Vitamin D-restricted high-fat diet down-regulates expression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase isozymes in ovariectomized rats

Protective Properties of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Supplementation on the Intestinal Barrier: Interactions and Effects

The intestinal barrier is critical for maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and its dysfunction is associated with various diseases. Recent findings have revealed the multifunctional role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) in diverse biological processes, including gut health maintenance and function. This review summarizes the protective effects of IAP on intestinal barrier integrity, encompassing the physical, chemical, microbial, and immune barriers. We discuss the results and insights from in vitro, animal model, and clinical studies as well as the available evidence regarding the impact of diet on IAP activity and expression. IAP can also be used as an indicator to assess intestinal-barrier-related diseases. Further research into the mechanisms of action and long-term health effects of IAP in maintaining overall intestinal health is essential for its future use as a dietary supplement or functional component in medical foods.

Vitamin D restriction and/or a high-fat diet influence intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity and serum endotoxin concentration, increasing the risk of metabolic endotoxemia in rats

Vitamin D insufficiency induces calcification disorder of bone or a decrease in bone mineral density, increasing the risk of fracture. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, a differentiation marker for intestinal epithelial cells, is regulated by vitamin D. It has also been suggested that ALP may prevent metabolic endotoxemia by dephosphorylating lipopolysaccharide. We hypothesized that vitamin D restriction and/or a high-fat diet influences ALP activity in each tissue and serum lipopolysaccharide concentrations and increases the risk of metabolic endotoxemia. Eleven-week-old female rats were divided into 4 groups: basic control diet (Cont.), basic control diet with vitamin D restriction (DR), high-fat diet (HF), and high-fat diet with vitamin D restriction (DRHF) groups. They were acclimated for 28 days. The results of 2-way analysis of variance showed that intestinal ALP activity, which may contribute to an improvement in phosphate/lipid metabolism and longevity, in the high-fat diet groups (HF and DRHF) was higher than in the low-fat diet groups (Cont. and DR). ALP activity in the vitamin D-restricted groups (DR and DRHF) was lower than in the vitamin D-sufficient groups (Cont. and HF). Furthermore, serum endotoxin concentrations were significantly higher in the high-fat diet groups (HF and DRHF) than in the low-fat diet groups (Cont. and DR). In the vitamin D-restricted groups (DR and DRHF), serum endotoxin concentrations were also significantly higher than in the vitamin D-sufficient groups (Cont. and HF). These results suggest that vitamin D restriction and/or a high-fat diet increases the risk of metabolic endotoxemia.

Effect of Medicago sativa compared To 17β-oestradiol on osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice

Phytoestrogens, with a wide range of beneficial effects, prevent bone loss caused by oestrogen deficiency.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Medicago sativa ethanol extract compared to 17β-oestradiol on osteoporosis in ovariectomized mice.The study was carried out on female mice, divided into five groups: control mice (GI), Medicago sativa treated mice (0.75 g/kg BW/day) (GII), ovariectomized mice (GIII) and ovariectomized mice treated either with Medicago sativa (GIV) or with 17β-oestradiol (50 µg/Kg BW/day) (GV).Our results showed that Medicago sativa or 17β-oestradiol treatments significantly attenuated perturbations of mineral levels, histological changes and oxidative stress in the femurs of ovariectomized mice.Medicago sativa prevented bone loss induced by oestrogen deficiency, which could be attributed to its richness in kaempferol, syringic acid, naringenin and myrictin. Its effects were more beneficial or similar compared to 17β-oestradiol.

Protective Effect of Alkaline Phosphatase Supplementation on Infant Health

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is abundant in raw milk. Because of its high heat resistance, ALP negative is used as an indicator of successful sterilization. However, pasteurized milk loses its immune protection against allergy. Clinically, ALP is also used as an indicator of organ diseases. When the activity of ALP in blood increases, it is considered that diseases occur in viscera and organs. Oral administration or injecting ALP will not cause harm to the body and has a variety of probiotic effects. For infants with low immunity, ALP intake is a good prebiotic for protecting the infant’s intestine from potential pathogenic bacteria. In addition, ALP has a variety of probiotic effects for any age group, including prevention and treatment intestinal diseases, allergies, hepatitis, acute kidney injury (AKI), diabetes, and even the prevention of aging. The prebiotic effects of alkaline phosphatase on the health of infants and consumers and the content of ALP in different mammalian raw milk are summarized. The review calls on consumers and manufacturers to pay more attention to ALP, especially for infants with incomplete immune development. ALP supplementation is conducive to the healthy growth of infants.

