulation is becoming fundamental in both the comprehension of UCP2-related physiological events and the identification of novel therapeutic strategies based on UCP2 modulation. The study of UCP2 regulation is a fast-moving field. Recently, several research groups have made a great effort to thoroughly understand the various molecular mechanisms at the basis of UCP2 regulation. In this review, we describe novel findings concerning events that can occur in a concerted manner at various levels: Ucp2 gene mutation (single nucleotide polymorphisms), UCP2 mRNA and protein expression (transcriptional, translational, and protein turn-over regulation), UCP2 proton conductance (ligands and post-transcriptional modifications), and nutritional and pharmacological regulation of UCP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Donadelli
- Section of Biochemistry, Deparment of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy,
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Lu M, Zhao FF, Tang JJ, Su CJ, Fan Y, Ding JH, Bian JS, Hu G. The neuroprotection of hydrogen sulfide against MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration involves uncoupling protein 2 rather than ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:849-59. [PMID: 22360462 PMCID: PMC3392622 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), a novel gaseous mediator, has been recognized to protect neurons from overexcitation by enhancing the activity of the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channel. However, no direct evidence supports that the K-ATP channel contributes to the neuroprotective effect of H(2)S in neurodegeneration. Herein, wild-type and Kir6.2 knockout (Kir6.2(-/-)) mice were used to establish the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) so as to investigate the involvement of K-ATP channels in the neuroprotection of H(2)S. RESULTS Systemic administration of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) (an H(2)S donor, 5.6 mg/kg/day) for 7 days rescued MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantia nigra compacta of both Kir6.2(+/+) and Kir6.2(-/-) mice. Consistently, NaHS (100 μM) protected primary mesencephalic neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced cytotoxicity in both genotypes. We further found that deficiency of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), which reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and functions as upstream to the K-ATP channel in determining vulnerability of DA neurons, abolished the protective effects of H(2)S against either DA neuron degeneration in the PD mouse model or MPP(+)-induced injury in primary mesencephalic neurons. Rationally, UCP2 evokes mild uncoupling, which in turn diminishes ROS accumulation in DA neurons. Furthermore, H(2)S exerted neuroprotective effect via enhancing UCP2-mediated antioxidation and subsequently suppressing ROS-triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress as well as ultimately inhibiting caspase 12-induced neuronal apoptosis. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION H(2)S protects DA neurons against degeneration in a UCP2 rather than Kir6.2/K-ATP channel-dependent mechanism, which will give us an insight into the potential of H(2)S in terms of opening up new therapeutic avenues for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Rupprecht A, Bräuer AU, Smorodchenko A, Goyn J, Hilse KE, Shabalina IG, Infante-Duarte C, Pohl EE. Quantification of uncoupling protein 2 reveals its main expression in immune cells and selective up-regulation during T-cell proliferation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41406. [PMID: 22870219 PMCID: PMC3411681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein. Although the protein was discovered in 1997, its function and even its tissue distribution are still under debate. Here we present a quantitative analysis of mRNA and protein expression in various mice tissues, revealing that UCP2 is mainly expressed in organs and cells associated with the immune system. Although the UCP2 gene is present in the brain, as demonstrated using quantitative RT-PCR, the protein was not detectable in neurons under physiological conditions. Instead, we could detect UCP2 in microglia, which act in the immune defense of the central nervous system. In lymphocytes, activation led to a ten-fold increase of UCP2 protein expression simultaneously to the increase in levels of other mitochondrial proteins, whereas lymphocyte re-stimulation resulted in the selective increase of UCP2. The highest detected level of UCP2 expression in stimulated T-cells (0.54 ng/(µg total cellular protein)) was approximately 200 times lower than the level of UCP1 in brown adipose tissue from room temperature acclimated mice. Both the UCP2 expression pattern and the time course of up-regulation in stimulated T-cells imply UCP2’s involvement in the immune response, probably by controlling the metabolism during cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rupprecht
