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Wang J, Zhang M, You X, Xu Y, Zhang C, Li Y, Yang C, Wang Q. Inhibition of NNMT enhances drug sensitivity in lung cancer cells through mediation of autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1415310. [PMID: 39035994 PMCID: PMC11257979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1415310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to investigate the role of Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) in the drug sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, with a focus on its impact on autophagy and resistance to the chemotherapeutic agent osimertinib. The study hypothesized that NNMT knockdown would enhance drug sensitivity by modifying autophagic processes, providing a potential new therapeutic target for overcoming chemoresistance in lung cancer. Methods Proteomic analysis was utilized to identify changes in protein expression following NNMT knockdown in H1975 and H1975 osimertinib resistance (H1975OR) lung cancer cell lines. Gene expression patterns and their correlation with NNMT expression in lung cancer patients were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Additionally, a predictive model for lung cancer survival was developed via lasso regression analysis based on NNMT-associated gene expression. Drug sensitivity was assessed using the IC50 values and apoptosis ratio, and autophagy was evaluated through Western blot and flow cytometric analysis. Results Significant variations in the expression of 1,182 proteins were observed following NNMT knockdown, with a significant association with autophagy-related genes. Analysis of gene expression patterns unveiled a significant correlation between NNMT expression and specific changes in gene expression in lung cancer. The predictive model successfully forecasted lung cancer patient survival outcomes, highlighting the potential of NNMT-associated genes in predicting patient survival. Knockdown of NNMT reversed osimertinib resistance in H1975 cells, as evidenced by altered IC50 values and apoptosis ratio, and changes were observed in autophagy markers. Discussion Knockdown of NNMT in lung cancer cells enhances drug sensitivity by modulating autophagy, providing a promising therapeutic target to overcome chemoresistance in NSCLC. The study underscores the importance of NNMT in lung cancer pathology and underscores its potential as a predictive marker for clinical outcomes. Additionally, the developed predictive model further supports the clinical relevance of NNMT-associated gene expression in improving the prognosis of lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Translational Research Center for Lung Cancer, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Translational Research Center for Lung Cancer, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin You
- Translational Research Center for Lung Cancer, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Translational Research Center for Lung Cancer, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Translational Research Center for Lung Cancer, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Li
- Translational Research Center for Lung Cancer, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Translational Research Center for Lung Cancer, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Translational Research Center for Lung Cancer, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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2
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Sun WD, Zhu XJ, Li JJ, Mei YZ, Li WS, Li JH. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT): a novel therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1410479. [PMID: 38919254 PMCID: PMC11196770 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1410479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a constellation of metabolic abnormalities, typified by obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. It stems from intricate dysregulations in metabolic pathways governing energy and substrate metabolism. While comprehending the precise etiological mechanisms of MetS remains challenging, evidence underscores the pivotal roles of aberrations in lipid metabolism and insulin resistance (IR) in its pathogenesis. Notably, nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) has recently surfaced as a promising therapeutic target for addressing MetS. Single nucleotide variants in the NNMT gene are significantly correlated with disturbances in energy metabolism, obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Elevated NNMT gene expression is notably observed in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) of individuals with diabetic mice, obesity, and rats afflicted with MetS. Knockdown of NNMT elicits heightened energy expenditure in adipose and hepatic tissues, mitigates lipid accumulation, and enhances insulin sensitivity. NNMT catalyzes the methylation of nicotinamide (NAM) using S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) as the donor methyl group, resulting in the formation of S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) and methylnicotinamide (MNAM). This enzymatic process results in the depletion of NAM, a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), and the generation of SAH, a precursor of homocysteine (Hcy). Consequently, this cascade leads to reduced NAD+ levels and elevated Hcy levels, implicating NNMT in the pathogenesis of MetS. Moreover, experimental studies employing RNA interference (RNAi) strategies and small molecule inhibitors targeting NNMT have underscored its potential as a therapeutic target for preventing or treating MetS-related diseases. Nonetheless, the precise mechanistic underpinnings remain elusive, and as of yet, clinical trials focusing on NNMT have not been documented. Therefore, further investigations are warranted to elucidate the intricate roles of NNMT in MetS and to develop targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiang-Hua Li
- Key Lab of Aquatic Training Monitoring and Intervention of General Administration of Sport of China, Physical Education College, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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3
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Serritelli EN, Sartini D, Campagna R, Pozzi V, Martin NI, van Haren MJ, Salvolini E, Cecati M, Rubini C, Emanuelli M. Targeting nicotinamide N-methyltransferase decreased aggressiveness of osteosarcoma cells. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14185. [PMID: 38426563 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone malignancy that mostly affects young people, characterized by high metastatic potential, and a marked chemoresistance that is responsible for disease relapse in most patients. Therefore, it is necessary to identify novel molecules to setup targeted strategies to improve the clinical outcome. The enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyses the N-methylation of nicotinamide and other analogs, playing a crucial role in the biotransformation of drugs and xenobiotics. NNMT overexpression was reported in a wide variety of cancers, and several studies demonstrated that is able to promote cell proliferation, migration and resistance to chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to explore the potential involvement of NNMT in OS. METHODS Immunohistochemical analyses have been performed to evaluate NNMT expression in selected OS and healthy bone tissue samples. Subsequently, OS cell lines have been transfected with vectors targeting NNMT mRNA (shRNAs) and the impact of this downregulation on migration, cell proliferation, and response to chemotherapeutic treatment was also analysed by wound healing, MTT, SRB and Trypan blue assays, respectively. RESULTS Results showed that OS samples display a significantly higher NNMT expression compared with healthy tissue. Preliminary results suggest that NNMT silencing in OS cell lines is associated to a decrease of cell proliferation and migration, as well as to enhanced sensitivity to chemotherapy. Data obtained showed that NNMT may represent an interesting marker for OS detection and a promising target for effective anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Serritelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - D Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - R Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - V Pozzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - N I Martin
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M J van Haren
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - E Salvolini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - M Cecati
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - C Rubini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - M Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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4
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Pozzi V, Molinelli E, Campagna R, Serritelli EN, Cecati M, De Simoni E, Sartini D, Goteri G, Martin NI, van Haren MJ, Salvolini E, Simonetti O, Offidani A, Emanuelli M. Knockdown of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase suppresses proliferation, migration, and chemoresistance of Merkel cell carcinoma cells in vitro. Hum Cell 2024; 37:729-738. [PMID: 38504052 PMCID: PMC11016511 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer, with a propensity for early metastasis. Therefore, early diagnosis and the identification of novel targets become fundamental. The enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the reaction of N-methylation of nicotinamide and other analogous compounds. Although NNMT overexpression was reported in many malignancies, the significance of its dysregulation in cancer cell phenotype was partly clarified. Several works demonstrated that NNMT promotes cancer cell proliferation, migration, and chemoresistance. In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of this enzyme in MCC. Preliminary immunohistochemical analyses were performed to evaluate NNMT expression in MCC tissue specimens. To explore the enzyme function in tumor cell metabolism, MCC cell lines have been transfected with plasmids encoding for short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting NNMT mRNA. Preliminary immunohistochemical analyses showed elevated NNMT expression in MCC tissue specimens. The effect of enzyme downregulation on cell proliferation, migration, and chemosensitivity was then evaluated through MTT, trypan blue, and wound healing assays. Data obtained clearly demonstrated that NNMT knockdown is associated with a decrease of cell proliferation, viability, and migration, as well as with enhanced sensitivity to treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs. Taken together, these results suggest that NNMT could represent an interesting MCC biomarker and a promising target for targeted anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pozzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Molinelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Emma N Serritelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monia Cecati
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Edoardo De Simoni
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gaia Goteri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs J van Haren
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Salvolini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Oriana Simonetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Annamaria Offidani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020, Ancona, Italy
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
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Li P, Xia C, Kong X, Zhang J. Enhancing nicotinamide N-methyltransferase bisubstrate inhibitor activity through 7-deazaadenosine and linker modifications. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106963. [PMID: 38048700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to nicotinamide (NAM) and other pyridine-related compounds and is involved in various metabolic processes in the human body. In addition, abnormal expression of NNMT occurs under various pathological conditions such as cancer, diabetes, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, making it a promising drug target worthy of in-depth research. Small-molecule NNMT inhibitors with high potency and selectivity are necessary chemical tools to test biological hypotheses and potential therapies. In this study, we developed a series of highly active NNMT inhibitors by modifying N7 position of adenine. Among them, compound 3-12 (IC50 = 47.9 ± 0.6 nM) exhibited potent inhibitory activity and also had an excellent selectivity profile over a panel of human methyltransferases. We showed that the N7 position of adenine in the NNMT bisubstrate inhibitor was a modifiable site, thus offering insights into the development of NNMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cuicui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jiancun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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6
