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Wang H, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Liu J, Hong L. β-Sitosterol as a Promising Anticancer Agent for Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy: Mechanisms of Action and Future Prospects. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1085-1110. [PMID: 37247842 PMCID: PMC10509430 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the primary causes of death worldwide, and its incidence continues to increase yearly. Despite significant advances in research, the search for effective and nontoxic preventive and therapeutic agents remains greatly important. Cancer is a multimodal disease, where various mechanisms play significant roles in its occurrence and progression. This highlights the need for multitargeted approaches that are not only safe and inexpensive but also provide effective alternatives for current therapeutic regimens. β-Sitosterol (SIT), the most abundant phytosterol found in various plant foods, represents such an option. Preclinical evidence over the past few decades has overwhelmingly shown that SIT exhibits multiple anticancer activities against varied cancers, such as liver, cervical, colon, stomach, breast, lung, pancreatic, and prostate cancers, in addition to leukemia, multiple myeloma, melanoma, and fibrosarcoma. In this article, we present the latest advances and perspectives on SIT-systematically summarizing its antitumor mechanisms of action into 7 main sections and combining current challenges and prospects-for its use as a promising agent for cancer prevention and treatment. In particular, SIT plays a role in cancer prevention and treatment mainly by enhancing apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest, bidirectionally regulating oxidative stress, improving metabolic reprogramming, inhibiting invasion and metastasis, modulating immunity and inflammation, and combating drug resistance. Although SIT holds such great promise, the poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability coupled with low targeting efficacy limit its therapeutic efficacy and clinical application. Further research on novel drug delivery systems may improve these deficiencies. Overall, through complex and pleiotropic mechanisms, SIT has good potential for tumor chemoprevention and chemotherapy. However, no clinical trials have yet proven this potential. This review provides theoretical basis and rationality for the further design and conduct of clinical trials to confirm the anticancer activity of SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Effect of Sphingomyelinase-Treated LDLs on HUVECs. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052100. [PMID: 36903354 PMCID: PMC10004656 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) exert a key role in the transport of esterified cholesterol to tissues. Among the atherogenic modifications of LDLs, the oxidative modification has been mainly investigated as a major risk factor for accelerating atherogenesis. Since LDL sphingolipids are also emerging as important regulators of the atherogenic process, increasing attention is devoted to the effects of sphingomyelinase (SMase) on LDL structural and atherogenic properties. The aims of the study were to investigate the effect of SMase treatment on the physical-chemical properties of LDLs. Moreover, we evaluated cell viability, apoptosis, and oxidative and inflammatory status in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with either ox-LDLs or SMase-treated LDLs (SMase-LDLs). Both treatments were associated with the accrual of the intracellular ROS and upregulation of the antioxidant Paraoxonase 2 (PON2), while only SMase-LDLs induced an increase of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), suggesting the activation of a feedback loop to restrain the detrimental effects of ROS. The increased caspase-3 activity and reduced viability observed in cells treated with SMase-LDLs and ox-LDLs suggest a pro-apoptotic effect of these modified lipoproteins on endothelial cells. Moreover, a strong proinflammatory effect of SMase-LDLs compared to ox-LDLs was confirmed by an increased activation of NF-κB and consequent increased expression of its downstream cytokines IL-8 and IL-6 in HUVECs.