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja U. Bräuer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alina Smorodchenko
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Justus Goyn
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karolina E. Hilse
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena E. Pohl
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Ann JY, Lee MS, Joo HJ, Kim CT, Kim YH. Reduction of Body Weight by Capsaicin is Associated with Inhibition of Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity and Stimulation of Uncoupling Protein 2 mRNA Expression in Diet-induced Obese Rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2011.16.3.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Soh JR, Shin DH, Kwon DY, Cha YS. Effect of Cheonggukjang supplementation upon hepatic acyl-CoA synthase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, acyl-CoA oxidase and uncoupling protein 2 mRNA levels in C57BL/6J mice fed with high fat diet. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 2:365-9. [PMID: 18850232 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-007-0066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of Cheonggukjang on mRNA levels of hepatic acyl-CoA synthase (ACS), carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I), acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and on serum lipid profiles in C57BL/6J mice. Thirty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups; normal diet (ND), high fat diet (HD) and high fat diet with 40% Cheonggukjang (HDC). Energy intake was significantly higher in the HDC group than in the ND and HD groups. The HDC group normalized in weight gain, epididymal and back fat (g/100 g) accumulation which are increased by high fat diet. Serum concentrations of triglyceride and total cholesterol in the HDC were significantly lower than those in the HD group. These results were confirmed by hepatic mRNA expression of enzymes and protein (ACS, CPT-1, ACO, UCP2) which is related with lipid metabolism by RT-PCR. Hepatic CPT-I, ACO and UCP2 mRNA expression was increased by Cheonggukjang supplementation. We demonstrated that Cheonggukjang supplement leads to increased mRNA expressions of enzymes and protein involved in fatty acid oxidation in liver, reduced accumulation of body fat and improvement of serum lipids in high fat diet fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ryoun Soh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Dukjin-Dong 1-Ga, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
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Quinn LS, Anderson BG, Conner JD, Pistilli EE, Wolden-Hanson T. Overexpression of interleukin-15 in mice promotes resistance to diet-induced obesity, increased insulin sensitivity, and markers of oxidative skeletal muscle metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 3:29-42. [PMID: 28943758 PMCID: PMC5605924 DOI: 10.2147/ijicmr.s19007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine that is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. In addition to its well-characterized effects on innate immunity, IL-15 has been proposed to modulate skeletal muscle and adipose tissue mass, as well as insulin sensitivity. In the present study, an IL-15 gain-of-function model, transgenic mice with skeletal muscle-specific oversecretion of IL-15 (IL-15 Tg mice), was utilized to test the hypotheses that IL-15 promotes insulin sensitivity and resistance to diet-induced obesity (DIO) by increasing circulating adiponectin levels, and that IL-15 regulates skeletal muscle metabolism without inducing overt muscle hypertrophy. Compared to closely related control mice, IL-15 Tg mice exhibited lower total body fat following high-fat feeding, lower intra-abdominal fat following both low- and high-fat feeding, and greater insulin sensitivity. However, this was not accompanied by increased total or high molecular weight serum adiponectin levels in IL-15 Tg mice. While overall lean body mass did not differ, IL-15 Tg mice exhibited increased mass of the oxidative soleus muscle, and increased expression of mRNA encoding the slow isoform of troponin I (TnnI 1) in the predominately glycolytic extensor digitorum longus muscle. Skeletal muscle tissue from IL-15 Tg mice also exhibited alterations in the expression of several genes associated with fatty acid metabolism, such as SIRT1, SIRT4, and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). These findings suggest changes in oxidative metabolism, rather than induction of adiponectin expression, appear to be responsible for the DIO-resistant and more insulin-sensitive phenotype of IL-15 Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeBris S Quinn
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barbara G Anderson
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer D Conner
- Research Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emidio E Pistilli
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.,Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Tami Wolden-Hanson