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Wang Y, Zhang T, He X. Advances in the role of microRNAs associated with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in lung cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1279822. [PMID: 38169723 PMCID: PMC10758458 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1279822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer has long been a topic of great interest in society and a major factor affecting human health. Breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers are the top four tumor types with the greatest incidence rates in 2020, according to the most recent data on global cancer incidence. Among these, lung cancer had the highest fatality rate. Extensive research has shown that microRNAs, through different signaling pathways, play crucial roles in cancer development. It is considered that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a significant role in the development of lung cancer. MicroRNAs can act as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene by altering the expression of important proteins in this pathway, such as PTEN and AKT. In order to improve the clinical translational benefit of microRNAs in lung cancer research, we have generalized and summarized the way of action of microRNAs linked with the PI3/AKT signaling pathway in this review through literature search and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Illness Medicine, Gannan Medical University’s First Affiliated Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Illness Medicine, Gannan Medical University’s First Affiliated Hospital, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Branch of China Clinical Medical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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7
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Harikrishna AS, Venkitasamy K. Identification of novel human nicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibitors: a structure-based pharmacophore modeling and molecular dynamics approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:14638-14650. [PMID: 36856058 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2183714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Human nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (hNNMT) is a cytosolic enzyme associated in the phase-II metabolism, belonging to the S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases family. Overexpression of hNNMT was observed in diseases such as metabolic disorders and different types of cancers, which suggest NNMT as a prospective therapeutic target. In this study we propose a structure-based pharmacophore model to understand the structural features responsible for the pharmacological activity. The generated model was validated using the ROC curve (AUC), goodness of hit score (GH), specificity, sensitivity and enrichment factor (EF). The pharmacophore was employed to retrieve active molecules from the ZINC database, followed by virtual-screening and molecular docking. Six molecules with the best pharmfit score, binding energy and ADMET properties were identified in this study. A 150 ns molecular dynamics simulation was performed on the selected molecules complexed with hNNMT protein to validate the results. The molecules ZINC35464499, ZINC13311192, ZINC31159282, ZINC14650833, ZINC14819515 and ZINC00303881 were identified, which could be act as the potential hNNMT inhibitors and can also be used as direct hits for developing novel hNNMT antagonists.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Harikrishna
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kesavan Venkitasamy
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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8
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Yang C, Wang T, Zhu S, Zong Z, Luo C, Zhao Y, Liu J, Li T, Liu X, Liu C, Deng H. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase Remodeled Cell Metabolism and Aggravated Proinflammatory Responses by Activating STAT3/IL1β/PGE 2 Pathway. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37509-37519. [PMID: 36312432 PMCID: PMC9607676 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a cytosolic methyltransferase, catalyzing N-methylation of nicotinamide (NAM) to form 1-methylnicotinamide (1-MNAM), in which S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) is the methyl donor. It has been well documented that NNMT is elevated in multiple cancers and promotes tumor aggressiveness. In the present study, we investigated the effects of NNMT overexpression on cellular metabolism and proinflammatory responses. We found that NNMT overexpression reduced NAD+ and SAM levels, and activated the STAT3 signaling pathway. Consequently, STAT3 activation upregulated interleukin 1β (IL1β) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), leading to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) accumulation. On the other hand, NNMT downregulated 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) which catalyzes PGE2 into inactive molecules. Moreover, secretomic data indicated that NNMT promoted secretion of collagens, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins, confirming NNMT aggravated inflammatory responses to promote cell growth, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and chemoresistance. Taken together, we showed that NNMT played a pro-inflammatory role in cancer cells by activating the STAT3/IL1β/PGE2 axis and proposed that NNMT was a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmei Yang
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic
Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tianxiang Wang
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic
Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Songbiao Zhu
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic
Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyun Zong
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic
Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chengting Luo
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic
Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yujiao Zhao
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic
Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic
Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ting Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic
Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic
Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chongdong Liu
- Chao
Yang Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P. R. China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic
Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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9
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Lu S, Ke S, Wang C, Xu Y, Li Z, Song K, Bai M, Zhou M, Yu H, Yin B, Li X, Feng Z, Hua Y, Pan S, Jiang H, Li L, Wu Y, Ma Y. NNMT promotes the progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by regulating aerobic glycolysis via the EGFR-STAT3 axis. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:39. [PMID: 35851575 PMCID: PMC9293979 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), a member of the N-methyltransferase family, plays an important role in tumorigenesis. However, its expression and biological functions in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) remain to be established. In our study, we identified NNMT as an oncogene in iCCA and provided mechanistic insights into the roles of NNMT in iCCA progression. High NNMT expression in iCCA tissues was identified using western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). We identified a significantly higher NNMT expression level in human iCCA tissues than that in adjacent normal tissues. Increased NNMT expression promoted iCCA cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, NNMT inhibited the level of histone methylation in iCCA cells by consuming the methyl donor S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), thereby promoting the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR may activate the aerobic glycolysis pathway in iCCA cells by activating the STAT3 signaling pathway. In conclusion, we identified NNMT as an oncogene in iCCA and provided mechanistic insights into the roles of NNMT in iCCA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounan Lu
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanjia Ke
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zihao Li
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Keda Song
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of General Surgery, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Miaoyu Bai
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Menghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongjun Yu
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bing Yin
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinglong Li
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,The First Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Yongliang Hua
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shangha Pan
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongchi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Linqiang Li
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Yaohua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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10
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Li XY, Pi YN, Chen Y, Zhu Q, Xia BR. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase: A Promising Biomarker and Target for Human Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:894744. [PMID: 35756670 PMCID: PMC9218565 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.894744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells typically exhibit a tightly regulated program of metabolic plasticity and epigenetic remodeling to meet the demand of uncontrolled cell proliferation. The metabolic-epigenetic axis has recently become an increasingly hot topic in carcinogenesis and offers new avenues for innovative and personalized cancer treatment strategies. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a metabolic enzyme involved in controlling methylation potential, impacting DNA and histone epigenetic modification. NNMT overexpression has been described in various solid cancer tissues and even body fluids, including serum, urine, and saliva. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has shown that NNMT knockdown significantly decreases tumorigenesis and chemoresistance capacity. Most importantly, the natural NNMT inhibitor yuanhuadine can reverse epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in lung cancer cells. In this review, we evaluate the possibility of NNMT as a diagnostic biomarker and molecular target for effective anticancer treatment. We also reveal the exact mechanisms of how NNMT affects epigenetics and the development of more potent and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ya-Nan Pi
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Bengbu Medical College Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bai-Rong Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, China
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11
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Fan SY, Long SY, Liu JJ, Zhang WL, Hu JL. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase inhibits HBV replication by suppressing NR5A1 expression invitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 614:70-77. [PMID: 35569378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Investigating host factors that regulate HBV replication helps to identify antiviral targets. In the current study, we identified Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase gene (NNMT) as a novel factor that regulates HBV transcription. NNMT is up-regulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in HepG2.2.15 cells compared to HepG2 cells. Overexpression of NNMT reduces HBV replication in several cell models, while knockdown of NNMT enhances HBV DNA levels. Mechanistically, NNMT suppresses HBV DNA replication by inhibiting HBV RNA transcription. The region required for the inhibitory effect of NNMT was narrowed to nt 1672-1708 in enhancer II by luciferase assays. On the other hand, ChIP assays and EMSA results showed that NNMT does not bind to this region substantially, either directly or indirectly. Next, a collection of hepatic nuclear receptor transcription factors was screened to determine whether they were affected by NNMT overexpression. NR5A1, a positive regulator of HBV replication, decreased significantly after NNMT overexpression. Collectively, the findings of this study shed light on the regulation of HBV transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shao-Yuan Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jie-Li Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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12
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Targeting nicotinamide N-methyltransferase overcomes resistance to EGFR-TKI in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:170. [PMID: 35387964 PMCID: PMC8986855 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) contributes to the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-targeted therapy has become the standard treatment for NSCLC patients with EGFR-mutations. However, acquired resistance to these agents remains a major obstacle for managing NSCLC. Here, we investigated a novel strategy to overcome EGFR TKI resistance by targeting the nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). Using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analysis, we identified that NNMT was significantly increased in EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cells. Moreover, we found that NNMT expression was increased in EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC tissue samples, and higher levels were correlated with shorter progression-free survival in EGFR-TKI-treated NSCLC patients. Knockdown of NNMT rendered EGFR-TKI-resistant cells more sensitive to EGFR-TKI, whereas overexpression of NNMT in EGFR-TKI-sensitive cells resulted in EGFR-TKI resistance. Mechanically, upregulation of NNMT increased c-myc expression via SIRT1-mediated c-myc deacetylation, which in turn promoted glycolysis and EGFR-TKI resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the combination of NNMT inhibitor and EGFR-TKI strikingly suppressed the growth of EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cells both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our research indicated that NNMT overexpression is important for acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI and that targeting NNMT might be a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome resistance to EGFR TKI.