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Acosta-Estrada BA, Reyes A, Rosell CM, Rodrigo D, Ibarra-Herrera CC. Benefits and Challenges in the Incorporation of Insects in Food Products. Front Nutr 2021; 8:687712. [PMID: 34277684 PMCID: PMC8277915 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.687712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible insects are being accepted by a growing number of consumers in recent years not only as a snack but also as a side dish or an ingredient to produce other foods. Most of the edible insects belong to one of these groups of insects such as caterpillars, butterflies, moths, wasps, beetles, crickets, grasshoppers, bees, and ants. Insect properties are analyzed and reported in the articles reviewed here, and one common feature is nutrimental content, which is one of the most important characteristics mentioned, especially proteins, lipids, fiber, and minerals. On the other hand, insects can be used as a substitute for flour of cereals for the enrichment of snacks because of their high content of proteins, lipids, and fiber. Technological properties are not altered when these insects-derived ingredients are added and sensorial analysis is satisfactory, and only in some cases, change in color takes place. Insects can be used as substitute ingredients in meat products; the products obtained have higher mineral content than traditional ones, and some texture properties (like elasticity) can be improved. In extruded products, insects are an alternative source of proteins to feed livestock, showing desirable characteristics. Isolates of proteins of insects have demonstrated bioactive activity, and these can be used to improve food formulations. Bioactive compounds, as antioxidant agents, insulin regulators, and anti-inflammatory peptides, are high-value products that can be obtained from insects. Fatty acids that play a significant role in human health and lipids from insects have showed positive impacts on coronary disease, inflammation, and cancer. Insects can be a vector for foodborne microbial contamination, but the application of good manufacturing practices and effective preservation techniques jointly with the development of appropriate safety regulations will decrease the appearance of such risks. However, allergens presented in some insects are a hazard that must be analyzed and taken into account. Despite all the favorable health-promoting characteristics present in insects and insects-derived ingredients, willingness to consume them has yet to be generalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz A. Acosta-Estrada
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Alicia Reyes
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Cristina M. Rosell
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Celeste C. Ibarra-Herrera
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Puebla, Mexico
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Akinloye OA, Akinloye DI, Onigbinde SB, Metibemu DS. Phytosterols demonstrate selective inhibition of COX-2: In-vivo and in-silico studies of Nicotiana tabacum. Bioorg Chem 2020; 102:104037. [PMID: 32707278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme by Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exposes the gastrointestinal mucosa to peptic injuries. Selective inhibition of COX-2 generates surpassing anti-inflammatory drug candidates with reduced side effects over current NSAIDs. Phytosterols consumption is reported to decrease the risk of cardiovascular problems. Reports on the selective inhibition of COX-2 by phytosterols are scarce. The present study assesses the anti-inflammatory potentials of phytosterols from Nicotiana tabacum (of the family Solanaceae) through selective inhibition of COX-1 and/or COX-2. Virtual High Throughput Screening (vHTS) and Molecular Docking of phytochemicals from Nicotiana tabacum against the catalytic pockets of COX-1 and COX-2 were used to identify the lead bioactive(s) components of the plant. The hit phytosterols were isolated, histopathological examination of the stomach, in-vivo COX-1/COX-2 mRNAs expression patterns in the liver through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions, and enzymes activities of Nicotiana tabacum phytosterol isolates (NTPI) in HCl/ethanol-induced inflammation in Wistar rats were all investigated. Formation of hydrogen bonds favour selective inhibition of COX-2 while hydrophobic interactions favour selective inhibition of COX-1. NTPI demonstrates inhibition of COX-2 by down-regulate the expression of COX-2 mRNA and were ineffective against the expression COX-1 mRNA. NTPI demonstrates hepatoprotective abilities by improving the antioxidant defense system of the liver. Histopathological analyses show NTPI at 50 mg/kg bodyweight regenerates the parietal cells and maintain the gastrointestinal architecture. Drug likeness prediction and ADME toxicity screening show that phytosterols possess good oral bioavailability with no side effects. Phytosterols are selective inhibitors of COX-2, they are hepatoprotective, regenerate parietal cells, and non-toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Adeboye Akinloye
- Department of Biochemistry, Phytomedicine, Phyto-chemistry and Bio-computing Research Laboratory, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - D Ibukun Akinloye
- Department of Biochemistry, Phytomedicine, Phyto-chemistry and Bio-computing Research Laboratory, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - S Bamidele Onigbinde
- Department of Biochemistry, Phytomedicine, Phyto-chemistry and Bio-computing Research Laboratory, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - D Samuel Metibemu
- Department of Biochemistry, Phytomedicine, Phyto-chemistry and Bio-computing Research Laboratory, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.