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Research Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
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Tisdale PB, Seevaratnam N, Macdonald IA, Tsintzas K, Bennett AJ. Skeletal muscle metabolic gene expression is not affected by dichloroacetate-mediated modulation of substrate utilisation. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2011; 58:19-24. [PMID: 21304220 DOI: 10.1159/000322971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated whether changing fuel use, by increasing pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) flux, independently of plasma substrate availability and insulin signalling, would alter metabolic gene expression. METHODS The PDC activator, dichloroacetate (DCA), was administered as an intravenous infusion in healthy male subjects at a rate of 50 mg kg(-1) min(-1), for 90 min. Saline was infused as a control (CON) on a separate occasion in a randomised sequence. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis at 0 and 30 min into the infusion and 90 min after infusion. Gene expression was quantified using RT-qPCR, and immunoblotting was used to confirm that there were no changes in insulin signalling via the PI3K/Akt pathway. RESULTS Blood glucose concentrations fell during both trials but 3 h after the start of the infusion they were lower in DCA (p < 0.05) than CON. Blood lactate concentrations also declined in both trials (p < 0.01), however, this decrease was also more pronounced in DCA than CON (p < 0.001). Carbohydrate oxidation was increased by DCA, 0.037 ± 0.017 g min(-1) (p < 0.05) at 3 h with no change observed in CON. UCP3 and PGC1α mRNA expression were induced in CON (as a response to continued fasting) but this was attenuated by DCA. Akt phosphorylation and the expression of other metabolic genes and transcription factors were unchanged throughout the intervention. CONCLUSION It is concluded that PDC flux can be increased independently of plasma substrate availability, without causing downstream alterations to metabolic gene expression in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Tisdale
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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14
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Zhai JJ, Liu ZL, Li JM, Chen JP, Jiang L, Wang DM, Yuan J, Shen JG, Yang DP, Chen JQ. Different mechanisms of cis-9,trans-11- and trans-10,cis-12- conjugated linoleic acid affecting lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 cells. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21:1099-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Hsu YW, Chu DC, Ku PW, Liou TH, Chou P. Pharmacotherapy for Obesity: Past, Present and Future. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1878-3317(10)60019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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da Silva CJ, dos Santos JE, Satie Takahashi C. An evaluation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the anti-obesity drugs sibutramine and fenproporex. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 29:187-97. [PMID: 20051455 DOI: 10.1177/0960327109358732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-obesity medications deserve special considerations at the present time due to an increasing number of overweight and obese people who require these therapeutic alternatives. Obesity is positively associated with several chronic illnesses, including cancer. In this work, we evaluated the possible genotoxic and/or cytotoxic actions of two drugs, sibutramine and fenproporex, in the doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight (bw), administered intraperitoneally in male Swiss mice. The genotoxic effect was analyzed by comet assay and micronucleus test. We found that both drugs increased the frequency of genotoxic damage in Swiss mice, but did not present cytotoxic activities towards the polychromatic erythrocytes of the bone marrow of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano José da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil.
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17
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Jia JJ, Zhang X, Ge CR, Jois M. The polymorphisms of UCP2 and UCP3 genes associated with fat metabolism, obesity and diabetes. Obes Rev 2009; 10:519-26. [PMID: 19413708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) belong to the family of mitochondrial transporter proteins that may uncouple the transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane from electron transport and the synthesis of ATP from ADP, hence generating heat rather than energy. In mammals, more than five family members have been identified, including UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, UCP4 (or BMCP1/UCP5) and UCP5. The UCPs may play an important role in energy homeostasis and have become prominent in the fields of thermogenesis, obesity, diabetes and free-radical biology and have been considered candidate genes for obesity and insulin resistance. They have been as important potential targets for treatment of aging, degenerative diseases, diabetes and obesity. Recently, a series of studies showed the polymorphisms of UCPs gene association with the fat metabolism, obesity and diabetes. This review summarizes data supporting the roles of UCP2 and UCP3 in energy dissipation, as well as the genetic variety association with fat metabolism, obesity and diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-J Jia