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13
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Yuanhuacin and Related Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Daphnane Diterpenes from Genkwa Flos—An Overview. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020192. [PMID: 35204693 PMCID: PMC8961543 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dried flower buds of the plant Daphne genkwa Sieb. et Zucc. have been largely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Numerous diterpenoids have been isolated from the Genkwa Flos (yuanhua in Chinese), including a series of daphnane-type diterpene designated as yuanhuacin (YC, often improperly designated as yuanhuacine) and analogues with a patronymic name. The series includes ten daphnane-type diterpenes: yuanhuacin, yuanhuadin (YD), yuanhuafin (YF), yuanhuagin (YG), yuanhuahin (YH), yuanhuajin (YJ), yuanhualin (YL), yuanhuamin (YM), yuanhuapin (YP), and yuanhuatin (YT). They are distinct from the rare flavonoid yuanhuanin. The series comprises several anticancer agents, such as the lead compound YC, which has revealed potent activity in vitro and in vivo against models of lung and breast cancers. The main signaling pathways implicated in the antitumor effects have been delineated. Protein kinase C is a key factor of activity for YC, but in general the molecular targets at the origin of the activity of these compounds remain little defined. Promising anticancer effects have been reported with analogues YD and YT, whereas compounds YF and YP are considered more toxic. The pharmacological activity of each compound is presented, as well as the properties of Genkwa Flos extracts. The potential toxic effects associated with the use of these compounds are also underlined.
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14
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Sheng J, Liu L, Dong T, Wu X. Circ_SETD3 regulates gefitinib sensitivity and tumor progression by miR-873-5p-dependent regulation of APPBP2 in non-small cell lung cancer. J Chemother 2021; 34:401-413. [PMID: 34861803 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2021.2009991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous data have shown the prominent clinical efficacy of gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, its therapeutic efficacy is limited because of the development of gefitinib resistance. This research is designed to investigate the role of circRNA SET domain containing 3, actin histidine (circ_SETD3) in the sensitivity of NSCLC to gefitinib. The expression of circ_SETD3, microRNA-873-5p (miR-873-5p) and amyloid protein-binding protein 2 (APPBP2) was detected by qRT-PCR. Protein expression was determined by western blot analysis or immunohistochemistry assay. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of gefitinib was determined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell proliferation was investigated by 5-Ethynyl-29-deoxyuridine (EdU), cell colony formation and MTT assays. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide double staining assay. Transwell assay was employed to evaluate cell migration and invasion. Additionally, the binding relationship between miR-873-5p and circ_SETD3 or APPBP2 was predicted by starbase online database, and identified by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Further, circ_SETD3 silencing-mediated effect on tumor sensitivity to gefitinib in vivo was confirmed by xenograft mouse model experiment. Circ_SETD3 and APPBP2 expression were upregulated, while miR-873-5p was downregulated in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC tissues and cells compared with gefitinib-sensitive NSCLC tissues or cells. Reduced expression of circ_SETD3 repressed gefitinib resistance, proliferation, migration and invasion, but induced apoptosis of gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells. Additionally, circ_SETD3 modulated gefitinib sensitivity and tumor development by binding to miR-873-5p. APPBP2 upregulation attenuated miR-873-5p-mediated gefitinib sensitivity and NSCLC progression. Furthermore, circ_SETD3 absence improved tumor sensitivity to gefitinib in vivo. Circ_SETD3 knockdown improved gefitinib sensitivity and repressed NSCLC cell malignancy via miR-873-5p/APPBP2 axis, which provides a theoretical basis for using circ_SETD3-based therapeutic strategies to improve NSCLC sensitivity to gefitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sheng
- Department of Oncology, Wuhu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, China
| | - Leyi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, China
| | - Ting Dong
- Yijishan Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Oncology, Wuhu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, China
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15
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Hassanein SS, Ibrahim SA, Abdel-Mawgood AL. Cell Behavior of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Is at EGFR and MicroRNAs Hands. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12496. [PMID: 34830377 PMCID: PMC8621388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a complex disease associated with gene mutations, particularly mutations of Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog (KRAS) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) are the two major types of lung cancer. The former includes most lung cancers (85%) and are commonly associated with EGFR mutations. Several EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), including erlotinib, gefitinib, and osimertinib, are effective therapeutic agents in EGFR-mutated NSCLC. However, their effectiveness is limited by the development (acquired) or presence of intrinsic drug resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key gene regulators that play a profound role in the development and outcomes for NSCLC via their role as oncogenes or oncosuppressors. The regulatory role of miRNA-dependent EGFR crosstalk depends on EGFR signaling pathway, including Rat Sarcoma/Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 (Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK1/2), Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT), Nuclear Factor Kappa-Light-Chain-Enhancer of Activated B Cells (NF-kB), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2). Dysregulated expression of miRNAs affects sensitivity to treatment with EGFR-TKIs. Thus, abnormalities in miRNA-dependent EGFR crosstalk can be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers, as well as therapeutic targets in NSCLC. In this review, we present an overview of miRNA-dependent EGFR expression regulation, which modulates the behavior and progression of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sayed Hassanein
- Biotechnology Program, Basic and Applied Sciences (BAS) Institute, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | | | - Ahmed Lotfy Abdel-Mawgood
- Biotechnology Program, Basic and Applied Sciences (BAS) Institute, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
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16
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Tatekawa S, Ofusa K, Chijimatsu R, Vecchione A, Tamari K, Ogawa K, Ishii H. Methylosystem for Cancer Sieging Strategy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5088. [PMID: 34680237 PMCID: PMC8534198 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As cancer is a genetic disease, methylation defines a biologically malignant phenotype of cancer in the association of one-carbon metabolism-dependent S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor in each cell. Methylated substances are involved in intracellular metabolism, but via intercellular communication, some of these can also be secreted to affect other substances. Although metabolic analysis at the single-cell level remains challenging, studying the "methylosystem" (i.e., the intercellular and intracellular communications of upstream regulatory factors and/or downstream effectors that affect the epigenetic mechanism involving the transfer of a methyl group from SAM onto the specific positions of nucleotides or other metabolites in the tumor microenvironment) and tracking these metabolic products are important research tasks for understanding spatial heterogeneity. Here, we discuss and highlight the involvement of RNA and nicotinamide, recently emerged targets, in SAM-producing one-carbon metabolism in cancer cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and immune cells. Their significance and implications will contribute to the discovery of efficient methods for the diagnosis of and therapeutic approaches to human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Tatekawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (S.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Ken Ofusa
- Department of Medical Data Science, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.O.); (R.C.)
- Food and Life-Science Laboratory, Prophoenix Division, Idea Consultants, Inc., Osaka 559-8519, Japan
| | - Ryota Chijimatsu
- Department of Medical Data Science, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.O.); (R.C.)
| | - Andrea Vecchione
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Santo Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Keisuke Tamari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (S.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (S.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Medical Data Science, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (K.O.); (R.C.)