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Tata CM, Ndinteh D, Nkeh-Chungag BN, Oyedeji OO, Sewani-Rusike CR. Fractionation and bioassay-guided isolation of antihypertensive components of Senecio serratuloides. COGENT MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2020.1716447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Mungho Tata
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University Mthatha 5117 South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Derek Ndinteh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | | | - Opeopluwa Oyehan Oyedeji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare PBX1314 Alice Eastern Cape Province 5700 South Africa
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Zhang J, Yan J. Protective Effect of Ginkgolic Acid in Attenuating LDL Induced Inflammation Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells via Altering the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1241. [PMID: 31780924 PMCID: PMC6856219 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is considered as the significant maker of inflammatory reaction. ox-LDL was reported to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). In the current study, we scrutinize the suppressive effect of ginkgolic acid against ox-LDL induced an oxidative and inflammatory response in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (nPBMCs) and explore the mechanism of action. HMEC-1 cells are treated with ox-LDL in the presence of different concentration of ginkgolic acid. MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was performed for the estimation of cell viability effect. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines, and NF-κB activity are also estimated. For the hPBMCs assay, the cells were isolated from the healthy volunteers and cultured. The cells were further divided into different group and received the ginkgolic acid. Additionally, ROS, inflammatory marker such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), lipoxygenase (LOX), nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase (COX) protein expression, and mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) were estimated in the ox-LDL treated group. The result exhibited that ginkgolic acid treatment induced the cell viability boosting in ox-LDL treatment and intracellular ROS significantly decreased by ginkgolic acid. Pro-inflammatory cytokines also downregulated via ginkgolic acid. Moreover, ginkgolic acid reduced the ox-LDL-induced NF-κB. The mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and VCAM-1 considerably increased in the ox-LDL treated group and ginkgolic acid significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression. An inflammatory marker such as PGE2, LOX, and NO were increased in the ox-LDL treated group and ginkgolic acid treated group exhibited the reduction of an inflammatory marker. Based on the result, we can conclude that ginkgolic acid significantly reduced and reversed the ox-LDL-induced modulation, suggesting its anti-inflammatory effect via the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jifeng Yan
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Central China Fuwai Hospital of ZhengZhou University, ZhengZhou, China
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Silva DIS, Silva NC, Mendes LG, Barrozo MAS. Effects of thick-layer drying on the bioactive compounds of acerola residues. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neiton C. Silva
- Chemical Engineering School; Federal University of Uberlândia; Uberlândia Brazil
| | - Lorena G. Mendes
- Chemical Engineering School; Federal University of Uberlândia; Uberlândia Brazil
| | - Marcos A. S. Barrozo
- Chemical Engineering School; Federal University of Uberlândia; Uberlândia Brazil
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MS U, Ferdosh S, Haque Akanda MJ, Ghafoor K, A.H. R, Ali ME, Kamaruzzaman BY, M. B. F, S. H, Shaarani S, Islam Sarker MZ. Techniques for the extraction of phytosterols and their benefits in human health: a review. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1454472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uddin MS
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Sahena Ferdosh
- Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Md. Jahurul Haque Akanda
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Kashif Ghafoor
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rukshana A.H.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Foy’s Lake, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Eaqub Ali
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NanoCat), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - B. Y. Kamaruzzaman
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Fauzi M. B.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology & Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences, Cyberjaya, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Hadijah S.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Sharifudin Shaarani
- Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Hsu CC, Kuo HC, Huang KE. The Effects of Phytosterols Extracted from Diascorea alata on the Antioxidant Activity, Plasma Lipids, and Hematological Profiles in Taiwanese Menopausal Women. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121320. [PMID: 29206136 PMCID: PMC5748770 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of phytosterols extracted from Diascorea alata on antioxidant activities, plasma lipids and hematological profiles was assessed in postmenopausal women. Gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometry was employed to determine the steroid content of Taiwanese yam (Diascorea alata cv. Tainung No. 2). A two-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical investigation on 50 postmenopausal women randomly assigned to two groups treated for 12 months with placebo or two sachets daily of Diascorea extracts containing 12 mg/dose was carried out. The main outcome measures were the plasma antioxidant activities, hematological profiles, and the concentrations of plasma lipids, including cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein,, and apolipoprotein A1 and B. A one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was performed to investigate the significance. Beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, 22-23-dihydro-, and γ-sitosterol were major phytosterols determined from Diascorea extracts. At six months in those receiving Diascorea, there were significantly decreased leukocyte counts (p < 0.01) and improvement on antioxidant activity of malondialdehyde (p < 0.001). After 12 months’ treatment, elevations of hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume (p < 0.01) were noted in those receiving Diascorea. Moreover, the low dose Diascorea consumption in menopausal women for one year generally did not present positive effects on lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chin Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Chih Kuo
- Department of Health Management, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan.