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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18
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Chen HH, Lee WJ, Fann CSJ, Bouchard C, Pan WH. Severe obesity is associated with novel single nucleotide polymorphisms of the ESR1 and PPARgamma locus in Han Chinese. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:255-62. [PMID: 19491387 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.25914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of potential obesity loci have been reported. At least 18 genes have been replicated in a minimum of 5 studies on obesity-related phenotypes. Fourteen additional genes have been associated with obesity in Asians. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to examine how many common variants of these candidate genes are associated with severe obesity in Han Chinese and how they are combined to exert their effects. DESIGN In total, 304 severely obese patients [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) > or =39] and 304 control subjects (BMI < or = 24) participated in a 2-staged association study. Subsequently, 220 additional severely obese patients (BMI > or = 35) and 338 controls (BMI < or = 24) were recruited to replicate the results. All of the controls were age-, sex-, education- and residence-matched. Finally, a pooled analysis was carried out based on all 514 cases and 606 controls with complete information. RESULTS The first-stage association analysis in 94 cases and 94 controls found 18 potentially associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (P = 0.01-0.1). The significance of 3 novel common SNPs, 1 on ESR1 and 2 on PPARgamma, were confirmed in the second stage and replicated further with odds ratios ranging from 1.89 to 2.24. The combined effect of these 3 genes was stronger (odds ratio: 5.27; 95% CI: 2.25, 12.32) than that from any individual gene. CONCLUSIONS Severe obesity in Han Chinese was associated with 3 novel common SNPs for ESR1 and PPARgamma. These 2 genes collectively result in a >5-fold risk of severe obesity. This information may contribute to the assessment of risk of severe obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hung Chen
- Department of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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19
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Respondek F, Swanson KS, Belsito KR, Vester BM, Wagner A, Istasse L, Diez M. Short-chain fructooligosaccharides influence insulin sensitivity and gene expression of fat tissue in obese dogs. J Nutr 2008; 138:1712-8. [PMID: 18716174 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.9.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibers may modulate insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis in dogs. Their efficacy is, however, dependent on their origin, physical properties, and fermentability in the large bowel. Eight healthy Beagle dogs were fed a commercial diet at twice their maintenance requirements until they became obese. They were then maintained in the obese state and used in a cross-over design study to evaluate the effects of short-chain fructooligosaccharide (scFOS) supplementation (1% wt:wt dry matter in the diet). The euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique was performed before and after fattening and at the end of each 6-wk cross-over period. Fat tissue biopsies were taken in food-deprived and postprandial phases to measure mRNA abundance of genes involved with fatty acid, glucose metabolism, or inflammation. Insulin resistance appeared progressively with fattening and the rate of glucose infusion during euglycemic clamp was lower (P < 0.05) at the end of the fattening period (7.39 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)) than at baseline (21.21 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)). In stable obese dogs, scFOS increased (P < 0.05) the rate of glucose infusion compared with control (7.77 vs. 4.72 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)). Plasma insulin and triglyceride concentrations were greater in obese than in lean dogs but were not altered by scFOS. Whereas mRNA was not affected in food-deprived dogs, scFOS increased uncoupling protein 2 (P = 0.05) and tended to increase carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 adipose mRNA levels during the postprandial period (P = 0.09). Adding 1% scFOS to the diet of obese dogs decreases insulin resistance and appears to modulate the transcription of genes involved in fatty acid or glucose metabolism.