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17
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Parsons RB, Facey PD. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase: An Emerging Protagonist in Cancer Macro(r)evolution. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1418. [PMID: 34680055 PMCID: PMC8533529 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) has progressed from being considered merely a Phase II metabolic enzyme to one with a central role in cell function and energy metabolism. Over the last three decades, a significant body of evidence has accumulated which clearly demonstrates a central role for NNMT in cancer survival, metastasis, and drug resistance. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting a role for NNMT in the progression of the cancer phenotype and how it achieves this by driving the activity of pro-oncogenic NAD+-consuming enzymes. We also describe how increased NNMT activity supports the Warburg effect and how it promotes oncogenic changes in gene expression. We discuss the regulation of NNMT activity in cancer cells by both post-translational modification of the enzyme and transcription factor binding to the NNMT gene, and describe for the first time three long non-coding RNAs which may play a role in the regulation of NNMT transcription. We complete the review by discussing the development of novel anti-cancer therapeutics which target NNMT and provide insight into how NNMT-based therapies may be best employed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Parsons
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul D. Facey
- Singleton Park Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;
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18
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Yang J, Tong Q, Zhang Y, Yuan S, Gao Y, Deng K, Wang Y, Lu J, Xie X, Zhang Z, Zhang J. Overexpression of Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase mainly covers stroma of colorectal cancer and correlates with unfavorable survival by its product 1-MNA. J Cancer 2021; 12:6170-6181. [PMID: 34539890 PMCID: PMC8425209 DOI: 10.7150/jca.56419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating evidence indicates that Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is abnormally expressed in tumor tissues of several cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC) and associated with cancer progression. However, the distribution characteristics and the clinical value of each part of NNMT expression in CRC are still not fully understood. The purpose of this study is to determine the distribution of NNMT expression and its association with survival in CRC. Methods: By using the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) and clinical proteomic tumor analysis consortium (CPTAC), we firstly analyzed the difference of gene and protein levels of NNMT between CRC and normal colorectal tissue. Then, NNMT protein expressions were detected in 18 intraepithelial neoplastic samples and 177 CRC tumor samples through immunohistochemistry in our study cohort. Furthermore, the relationship between NNMT expression and clinicopathological characteristics, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of CRC patients were analyzed by Pearson χ2 test and log-rank test, respectively, in public datasets and our study cohort. Lastly, the function of NNMT and its product 1-methyl-nicotinamide (1-MNA) on migration and invasion in colorectal cancer cells was analyzed by wound healing assay and transwell assay. Results: We determined that higher NNMT expression in CRC tissues than normal tissues in both gene and protein level in TCGA and CPTAC datasets (all p < 0.05). In addition, the strong relationships of NNMT expression with stromal cells were found in the TCGA cohort. Fortunately, our cohort could validate that the expression of NNMT in tumor stroma cell was significantly higher than that in tumor cell (p < 0.0001), and both of them were significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissue (ANT) (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Furthermore, the positive NNMT expression in tumor cell and stromal cell were associated with series of unfavorable clinical characteristics, including advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis (all p < 0.05). Also, higher NNMT was associated with unfavorable survival both in our study and public datasets, including TCGA and two Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE33113 and GSE17538). Moreover, the functional experiments showed that stromal cells with high NNMT expression can secret 1-MAN to promote migration and invasion of CRC cells in vitro. Conclusions: In CRC, NNMT is overexpressed in tumor cells and stroma cells, and then mainly expressed in tumor stroma cells. Overexpression of NNMT in tumor cell and stroma cell both are associated with metastasis and unfavorable survival. Besides, stromal cells with high NNMT expression secrets 1-MAN to promote migration and invasion of CRC cells. Therefore, NNMT may be a potential prognostic indicator in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, 685 North Huancheng Road, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, 57 Xingning Road, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchao Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijin Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Deng
- Department of colorectal surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, 57 Xingning Road, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyou Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, 685 North Huancheng Road, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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19
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Gao Y, van Haren MJ, Buijs N, Innocenti P, Zhang Y, Sartini D, Campagna R, Emanuelli M, Parsons RB, Jespers W, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, van Westen GJP, Martin NI. Potent Inhibition of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase by Alkene-Linked Bisubstrate Mimics Bearing Electron Deficient Aromatics. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12938-12963. [PMID: 34424711 PMCID: PMC8436214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) methylates
nicotinamide (vitamin B3) to generate 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA).
NNMT overexpression has been linked to a variety of diseases, most
prominently human cancers, indicating its potential as a therapeutic
target. The development of small-molecule NNMT inhibitors has gained
interest in recent years, with the most potent inhibitors sharing
structural features based on elements of the nicotinamide substrate
and the S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) cofactor.
We here report the development of new bisubstrate inhibitors that
include electron-deficient aromatic groups to mimic the nicotinamide
moiety. In addition, a trans-alkene linker was found
to be optimal for connecting the substrate and cofactor mimics in
these inhibitors. The most potent NNMT inhibitor identified exhibits
an IC50 value of 3.7 nM, placing it among the most active
NNMT inhibitors reported to date. Complementary analytical techniques,
modeling studies, and cell-based assays provide insights into the
binding mode, affinity, and selectivity of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Gao
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs J van Haren
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ned Buijs
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Innocenti
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yurui Zhang
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Richard B Parsons
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Willem Jespers
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75124, Sweden
| | | | - Gerard J P van Westen
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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Iyamu ID, Huang R. Mechanisms and inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1254-1261. [PMID: 34458733 PMCID: PMC8372200 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00016k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) plays an important role in diverse biological processes by regulating methylation potential and the degradation of nicotinamide. Meanwhile, the aberrant expression of NNMT has been implicated in multiple cancers, metabolic and liver diseases. Therefore, there has been an emerging interest in assessing NNMT as a potential therapeutic target and discovering NNMT inhibitors over the past 5 years. Herein, we focus on the recognition, mechanism, and inhibitors of NNMT with emphasis on key advancements in the field. We also discuss future directions for the development of NNMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iredia D Iyamu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA +1 765 494 3426
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA +1 765 494 3426
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21
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The Utility of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase as a Potential Biomarker to Predict the Oncological Outcomes for Urological Cancers: An Update. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081214. [PMID: 34439880 PMCID: PMC8393883 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the N-methylation reaction of nicotinamide, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl donor. Enzyme overexpression has been described in many non-neoplastic diseases, as well as in a wide range of solid malignancies. This review aims to report and discuss evidence available in scientific literature, dealing with NNMT expression and the potential involvement in main urologic neoplasms, namely, renal, bladder and prostate cancers. Data illustrated in the cited studies clearly demonstrated NNMT upregulation (pathological vs. normal tissue) in association with these aforementioned tumors. In addition to this, enzyme levels were also found to correlate with key prognostic parameters and patient survival. Interestingly, NNMT overexpression also emerged in peripheral body fluids, such as blood and urine, thus leading to candidate the enzyme as promising biomarker for the early and non-invasive detection of these cancers. Examined results undoubtedly showed NNMT as having the capacity to promote cell proliferation, migration and invasiveness, as well as its potential participation in fundamental events highlighting cancer progression, metastasis and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. In the light of this evidence, it is reasonable to attribute to NNMT a promising role as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of urologic neoplasms, as well as a molecular target for effective anti-cancer treatment.
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Enhanced Sensitivity of Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer with Acquired Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors to Phenformin: The Roles of a Metabolic Shift to Oxidative Phosphorylation and Redox Balance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5428364. [PMID: 34367462 PMCID: PMC8342158 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5428364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Although the efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR- TKI) therapy has been proven in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs presents a serious clinical problem. Hence, the identification of new therapeutic strategy is needed to treat EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC. Methods Acquired EGFR-TKI-resistant lung cancer cell lines (HCC827, H1993, and H292 cells with acquired resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib) were used for cell-based studies. IncuCyte live cell analysis system and XFp analyzer were used for the determination of cell proliferation and energy metabolism, respectively. In vivo anticancer effect of phenformin was assessed in xenografts implanting HCC827 and gefitinib-resistant HCC827 (HCC827 GR) cells. Results HCC827 GR and erlotinib-resistant H1993 (H1993 ER) cells exhibited different metabolic properties compared with their respective parental cells, HCC827, and H1993. In EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cells, glycolysis markers including the glucose consumption rate, intracellular lactate level, and extracellular acidification rate were decreased; however, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) markers including mitochondria-driven ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential, and maximal OXPHOS capacity were increased. Cell proliferation and tumor growth were strongly inhibited by biguanide phenformin via targeting of mitochondrial OXPHOS complex 1 in EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cells. Inhibition of OXPHOS resulted in a reduced NAD+/NADH ratio and intracellular aspartate levels. Recovery of glycolysis by hexokinase 2 overexpression in erlotinib-resistant H292 (H292 ER) cells significantly reduced the anticancer effects of phenformin. Conclusion Long-term treatment with EGFR-TKIs causes reactivation of mitochondrial metabolism, resulting in vulnerability to OXPHOS inhibitor such as phenformin. We propose a new therapeutic option for NSCLC with acquired EGFR-TKI resistance that focuses on cancer metabolism.