| | - Ko-En Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung University School of Medicine and Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
- San an Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, 177 Meisu East 2nd Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
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Ho XL, Liu JJH, Loke WM. Plant sterol-enriched soy milk consumption modulates 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, and myeloperoxidase activities in healthy adults - a randomized-controlled trial. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:1396-1407. [PMID: 27776459 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1252839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled and crossover study was conducted to simultaneously measure the effects, after 3-h and 4-week daily exposure to plant sterols-enriched food product, on inflammation, oxidative status, 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, and myeloperoxidase activities in healthy adults. Eighteen healthy participants (67% female, 35.3 (mean) ± 9.5 (SD) years, mean body mass index 22.8 kg m-2) received two soy milk (20g) treatments daily: placebo and one containing 2.0 g free plant sterols equivalent of their palmitates (β-sitosterol, 55%; campesterol, 29%; stigmasterol, 23%). F2-isoprostanes, leukotriene B4, sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol concentrations were measured in the blood plasma and urine, using stable isotope-labeled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. High-sensitivity c-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, and lipoxin A4 concentrations in blood serum were measured using commercially available enzyme immunoassays. Myeloperoxidase activity, serum lipid hydroperoxides, plasma and urinary F2-isoprostanes, plasma and urinary leukotriene B4, and plasma high-sensitivity c-reactive protein concentrations were significantly reduced, while circulating lipoxin A4 concentrations were significantly elevated after 4-week plant sterols treatment. Plant sterols treatment decreased plasma leukotriene B4 and increased plasma lipoxin A4 concentrations acutely. Total plant sterols, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol concentrations were significantly elevated after 4-week treatments compared with the pre-treatment concentrations. Our results suggest that dietary plant sterols, in the combination used, can alleviate lipid peroxidation and inflammatory events in vivo. These effects are possibly exerted via the modulation of myeloperoxidase, 5-lipoxygenase, and 12-lipoxygenase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lin Ho
- a Centre for Functional Foods & Human Nutrition, School of Chemical & Life Sciences , Nanyang Polytechnic , Singapore, Singapore.,b Food Science & Nutrition Group, School of Chemical & Life Sciences , Nanyang Polytechnic , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Jia He Liu
- b Food Science & Nutrition Group, School of Chemical & Life Sciences , Nanyang Polytechnic , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Mun Loke
- a Centre for Functional Foods & Human Nutrition, School of Chemical & Life Sciences , Nanyang Polytechnic , Singapore, Singapore.,b Food Science & Nutrition Group, School of Chemical & Life Sciences , Nanyang Polytechnic , Singapore, Singapore
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Dziedzic K, Szwengiel A, Górecka D, Rudzińska M, Korczak J, Walkowiak J. The effect of processing on the phytosterol content in buckwheat groats and by-products. J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Uddin MS, Sarker MZI, Ferdosh S, Akanda MJH, Easmin MS, Bt Shamsudin SH, Bin Yunus K. Phytosterols and their extraction from various plant matrices using supercritical carbon dioxide: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1385-1394. [PMID: 25048690 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols provide important health benefits: in particular, the lowering of cholesterol. From environmental and commercial points of view, the most appropriate technique has been searched for extracting phytosterols from plant matrices. As a green technology, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using carbon dioxide (CO2) is widely used to extract bioactive compounds from different plant matrices. Several studies have been performed to extract phytosterols using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) and this technology has clearly offered potential advantages over conventional extraction methods. However, the efficiency of SFE technology fully relies on the processing parameters, chemistry of interest compounds, nature of the plant matrices and expertise of handling. This review covers SFE technology with particular reference to phytosterol extraction using SC-CO2. Moreover, the chemistry of phytosterols, properties of supercritical fluids (SFs) and the applied experimental designs have been discussed for better understanding of phytosterol solubility in SC-CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Salim Uddin
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Campus, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
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13
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Singh R, Sharma J, Goyal PK. Prophylactic Role of Averrhoa carambola (Star Fruit) Extract against Chemically Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Swiss Albino Mice. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2014; 2014:158936. [PMID: 24696677 PMCID: PMC3950398 DOI: 10.1155/2014/158936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer remains one of the severe lethal malignancies worldwide and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form. The current study was designed to evaluate the prophylactic role of the fruit of Averrhoa carambola (star fruit or Kamrak) on diethylnitrosamine- (DENA-) induced (15 mg/kg b.wt.; single i.p. injection) and CCl4-promoted (1.6 g/kg b.wt. in corn oil thrice a week for 24 weeks) liver cancer in Swiss albino mice. Administration of ACE was made orally at a dose of 25 mg/kg b.wt/day for 5 consecutive days and it was withdrawn 48 hrs before the first administration of DENA (preinitiational stage). CCl4 was given after 2 weeks of DENA administration. A cent percent tumor incidence was noted in carcinogen treated animals while ACE administration resulted in a considerable reduction in tumor incidence, tumor yield, and tumor burden. Further, ACE treatment brings out a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001) along with an elevation in the activities of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, P < 0.001, and catalase, P < 0.001), nonenzymatic antioxidant (reduced glutathione, P < 0.001), and total proteins (P < 0.001) when compared to the carcinogen treated control. These results demonstrate that ACE prevents the DENA/CCl4 induced adverse physical and biochemical alterations during hepatic carcinogenesis in mice. This study suggests the prophylactic role of Averrhoa carambola against hepatocellular carcinoma in mice; therefore, it could be employed for the further screening as a good chemopreventive natural supplement against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Singh