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20
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Ochoa MC, Santos JL, Azcona C, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Martínez-González MA, Martínez JA, Marti A. Association between obesity and insulin resistance with UCP2-UCP3 gene variants in Spanish children and adolescents. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 92:351-8. [PMID: 17870627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have yielded controversial results on the association between polymorphisms in UCP2 and UCP3 genes with obesity and its comorbidities. The discrepancy among studies might be partially explained by the lack of consideration of the effect of adjacent loci in the same haplotype and the exclusion of key lifestyle factors in the statistical analysis. In this study, we have assessed the association between three genetic variants of the UCP2-UCP3 gene cluster, the -866G/A (rs659366) and the 45bp insertion (in position 173247 of the AC019121) of the UCP2 gene, the -55C/T (rs1800849) polymorphism of the UCP3 gene and their estimated haplotypes with childhood obesity and insulin resistance. This research was designed as a case-control study and information about several environmental parameters such as leisure time physical activity and time spent watching television were included. The study sample consisted in 193 obese children and adolescents (cases) and 170 controls aged 6-18. We found that the individual polymorphisms were not associated with obesity, but the (-866G; rs659366)-(Del; 45bp)-(-55T; rs1800849) haplotype was significantly associated with obesity and its presence in the control group increased about nine times the insulin resistance risk. Thus, the (-866A; rs659366)-(Ins; 45bp)-(-55C; rs1800849) haplotype may protect against insulin resistance in the obese population group.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Ochoa
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, C/Irunlarrea s/n, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
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21
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Chen HH, Lee WJ, Wang W, Huang MT, Lee YC, Pan WH. Ala55Val Polymorphism on UCP2 Gene Predicts Greater Weight Loss in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Gastric Banding. Obes Surg 2007; 17:926-33. [PMID: 17894153 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-007-9171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variability in weight loss has been observed from morbidly obese patients receiving bariatric operations. Genetic effects may play a crucial role in this variability. METHODS 304 morbidly obese patients (BMI > or =39) were recruited, 77 receiving laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) and 227 laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass (LMGB), and 304 matched non-obese controls (BMI < or =24). Initially, all subjects were genotyped for 4 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) on UCP2 gene in a case-control study. The SNPs significantly associated with morbid obesity (P < 0.05) were considered as candidate markers affecting weight change. Subsequently, effects on predicting weight loss of those candidate markers were explored in LAGB and LMGB, respectively. The peri-operative parameters were also compared between LAGB and LMGB. RESULTS The rs660339 (Ala55Val), on exon 4, was associated with morbid obesity (P = 0.049). Morbidly obese patients with either TT or CT genotypes on rs660339 experienced greater weight loss compared to patients with CC after LAGB at 12 months (BMI loss 12.2 units vs 8.1 units) and 24 months (BMI loss 13.1 units vs 9.3 units). However, this phenomenon was not observed in patients after LMGB. Although greater weight loss was observed in patients receiving LMGB, this procedure had a higher operative complication rate than LAGB (7.5% vs. 2.8%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Ala55Val may play a crucial role in obesity development and weight loss after LAGB. It may be considered as clinicians incorporate genetic susceptibility testing into weight loss prediction prior to bariatric operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hung Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, ROC
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Abstract
The single-electron chemistry of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (ox-phos) by default generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS have roles in both physiologic cell signaling and numerous pathologic situations. One factor that has the potential to regulate ROS generation is the mild uncoupling of ox-phos, i.e., proton (H(+)) leak across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Proton leak has been shown to decrease ROS generation, whereas ROS have been shown to induce H(+) leak, and this suggests the existence of a feedback loop between ROS and H(+) leak. Interestingly, although H(+) leak is detrimental to ATP synthesis, it has been shown to be cytoprotective in several models of ischemic injury. Herein the molecular basis of both ROS generation and H(+) leak will be reviewed and the consequences of their interaction for mitochondrial function discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Brookes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester, Medical Center Box 604, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Dulloo AG, Seydoux J, Jacquet J. Adaptive thermogenesis and uncoupling proteins: a reappraisal of their roles in fat metabolism and energy balance. Physiol Behav 2004; 83:587-602. [PMID: 15621064 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
After decades of controversies about the quantitative importance of autoregulatory adjustments in energy expenditure in weight regulation, there is now increasing recognition that even subtle variations in thermogenesis could, in dynamic systems and over the long term, be important in determining weight maintenance in some and obesity in others. The main challenge nowadays is to provide a mechanistic explanation for the role of adaptive thermogenesis in attenuating and correcting deviations of body weight and body composition, and in the identification of molecular mechanisms that constitute its effector systems. This workshop paper reconsiders what constitutes adaptive changes in thermogenesis and reassesses the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and uncoupling proteins (UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, UCP5/BMCP1) as the efferent and effector components of the classical one-control system for adaptive thermogenesis and fat oxidation. It then reviews the evidence suggesting that there are in fact two distinct control systems for adaptive thermogenesis, the biological significance of which is to satisfy--in a lifestyle of famine-and-feast--the needs to suppress thermogenesis for energy conservation during weight loss and weight recovery even under environmental stresses (e.g., cold, infection, nutrient imbalance) when sympathetic activation of thermogenesis has equally important survival value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul G Dulloo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Rue du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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