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Hu S, Cao P, Kong K, Han P, Deng Y, Li F, Zhao B. MicroRNA-449a delays lung cancer development through inhibiting KDM3A/HIF-1α axis. J Transl Med 2021; 19:224. [PMID: 34044859 PMCID: PMC8157436 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has been established that microRNA (miR)-449a is anti-tumorigenic in cancers, including lung cancer. Therefore, this study further explored miR-449a-mediated mechanism in lung cancer, mainly focusing on lysine demethylase 3A/hypoxia-induced factor-1α (KDM3A/HIF-1α) axis. Methods miR-449a, KDM3A and HIF-1α levels in lung cancer tissues and cell lines (A549, H1299 and H460) were measured. Loss- and gain-of-function assays were performed and then cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, invasion and migration were traced. The relationship between KDM3A, miR-449a and HIF-1α was verified. Tumor growth in vivo was also monitored. Results Both lung cancer tissues and cells exhibited reduced miR-449a and raised KDM3A and HIF-1α levels. miR-449a interacted with KDM3A; HIF-1α could bind with KDM3A. Up-regulating miR-449a hindered while suppressing miR-449a induced lung cancer development via mediating HIF-1α. Elevating KDM3A promoted cellular aggression while down-regulating KDM3A had the opposite effects. Up-regulating KDM3A or HIF-1α negated up-regulated miR-449a-induced effects on cellular growth in lung cancer. Restoring miR-449a impaired tumorigenesis in vivo in lung cancer. Conclusion It is eventually concluded that miR-449a delays lung cancer development through suppressing KDM3A/HIF-1α axis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02881-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Qiaokou District, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Qiaokou District, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Kangle Kong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Qiaokou District, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Qiaokou District, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Qiaokou District, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Qiaokou District, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Qiaokou District, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Campagna R, Salvolini E, Pompei V, Pozzi V, Salvucci A, Molinelli E, Brisigotti V, Sartini D, Campanati A, Offidani A, Emanuelli M. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase gene silencing enhances chemosensitivity of melanoma cell lines. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:1039-1048. [PMID: 34018676 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma accounts for less than 5% of all cutaneous neoplasms but is responsible for the greater part of skin cancer-related deaths. Therefore, the identification of molecules that could serve as the therapeutic target is urgent. This study focused on the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). The effect of NNMT knockdown on cell proliferation and migration of A375 melanoma cells was evaluated by MTT and wound healing assays, respectively. Viability of A375 cells downregulating NNMT was also explored under treatment with dacarbazine, a chemotherapeutic drug approved for advanced melanoma treatment. The impact of enzyme knockdown on cell proliferation and chemosensitivity was also investigated in WM-115 melanoma cells. Results obtained demonstrated that NNMT silencing led to a significant reduction of cell proliferation and migration of A375 cells. Moreover, enzyme downregulation was associated with an increase of melanoma cells sensitivity to treatment with dacarbazine. Analogous effects induced by enzyme knockdown on cell proliferation and chemosensitivity were also found in the WM-115 cell line. Our data seem to demonstrate that NNMT could represent a promising molecular target for the effective treatment of this form of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Salvolini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Veronica Pompei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Valentina Pozzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessia Salvucci
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Molinelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Valerio Brisigotti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Campanati
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Annamaria Offidani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.,New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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25
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Nicotinamide N-methyl transferase (NNMT): An emerging therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2699-2706. [PMID: 34029690 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) methylates nicotinamide (NA) to generate 1-methyl nicotinamide. Since its discovery 70 years ago, the appreciation of the role of NNMT in human health has evolved from serving only metabolic functions to also being a driving force in diseases, including a variety of cancers. Despite the increasing evidence indicating NNMT as a viable therapeutic target, the development of cell-active inhibitors against this enzyme is lacking. In this review, we provide an overview of the current status of NNMT inhibitor development, relevant in vitro and in vivo studies, and a discussion of the challenges faced in the development of NNMT inhibitors.
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Park M, Kim JW, Kim KM, Kang S, Kim W, Kim JK, Cho Y, Lee H, Baek MC, Bae JH, Lee SH, Jeong SB, Lim SC, Jun DW, Cho SY, Kim Y, Choi YJ, Kang KW. Circulating Small Extracellular Vesicles Activate TYRO3 to Drive Cancer Metastasis and Chemoresistance. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3539-3553. [PMID: 33910929 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) in the tumor microenvironment have emerged as crucial mediators that promote proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance. However, the role of circulating small EVs (csEV) in cancer progression remains poorly understood. In this study, we report that csEV facilitate cancer progression and determine its molecular mechanism. csEVs strongly promoted the migration of cancer cells via interaction with phosphatidylserine of csEVs. Among the three TAM receptors, TYRO3, AXL, and MerTK, TYRO3 mainly interacted with csEVs. csEV-mediated TYRO3 activation promoted migration and metastasis via the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stimulation of RhoA in invasive cancer cells. Additionally, csEV-TYRO3 interaction induced YAP activation, which led to increased cell proliferation and chemoresistance. Combination treatment with gefitinib and KRCT-6j, a selective TYRO3 inhibitor, significantly reduced tumor volume in xenografts implanted with gefitinib-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells. The results of this study show that TYRO3 activation by csEVs facilitates cancer cell migration and chemoresistance by activation of RhoA or YAP, indicating that the csEV/TYRO3 interaction may serve as a potential therapeutic target for aggressive cancers in the clinic. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that circulating extracellular vesicles are a novel driver in migration and survival of aggressive cancer cells via TYRO3 activation. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/13/3539/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miso Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kyu Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Kang
- Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KaiPharm, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wankyu Kim
- Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ki Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Cho
- Biomarker Branch, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjae Lee
- Biomarker Branch, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Chang Baek
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Baek Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yun Cho
- Department of Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong June Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Aldonza MBD, Reyes RDD, Kim YS, Ku J, Barsallo AM, Hong JY, Lee SK, Ryu HS, Park Y, Cho JY, Kim Y. Chemotherapy confers a conserved secondary tolerance to EGFR inhibition via AXL-mediated signaling bypass. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8016. [PMID: 33850249 PMCID: PMC8044124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance remains the major culprit of therapy failure in disseminated cancers. Simultaneous resistance to multiple, chemically different drugs feeds this failure resulting in cancer relapse. Here, we investigate co-resistance signatures shared between antimitotic drugs (AMDs) and inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) to probe mechanisms of secondary resistance. We map co-resistance ranks in multiple drug pairs and identified a more widespread occurrence of co-resistance to the EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib in hundreds of cancer cell lines resistant to at least 11 AMDs. By surveying different parameters of genomic alterations, we find that the two RTKs EGFR and AXL displayed similar alteration and expression signatures. Using acquired paclitaxel and epothilone B resistance as first-line AMD failure models, we show that a stable collateral resistance to gefitinib can be relayed by entering a dynamic, drug-tolerant persister state where AXL acts as bypass signal. Delayed AXL degradation rendered this persistence to become stably resistant. We probed this degradation process using a new EGFR-TKI candidate YD and demonstrated that AXL bypass-driven collateral resistance can be suppressed pharmacologically. The findings emphasize that AXL bypass track is employed by chemoresistant cancer cells upon EGFR inhibition to enter a persister state and evolve resistance to EGFR-TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Borris D Aldonza
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | | | - Young Seo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Tomocube Inc, Daejeon, 34051, Korea
| | - Jayoung Ku
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Ana Melisa Barsallo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Han Suk Ryu
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - YongKeun Park
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Tomocube Inc, Daejeon, 34051, Korea
- Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.
| | - Yoosik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
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Gregorova J, Vychytilova-Faltejskova P, Sevcikova S. Epigenetic Regulation of MicroRNA Clusters and Families during Tumor Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1333. [PMID: 33809566 PMCID: PMC8002357 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small non-coding single-stranded RNA molecules regulating gene expression on a post-transcriptional level based on the seed sequence similarity. They are frequently clustered; thus, they are either simultaneously transcribed into a single polycistronic transcript or they may be transcribed independently. Importantly, microRNA families that contain the same seed region and thus target related signaling proteins, may be localized in one or more clusters, which are in a close relationship. MicroRNAs are involved in basic physiological processes, and their deregulation is associated with the origin of various pathologies, including solid tumors or hematologic malignancies. Recently, the interplay between the expression of microRNA clusters and families and epigenetic machinery was described, indicating aberrant DNA methylation or histone modifications as major mechanisms responsible for microRNA deregulation during cancerogenesis. In this review, the most studied microRNA clusters and families affected by hyper- or hypomethylation as well as by histone modifications are presented with the focus on particular mechanisms. Finally, the diagnostic and prognostic potential of microRNA clusters and families is discussed together with technologies currently used for epigenetic-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Gregorova
- Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Petra Vychytilova-Faltejskova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Sabina Sevcikova
- Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Department of Clinical Hematology, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Small in Size, but Large in Action: microRNAs as Potential Modulators of PTEN in Breast and Lung Cancers. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020304. [PMID: 33670518 PMCID: PMC7922700 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well-known regulators of biological mechanisms with a small size of 19–24 nucleotides and a single-stranded structure. miRNA dysregulation occurs in cancer progression. miRNAs can function as tumor-suppressing or tumor-promoting factors in cancer via regulating molecular pathways. Breast and lung cancers are two malignant thoracic tumors in which the abnormal expression of miRNAs plays a significant role in their development. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor-suppressor factor that is capable of suppressing the growth, viability, and metastasis of cancer cells via downregulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling. PTEN downregulation occurs in lung and breast cancers to promote PI3K/Akt expression, leading to uncontrolled proliferation, metastasis, and their resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. miRNAs as upstream mediators of PTEN can dually induce/inhibit PTEN signaling in affecting the malignant behavior of lung and breast cancer cells. Furthermore, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs can regulate the miRNA/PTEN axis in lung and breast cancer cells. It seems that anti-tumor compounds such as baicalein, propofol, and curcumin can induce PTEN upregulation by affecting miRNAs in suppressing breast and lung cancer progression. These topics are discussed in the current review with a focus on molecular pathways.
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Circular RNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 83:242-252. [PMID: 33434640 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of single-stranded closed non-coding RNA molecules (ncRNAs), which are formed as a result of reverse splicing of mRNAs. Despite their relative abundance, an interest in understanding their regulatory importance is rather recent. High stability, abundance and evolutionary conservation among species underline some of their important traits. CircRNAs perform a variety of cellular functions ranging from miRNA and proteins sponges to transcriptional modulation and splicing. Additionally, most circRNAs are expressed aberrantly in pathological conditions suggesting their possible exploitation as diagnostic biomarkers. Their covalent closed cyclic structure resulting in resistance to RNases further makes them suitable as cancer biomarkers. Studies involving human tumors have verified differences in the expression profiles of circRNAs, indicating a regulatory role in cancer pathogenesis and metastasis. As endogenous competitive RNA, circRNAs can regulate tumor proliferation and invasion. Further, some circRNAs located in the nucleus can regulate transcription of genes by binding to RNA polymerase II. In this review, we elaborate the characteristics, functions and mechanisms of action of circRNAs in cancer. We also discuss the possibility of using circRNAs as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for cancer.