- Radiation & Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302 004, India
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Radiation & Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302 004, India
| | - P. K. Goyal
- Radiation & Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302 004, India
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Llaverias G, Escolà-Gil JC, Lerma E, Julve J, Pons C, Cabré A, Cofán M, Ros E, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Blanco-Vaca F. Phytosterols inhibit the tumor growth and lipoprotein oxidizability induced by a high-fat diet in mice with inherited breast cancer. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Maki KC, Lawless AL, Reeves MS, Kelley KM, Dicklin MR, Jenks BH, Shneyvas E, Brooks JR. Lipid effects of a dietary supplement softgel capsule containing plant sterols/stanols in primary hypercholesterolemia. Nutrition 2013; 29:96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kim MS, Kim DS, Kim HS, Kang SW, Kang YH. Inhibitory effects of luteolin on transendothelial migration of monocytes and formation of lipid-laden macrophages. Nutrition 2012; 28:1044-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Phytosterols, phytostanols and their esters: from natural to functional foods. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12349-010-0049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Gorinstein S, Leontowicz H, Leontowicz M, Jesion I, Namiesnik J, Drzewiecki J, Park YS, Ham KS, Giordani E, Trakhtenberg S. Influence of two cultivars of persimmon on atherosclerosis indices in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets: Investigation in vitro and in vivo. Nutrition 2010; 27:838-46. [PMID: 21167683 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the influence of two persimmon cultivars on some atherosclerosis indices in rats fed cholesterol (Chol)-containing diets. METHODS Persimmon cultivars "Fuyu" and "Jiro" as supplementation to rats' diets were investigated in vitro to compare the contents of their bioactive compounds (polyphenols, flavonoids, flavanols, tannins, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid) and antioxidant potentials. In the in vivo investigation, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six diet groups, each with six rats: control, control/Fuyu, control/Jiro, Chol, Chol/Fuyu, and Chol/Jiro. During a period of 47 d (42 d of feeding and 5-d adaptation before the experiment) of the trial, rats in the control group were fed a basal diet and two additional control groups (control/Fuyu and control/Jiro) a basal diet plus 5% of lyophilized Fuyu and Jiro, respectively. The Chol, Chol/Fuyu, and Chol/Jiro rat groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 1% Chol (Chol group) and 1% Chol plus 5% lyophilized Fuyu (Chol/Fuyu group) and plus 5% lyophilized Jiro (Chol/Jiro group), respectively. After completion of the experiment, the rats were anesthetized using Narcotan (halothane) and sacrificed and the atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta were assessed. The obtained results of the investigation of all six groups were compared. Testing of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol in the liver, electrophoretic patterns of liver tissue, and three-dimensional fluorescence of serum protein fractions was performed. RESULTS The polyphenols and tannins were significantly higher in the Fuyu cultivar (P<0.05). The antioxidant potential of persimmon Fuyu was higher than in the Jiro cultivar, but the difference was significant only according to the 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay (P<0.05). Supplementation of diets with 5% of the lyophilized Fuyu and Jiro hindered the increase in plasma lipids versus the Chol group (total cholesterol 19.4% and 9.5%, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 25.6% and 13.1%, respectively, P<0.05) and hindered the decrease in plasma antioxidant activity versus the Chol group by 40.0% and 16.8% and by 39.6% and 11.3% for the ABTS and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assays, respectively. The atherosclerotic lesions in the aortas of the Chol/Fuyu and Chol/Jiro groups were significantly less than in the Chol group (P<0.05). Electrophoresis of the proteins from rats' liver tissue showed changes in 14-kDa bands after persimmon supplementation. A shift in maximum wavelengths in three-dimensional fluorescence of serum protein fractions after persimmon supplementation was found in comparison with the control group and an increase in fluorescence intensity compared with the Chol groups. CONCLUSION The contents of polyphenols and tannins were significantly higher in the Fuyu cultivar (P<0.05). The antioxidant potentials of Fuyu were higher than those of the Jiro cultivar, but the difference was significant only according to the ABTS assay (P<0.05). Supplementation of 5% lyophilized Fuyu and Jiro to diets of rats fed Chol-containing diets 1) hindered the increase in plasma lipids levels and the decrease in plasma antioxidant activity and 2) significantly decreased the atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta (P<0.05). Electrophoretic patterns of liver tissue and fluorescence spectra can be used as additional biomarkers for determination of atherosclerosis indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shela Gorinstein
- The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, Jerusalem, Israel.
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