Role of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase in Innate Immunity

Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is a multi-functional protein that has been demonstrated to primarily protect the gut. The role of IAP in maintaining intestinal homeostasis is underscored by the observation that IAP expression is defective in many gastrointestinal-related disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease IBD, necrotizing enterocolitis, and metabolic syndrome and that exogenous IAP supplementation improves the outcomes associated with these disorders. Additionally, studies using transgenic IAP-knock out (IAP-KO) mouse models further support the importance of the defensive role of IAP in the intestine. Supplementation of exogenous IAP and cellular overexpression of IAP have also been used in vitro to dissect out the downstream mechanisms of this protein in mammalian cell lines. Some of the innate immune functions of IAP include lipopolysaccharide (LPS) detoxification, protection of gut barrier integrity, regulation of gut microbial communities and its anti-inflammatory roles. A novel function of IAP recently identified is the induction of autophagy. Due to its critical role in the gut physiology and its excellent safety profile, IAP has been used in phase 2a clinical trials for treating conditions such as sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Many excellent reviews discuss the role of IAP in physiology and pathophysiology and here we extend these to include recent updates on this important host defense protein and discuss its role in innate immunity via its effects on bacteria as well as on host cells. We will also discuss the relationship between IAP and autophagy and how these two pathways may act in concert to protect the gut.

The parp-1 and bax genes as potential targets for treatment of the heart functioning impairments induced by type 1 diabetes mellitus

Objectives. The present study was designed to assess whether apoptosis-related genes as parp-1 and bax could be targets for treatment of diabetes mellitus and whether vitamin D may exert beneficial effects. Methods. Vitamin D₃ treatment for 4 weeks, starting after 4 weeks of the diabetes duration. The expression of parp-1 and bax genes was estimated on mRNA levels using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results. After 8 weeks, diabetic rats had weight loss, while blood glucose was increased about 4.9-fold compared to control group. Vitamin D₃ administration to diabetic animals had no effect on these parameters. It was found that total serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly elevated in diabetic rats as compared to control animals and was restored by vitamin D₃. Diabetes was accompanied by reduction of nicotinamidadenindinucleotide, a substrate of poly-ADP-ribosylation, level by 31.7% as compared to control rats, which was not reversed in response to vitamin D₃ treatment. In diabetic hearts, the mRNA expression level of parp-1 gene was 2.8-fold higher compared to control rats and partially decreased by vitamin D3 treatment. Less significant alterations were observed in diabetic hearts for the mRNA expression level of bax gene that was 2.0-fold higher compared to control animals and vitamin D₃ normalized it. These results indicate that cardiomyocytes have a tendency to apoptosis. Conclusions. The findings suggest that investigated genes can be targets at the transcriptional level for vitamin D action that may be contributed to the improving metabolic/signaling pathways induced by diabetes mellitus.

Intestinal alkaline phosphatase modulation by food components: predictive, preventive, and personalized strategies for novel treatment options in chronic kidney disease

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is a ubiquitous membrane-bound glycoprotein that catalyzes phosphate monoesters' hydrolysis from organic compounds, an essential process in cell signaling. Four AP isozymes have been described in humans, placental AP, germ cell AP, tissue nonspecific AP, and intestinal AP (IAP). IAP plays a crucial role in gut microbial homeostasis, nutrient uptake, and local and systemic inflammation, and its dysfunction is associated with persistent inflammatory disorders. AP is a strong predictor of mortality in the general population and patients with cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, little is known about IAP modulation and its possible consequences in CKD, a disease characterized by gut microbiota imbalance and persistent low-grade inflammation. Mitigating inflammation and dysbiosis can prevent cardiovascular complications in patients with CKD, and monitoring factors such as IAP can be useful for predicting those complications. Here, we review IAP's role and the results of nutritional interventions targeting IAP in experimental models to prevent alterations in the gut microbiota, which could be a possible target of predictive, preventive, personalized medicine (PPPM) to avoid CKD complications. Microbiota and some nutrients may activate IAP, which seems to have a beneficial impact on health; however, data on CKD remains scarce.

Recent advances in intestinal alkaline phosphatase, inflammation, and nutrition

In recent years, much new data on intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) have been published, and major breakthroughs have been disclosed. The aim of the present review is to critically analyze the publications released over the last 5 years. These breakthroughs include, for example, the direct implication of IAP in intestinal tight junction integrity and barrier function maintenance; chronic intestinal challenge with low concentrations of Salmonella generating long-lasting depletion of IAP and increased susceptibility to inflammation; the suggestion that genetic mutations in the IAP gene in humans contribute to some forms of chronic inflammatory diseases and loss of functional IAP along the gut and in stools; stool IAP as an early biomarker of incipient diabetes in humans; and omega-3 fatty acids as direct inducers of IAP in intestinal tissue. Many recent papers have also explored the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of IAP and other alkaline phosphatase (AP) isoforms in various experimental settings and diseases. Remarkably, nearly all data confirm the potent anti-inflammatory properties of (I)AP and the negative consequences of its inhibition on health. A simplified model of the body AP system integrating the IAP compartment is provided. Finally, the list of nutrients and food components stimulating IAP has continued to grow, thus emphasizing nutrition as a potent lever for limiting inflammation.