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Abstract
As a new kind of RNA, circular RNA (circRNA) is a endogenous non-coding RNA with circular structure, which has the characteristics of universality, stability, conservatism and specificity. CircRNA can specifically bind to microRNAs (miRNAs) in the form of competitive endogenous RNA, thus directly or indirectly regulating the expression of related genes. In addition to the role of sponge, circRNA also regulates parental gene expression, transcriptional translation and protein modification; and it can be used as a biomarker to develop potential diagnosis and treatment methods and evaluate prognosis. Due to changes in dietary habits and genetic factors, the morbidity and mortality of esophageal cancer (EC) in the world are still high, and are prone to early metastasis. Although the diagnosis and treatment techniques have been improved in recent years, the early diagnosis of EC is not common, and the 5-year survival rate of patients is still very low. This article reviews the function and significance of circRNA and discusses the research progress of circRNA as biomarkers in EC.
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Phung CD, Tran TH, Pham LM, Nguyen HT, Jeong JH, Yong CS, Kim JO. Current developments in nanotechnology for improved cancer treatment, focusing on tumor hypoxia. J Control Release 2020; 324:413-429. [PMID: 32461115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of the tumor microenvironment, which is characterized by tissue oxygen deficiency due to an aggressive proliferation of cancer cells. Hypoxia activates hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent signaling, which in turn regulates metabolic reprogramming, immune suppression, resistance to apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and invasion to secondary sites. In this review, we provide an overview of the use of nanotechnology to harmonize intra-tumoral oxygen or suppress hypoxia-related signaling for an improved efficacy of cancer treatment. The biological background was followed by conducting a literature review on the (1) nanoparticles responsible for enhancing oxygen levels within the tumor, (2) nanoparticles sensitizing hypoxia, (3) nanoparticles suppressing hypoxia-inducing factor, (4) nanoparticles that relieve tumor hypoxia for enhancement of chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy, either individually or in combination. Lastly, the heterogeneity of cancer and limitations of nanotechnology are discussed to facilitate translational therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Dai Phung
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuan Hiep Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi 12116, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No.167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11313, Viet Nam
| | - Le Minh Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Industrial & Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Deahak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Xiao Z, Wei Z, Deng D, Zheng Z, Zhao Y, Jiang S, Zhang D, Zhang LJ, Fan M, Chen S, Wang S, Ding Y, Ye Y, Jiao H. Downregulation of Siah1 promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and migration by regulating AKT and YAP ubiquitylation and proteasome degradation. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:50. [PMID: 32082080 PMCID: PMC7020597 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-1124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. Siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Siah1) has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene and plays an important role in the development of malignant tumors. However, the potential role and molecular mechanism of Siah1 in the development and progression of CRC is still unclear. Methods To explore the role and molecular mechanism of Siah1 in the development and progression of CRC, we examined the expression of Siah1 in CRC tissue samples and analyzed its association with progression and prognosis in CRC. In addition, overexpression and knockdown of Siah1 was used to investigate its activity in CRC cells. We also use bioinformatics to analyze and verify the significant roles of Siah1 in critical signaling pathways of CRC. Results We found that the expression of Siah1 was significantly downregulated in CRC tissues, and low expression of Siah1 was associated with aggressive TNM staging and poor survival of CRC patients. Moreover, we revealed that overexpression of Siah1 in CRC cells markedly inhibited CRC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivo, while knockdown of Siah1 enhanced CRC cell proliferation and invasion. Furthermore, we found that Siah1 prohibited cell proliferation and invasion in CRC partially through promoting AKT (the serine-threonine protein kinase) and YAP (yes associated protein) ubiquitylation and proteasome degradation to regulate the activity of MAPK(mitogen-activated protein kinase 1), PI3K-AKT (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-the serine-threonine protein kinase) and Hippo signaling pathways. Conclusions These findings suggested that Siah1 is a novel potential prognostic biomarker and plays a tumor suppressor role in the development and progression of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Xiao
- 1Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China.,3Department of Pathology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Zhigang Wei
- 4Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danling Deng
- 1Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Shaoyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Shaoyang Hospital of University of South China, Shaoyang, Hunan China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- 1Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Zhao
- 1Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenglu Jiang
- 1Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- 1Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Jie Zhang
- 1Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingmei Fan
- 1Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- 1Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - ShuYang Wang
- 1Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Ding
- 1Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Ye
- 1Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Jiao
- 1Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China.,2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
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34
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Hoang NX, Hoang VH, Luu TTT, Luu HN, Ngo T, Van Hieu D, Long NH, Anh LV, Ngo ST, Nguyen YTK, Han BW, Nguyen TX, Hai DTT, Hien TTT, Tran PT. Design, synthesis and bioevaluation of novel 6-substituted aminoindazole derivatives as anticancer agents. RSC Adv 2020; 10:45199-45206. [PMID: 35516257 PMCID: PMC9058813 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a series of 6-substituted aminoindazole derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for bio-activities. The compounds were initially designed as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors based on the structural feature of five IDO1 inhibitors, which are currently on clinical trials, and the important anticancer activity of the indazole scaffold. One of them, compound N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-indazol-6-amine (36), exhibited a potent anti-proliferative activity with an IC50 value of 0.4 ± 0.3 μM in human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116). This compound also remarkably suppressed the IDO1 protein expression. In the cell-cycle studies, the suppressive activity of compound 36 in HCT116 cells was related to the G2/M cell cycle arrest. Altogether, the current findings demonstrate that compound 36 would be promising for further development as a potential anticancer agent. In the present study, a series of 6-substituted aminoindazole derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for bio-activities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Van-Hai Hoang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
| | - Thi-Thu-Trang Luu
- College of Pharmacy
- Natural Products Research Institute
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hung N. Luu
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Thien Ngo
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Thai Binh City 410000
- Vietnam
| | | | | | - Le Viet Anh
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy
- Hanoi 100000
- Vietnam
| | - Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics
- Ton Duc Thang University
- Ho Chi Minh City 700000
- Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences
| | - Yen Thi Kim Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Woo Han
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh Xuan Nguyen
- Department of Surgical Oncology
- Viet-Duc University Hospital
- Hanoi 100000
- Vietnam
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35
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Ge P, Cao L, Chen X, Jing R, Yue W. miR-762 activation confers acquired resistance to gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1203. [PMID: 31823748 PMCID: PMC6905032 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (e.g. gefitinib) currently remain the first-line treatment for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with activating EGFR mutation. However, acquired resistance to gefitinib, which occurs frequently through unidentified mechanisms, significantly attenuate therapeutic effectiveness. Previous miRNA microarray analysis reveals that expression levels of a conserved oncomiR miR-762 are significantly upregulated in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells. We therefore aim to elucidate the role and underlying mechanisms of miR-762 during the pathogenesis of gefitinib resistance. Methods miR-762 expression in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC tissues and cells was evaluated using RT-qPCR. The potential regulation of miR-762 expression by IL-6 was studied using pharmacological and biochemical approaches. Effects of miR-762 manipulation on sensitivity to gefitinib was assessed using MTT, apoptotic ELISA and xenograft model. Finally, the posttranscriptional regulation of active BCR related protein (ABR) by miR-762 was determined using luciferase assay and site-directed mutagenesis. Results miR-762 expression was upregulated in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC tissues and cells, and this upregulation predicted a poor post-chemotherapy prognosis in NSCLC patients. miR-762 upregulation, induced by IL-6 signaling, significantly enhanced cell survival and rendered NSCLC cells unresponsiveness to gefitinib-elicited cell death. We finally provided the evidence that the oncogenic effect of miR-762 was mediated mainly through posttranscriptional repression of ABR in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells. Conclusions Our findings provide a rationale for future efforts testing miR-762 inhibition and ABR restoration co-treatment in patients with recurrent EGFR mutant NSCLC to therapeutically combat the heterogeneity of EGFR-TKIs resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ge
- Department of Cardiac & Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Cardiac & Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijun Jing
- Department of Cardiac & Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanxia Yue
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, No.167 Fangdong Avenue, Baqiao District, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Bach DH, Lee SK. The Potential Impacts of Tylophora Alkaloids and their Derivatives in Modulating Inflammation, Viral Infections, and Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4709-4725. [PMID: 30047325 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180726123339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapies or antitumor agents mainly remain the backbone of current treatment based on killing the rapidly dividing cancer cell such as tylophora alkaloids and their analogues which have also demonstrated anticancer potential through diverse biological pathways including regulation of the immune system. The introduction of durable clinically effective monoclonal antibodies, however, unmasked a new era of cancer immunotherapies. Therefore, the understanding of cancer pathogenesis will provide new possible treatment options, including cancer immunotherapy and targeted agents. Combining cytotoxic agents and immunotherapies may offer several unique advantages that are complementary to and potentially synergistic with biologic modalities. Herein, we highlight the dynamic mechanism of action of immune modulation in cancer and the immunological aspects of the orally active antitumor agents tylophora alkaloids and their analogues. We also suggest that future cancer treatments will rely on the development of combining tumor-targeted agents and biologic immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hiep Bach
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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37
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Akar S, Harmankaya İ, Uğraş S, Çelik Ç. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase expression and its association with phospho-Akt, p53 expression, and survival in high-grade endometrial cancer. Turk J Med Sci 2019; 49:1547-1554. [PMID: 31652035 PMCID: PMC7018241 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1907-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is an enzyme that is overexpressed in malignancies. NNMT expression has not been previously studied in endometrial cancer (EC). Increased phospho-Akt (pAkt) levels in response to NNMT overexpression have been reported in in vitro studies of different cancer types. We assayed NNMT expression in primary and metastatic high-grade EC and investigated the relationship of NNMT with p53, pAkt, and survival. Materials and methods NNMT, pAkt, and p53 expressions were assayed in 100 tissue samples of benign endometria, primary EC, and metastatic EC by immunohistochemistry. Results The NNMT immunoreactivity score was significantly higher in primary high-grade EC than benign endometrial tissue (P = 0.001). NNMT expression in metastatic tissue was significantly higher than in primary cancer (P < 0.001). Metastatic stromal NNMT expression was significantly higher than that of the adjacent tumor and stroma adjacent to the primary tumor. p53 expression in the primary tumor showed a significant positive correlation with omental NNMT and pAkt expression. NNMT expression was also correlated with pAkt expression in metastatic tissue. NNMT overexpression in metastatic tissue was associated with decreased survival (P = 0.039). Conclusion This study suggests that NNMT may promote cancer progression and that NNMT overexpression is associated with aberrant p53 expression, pAkt, and poor survival. NNMT’s role in cancer progression could make it a target of EC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serra Akar
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - İsmail Harmankaya
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Serdar Uğraş
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Çetin Çelik
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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38
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Zhang X, Gong J, Lu J, Chen J, Zhou Y, Li T, Ding L. Long noncoding RNA LINC00337 accelerates the non-small-cell lung cancer progression through inhibiting TIMP2 by recruiting DNMT1. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:6075-6083. [PMID: 31632575 PMCID: PMC6789226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence reveals the essential roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumorigenesis. Here, our research investigated the biological roles of novel lncRNA LINC00337 in the NSCLC tumorigenesis and discover the potential mechanism. In the NSCLC tissue and cell lines, LINC00337 was found to be remarkedly up-regulated, and the ectopic LINC00337 overexpression indicated the poor survival of NSCLC patients. In vitro, gain and loss of functional assays showed that LINC00337 promoted the progression of NSCLC cells, including proliferation and invasion. In vivo, LINC00337 knockdown inhibited the tumor growth of NSCLC cells. Mechanically, LINC00337 could recruit the epigenetic repressor DNMT1 to the promoter region of TIMP2 to silence its expression. In conclusion, our study found the critical regulation of lncRNA LINC00337 for the NSCLC through epigenetic regulation, which may serve as a predictive biomarker and potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nantong Tumor Hospital Nantong 226006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nantong Tumor Hospital Nantong 226006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junguo Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nantong Tumor Hospital Nantong 226006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nantong Tumor Hospital Nantong 226006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nantong Tumor Hospital Nantong 226006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nantong Tumor Hospital Nantong 226006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingchi Ding
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nantong Tumor Hospital Nantong 226006, Jiangsu Province, China
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39
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Bach DH, Zhang W, Sood AK. Chromosomal Instability in Tumor Initiation and Development. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3995-4002. [PMID: 31350294 PMCID: PMC7694409 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is one of the major forms of genomic instability in various human cancers and is recognized as a common hallmark of tumorigenesis and heterogeneity. However, some malignant tumors show a paucity of chromosomal alterations, suggesting that tumor progression and evolution can occur in the absence of CIN. It is unclear whether CIN is stable between precursor lesions, primary tumor, and metastases or if it evolves during these steps. In this review, we describe the influence of CIN on the various steps in tumor initiation and development. Given the recognized significant effects of CIN in cancer, CIN-targeted therapeutics could have a major impact on improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hiep Bach
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Cancer Genomics and Precision Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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40
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Gkountakos A, Sartori G, Falcone I, Piro G, Ciuffreda L, Carbone C, Tortora G, Scarpa A, Bria E, Milella M, Rosell R, Corbo V, Pilotto S. PTEN in Lung Cancer: Dealing with the Problem, Building on New Knowledge and Turning the Game Around. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081141. [PMID: 31404976 PMCID: PMC6721522 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common malignancy and cause of cancer deaths worldwide, owing to the dismal prognosis for most affected patients. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted in chromosome 10 (PTEN) acts as a powerful tumor suppressor gene and even partial reduction of its levels increases cancer susceptibility. While the most validated anti-oncogenic duty of PTEN is the negative regulation of the PI3K/mTOR/Akt oncogenic signaling pathway, further tumor suppressor functions, such as chromosomal integrity and DNA repair have been reported. PTEN protein loss is a frequent event in lung cancer, but genetic alterations are not equally detected. It has been demonstrated that its expression is regulated at multiple genetic and epigenetic levels and deeper delineation of these mechanisms might provide fertile ground for upgrading lung cancer therapeutics. Today, PTEN expression is usually determined by immunohistochemistry and low protein levels have been associated with decreased survival in lung cancer. Moreover, available data involve PTEN mutations and loss of activity with resistance to targeted treatments and immunotherapy. This review discusses the current knowledge about PTEN status in lung cancer, highlighting the prevalence of its alterations in the disease, the regulatory mechanisms and the implications of PTEN on available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Gkountakos
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Sartori
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Italia Falcone
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Geny Piro
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Ciuffreda
- SAFU Laboratory, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Carbone
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Center for Applied Research on Cancer (ARC-NET), University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Emilio Bria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Milella
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Germans Trias i Pujol, Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Corbo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- Center for Applied Research on Cancer (ARC-NET), University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Sara Pilotto
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Li J, You S, Zhang S, Hu Q, Wang F, Chi X, Zhao W, Xie C, Zhang C, Yu Y, Liu J, Zhao Y, Liu P, Zhang Y, Wei X, Li Q, Wang X, Yin Z. Elevated N-methyltransferase expression induced by hepatic stellate cells contributes to the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via regulation of the CD44v3 isoform. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1993-2009. [PMID: 31294922 PMCID: PMC6717763 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross‐talk between hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and hepatic carcinoma cells contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. We report here that activated HSCs induce upregulation of nicotinamide N‐methyltransferase (NNMT), which is known to regulate multiple metabolic pathways in hepatoma cells of the liver. High levels of NNMT in HCC tissues were positively correlated with vascular invasion, increased serum HBV‐DNA levels, and distant metastasis. In addition, functional assays showed that NNMT promoted HCC cell invasion and metastasis by altering the histone H3 methylation on 27 methylation pattern and transcriptionally activating cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44). NNMT‐mediated N6‐methyladenosine modification of CD44 mRNA resulted in the formation of a CD44v3 splice variant, while its product 1‐methyl‐nicotinamide stabilized CD44 protein by preventing ubiquitin‐mediated degradation. Finally, NNMT was also shown to be a target of statins that inhibited metastasis of hepatoma cells. Taken together, our study shows for the first time that the NNMT/CD44v3 axis regulates HCC metastasis and presents NNMT as a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Song You
- Graduate College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Medicine Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Fujian, China
| | - Fuqiang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoqin Chi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Wenxiu Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Chengrong Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Changmao Zhang
- Graduate College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yaqi Yu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Pingguo Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Xujin Wei
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Qiu Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian, China
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Bach DH, Lee SK, Sood AK. Circular RNAs in Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 16:118-129. [PMID: 30861414 PMCID: PMC6411617 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of single-stranded closed RNA molecules that are formed by precursor mRNA back-splicing or skipping events of thousands of genes in eukaryotes as covalently closed continuous loops. High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics approaches have uncovered the broad expression of circRNAs across species. Their high stability, abundance, and evolutionary conservation among species points to their distinct properties and diverse cellular functions as efficient microRNAs and protein sponges; they also play important roles in modulating transcription and splicing. Additionally, most circRNAs are aberrantly expressed in pathological conditions and in a tissue-specific manner such as development and progression of cancer. Herein, we highlight the characteristics, functions, and mechanisms of action of circRNAs in cancer; we also provide an overview of recent progress in the circRNA field and future application of circRNAs as cancer biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hiep Bach
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Li J, Li TX, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Li DY, Xu HR. Bursopentin (BP5) induces G1 phase cell cycle arrest and endoplasmic reticulum stress/mitochondria-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis in human colon cancer HCT116 cells. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:130. [PMID: 31123429 PMCID: PMC6521404 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bursopentin (BP5) is a multifunctional pentapeptide found in the chicken bursa of Fabricius. Recent study indicated that BP5 significantly stimulates expression of p53 protein in colon cancer HCT116 cells. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of BP5 on HCT116 cell proliferation remain largely unclear. Methods Analyses of cell viability, cell cycle arrest as well as apoptosis were performed to study the actions of BP5 on HCT116 cells. Western blot analyse was assayed to measure the cell cycle-related and apoptosis-related proteins. Specific siRNAs targeting IRE1, ATF-6, and PERK were used for IRE1, ATF-6, and PERK knockdown, respectively. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using a H2DCF-DA green fluorescence probe. Cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured using Fluo-3 AM and JC-1 stains, respectively. Results BP5 possessed strong inhibitory effects on the cell growth and induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Mechanistically, BP5 arrested the cell cycle at G1 phase by increasing p53 and p21 expression and decreasing cyclin E1-CDK2 complex expression. BP5 treatment dramatically activated the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptotic pathway, as revealed by the significantly enhanced expression of unfolded protein response (UPR) sensors (IRE1α, ATF6, PERK) as well as downstream signaling molecules (XBP-1s, eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP), and by the significantly altered the BP5-induced phenotypic changes in IRE1, ATF6, and PERK knockdown cells. Additionally, BP5-induced ER stress was accompanied by the accumulation of cytosolic free Ca2+ and intracellular ROS. Furthermore, BP5 treatment resulted in the increase of Bax expression, the decrease of Bcl-2 expression and the reduction of ΔΨm, subsequently causing a release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm and finally enhancing the activities of caspase-9 and -3. In addition, z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor, markedly rescued BP5-induced cell viability reduction and reduced BP5-induced apoptosis. Conclusions Our present results suggest that BP5 has an anticancer capacity to arrest cell cycle at G1 phase and to trigger ER stress/mitochondria-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Therefore, our findings provide insight into further investigations of the anticancer activities of BP5. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-019-0849-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 People's Republic of China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Xiang Li
- 3Department of Clinical Medicine, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Ma
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 People's Republic of China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 People's Republic of China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 People's Republic of China
| | - De-Yuan Li
- 4Key Lab of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Rong Xu
- 1Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 People's Republic of China.,2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 People's Republic of China.,5Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 People's Republic of China
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AXL degradation in combination with EGFR-TKI can delay and overcome acquired resistance in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:361. [PMID: 31043587 PMCID: PMC6494839 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) has been a major obstacle in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. AXL has been reported to mediate EGFR-TKIs. Recently, third generation EGFR-TKI osimertinib has been approved and yet its acquired resistance mechanism is not clearly understood. We found that AXL is involved in both gefitinib and osimertinib resistance using in vitro and in vivo model. In addition, AXL overexpression was correlated with extended protein degradation rate. We demonstrate targeting AXL degradation is an alternative route to restore EGFR-TKIs sensitivity. We confirmed that the combination effect of YD, an AXL degrader, and EGFR-TKIs can delay or overcome EGFR-TKIs-driven resistance in EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells, xenograft tumors, and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Therefore, combination of EGFR-TKI and AXL degrader is a potentially effective treatment strategy for overcoming and delaying acquired resistance in NSCLC.
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Gasperi V, Sibilano M, Savini I, Catani MV. Niacin in the Central Nervous System: An Update of Biological Aspects and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040974. [PMID: 30813414 PMCID: PMC6412771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Niacin (also known as "vitamin B₃" or "vitamin PP") includes two vitamers (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) giving rise to the coenzymatic forms nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). The two coenzymes are required for oxidative reactions crucial for energy production, but they are also substrates for enzymes involved in non-redox signaling pathways, thus regulating biological functions, including gene expression, cell cycle progression, DNA repair and cell death. In the central nervous system, vitamin B₃ has long been recognized as a key mediator of neuronal development and survival. Here, we will overview available literature data on the neuroprotective role of niacin and its derivatives, especially focusing especially on its involvement in neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases), as well as in other neuropathological conditions (ischemic and traumatic injuries, headache and psychiatric disorders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gasperi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Sibilano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Isabella Savini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Valeria Catani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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The Role of Platelets in the Tumor-Microenvironment and the Drug Resistance of Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020240. [PMID: 30791448 PMCID: PMC6406993 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides the critical functions in hemostasis, thrombosis and the wounding process, platelets have been increasingly identified as active players in various processes in tumorigenesis, including angiogenesis and metastasis. Once activated, platelets can release bioactive contents such as lipids, microRNAs, and growth factors into the bloodstream, subsequently enhancing the platelet⁻cancer interaction and stimulating cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. The mechanisms of treatment failure of chemotherapeutic drugs have been investigated to be associated with platelets. Therefore, understanding how platelets contribute to the tumor microenvironment may potentially identify strategies to suppress cancer angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. Herein, we present a review of recent investigations on the role of platelets in the tumor-microenvironment including angiogenesis, and metastasis, as well as targeting platelets for cancer treatment, especially in drug resistance.
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Bach DH, Long NP, Luu TTT, Anh NH, Kwon SW, Lee SK. The Dominant Role of Forkhead Box Proteins in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3279. [PMID: 30360388 PMCID: PMC6213973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box (FOX) proteins are multifaceted transcription factors that are significantly implicated in cancer, with various critical roles in biological processes. Herein, we provide an overview of several key members of the FOXA, FOXC, FOXM1, FOXO and FOXP subfamilies. Important pathophysiological processes of FOX transcription factors at multiple levels in a context-dependent manner are discussed. We also specifically summarize some major aspects of FOX transcription factors in association with cancer research such as drug resistance, tumor growth, genomic alterations or drivers of initiation. Finally, we suggest that targeting FOX proteins may be a potential therapeutic strategy to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hiep Bach
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | | | | | - Nguyen Hoang Anh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Williams AC, Hill LJ. Nicotinamide's Ups and Downs: Consequences for Fertility, Development, Longevity and Diseases of Poverty and Affluence. Int J Tryptophan Res 2018; 11:1178646918802289. [PMID: 30327578 PMCID: PMC6178124 DOI: 10.1177/1178646918802289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To further explore the role of dietary nicotinamide in both brain development and diseases, particularly those of ageing. Articles cover neurodegenerative disease and cancer. Also discussed are the effects of nicotinamide, contained in meat and supplements and derived from symbionts, on the major transitions of disease and fertility from ancient times up to the present day. A key role for the tryptophan - NAD 'de novo' and immune tolerance pathway are discussed at length in the context of fertility and longevity and the transitions from immune paresis to Treg-mediated immune tolerance and then finally to intolerance and their associated diseases. Abstract: Nicotinamide in human evolution increased cognitive power in a positive feedback loop originally involving hunting. As the precursor to metabolic master molecule NAD it is, as vitamin B3, vital for health. Paradoxically, a lower dose on a diverse plant then cereal-based diet fuelled population booms from the Mesolithic onwards, by upping immune tolerance of the foetus. Increased tolerance of risky symbionts, whether in the gut or TB, that excrete nicotinamide co-evolved as buffers for when diet was inadequate. High biological fertility, despite disease trade-offs, avoided the extinction of Homo sapiens and heralded the dawn of a conscious, creative, and pro-fertility culture. Nicotinamide equity now would stabilise populations and prevent NAD-based diseases of poverty and affluence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lisa J Hill
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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BMP4 Upregulation Is Associated with Acquired Drug Resistance and Fatty Acid Metabolism in EGFR-Mutant Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:817-828. [PMID: 30153566 PMCID: PMC6118096 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths worldwide. In particular, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are associated with resistance development of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) treatment. Recent findings suggest that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) might act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, for the first time, we identified the potential roles of BMPs and miRNAs involved in EGFR-TKI resistance by analyzing datasets from a pair of parental cells and NSCLC cells with acquired EGFR-TKI resistance. BMP4 was observed to be significantly overexpressed in the EGFR-TKI-resistant cells, and its mechanism of action was strongly associated with the induction of cancer cell energy metabolism through the modulation of Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4. In addition, miR-139-5p was observed to be significantly downregulated in the resistant NSCLC cells. The combination of miR-139-5p and yuanhuadine, a naturally derived antitumor agent, synergistically suppressed BMP4 expression in the resistant cells. We further confirmed that LDN-193189, a small molecule BMP receptor 1 inhibitor, effectively inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft nude mouse model implanted with the EFGR-TKI-resistant cells. These findings suggest a novel role of BMP4-mediated tumorigenesis in the progression of acquired drug resistance in EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells.
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