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Symochko L, Pereira P, Demyanyuk O, Pinheiro MC, Barcelo D. Resistome in a changing environment: Hotspots and vectors of spreading with a focus on the Russian-Ukrainian War. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32716. [PMID: 39183836 PMCID: PMC11341293 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This work aims to shed light on the key factors contributing to the development of environmental resistance and the urgent need to address the growing problem of antibiotic resistance (AR) under the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The article provides an overview of the main mechanisms involved in AR development and dissemination globally and the challenges posed by the ongoing war in Ukraine. The work outlines various international initiatives to reduce AR, including the concept of "One Health" and the strategies established, which are the key to reducing the effects on public health. Addressing AR globally and in conflict areas requires a comprehensive approach. This involves implementing monitoring of the microorganism's resistance levels to antibiotics, controlling the use of antimicrobial drugs, increasing public awareness of the AR, introducing educational programs to prevent the improper use of antibiotics, and adopting environmentally safe methods for the disposal of waste from medical, food, and other industries that produce or use antibiotics. Such initiatives are essential for promoting the responsible use of antibiotics, preventing the spread of AR infections, and preserving the effectiveness of existing antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Symochko
- Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management NAAS, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - P. Pereira
- Environmental Management Laboratory, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - O. Demyanyuk
- Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management NAAS, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - M.N. Coelho Pinheiro
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal
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Ahmad N, Joji RM, Shahid M. Evolution and implementation of One Health to control the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes: A review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1065796. [PMID: 36726644 PMCID: PMC9884834 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1065796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a serious threat to humanity and its environment. Aberrant usage of antibiotics in the human, animal, and environmental sectors, as well as the dissemination of resistant bacteria and resistance genes among these sectors and globally, are all contributing factors. In humans, antibiotics are generally used to treat infections and prevent illnesses. Antibiotic usage in food-producing animals has lately emerged as a major public health concern. These medicines are currently being utilized to prevent and treat infectious diseases and also for its growth-promoting qualities. These methods have resulted in the induction and spread of antibiotic resistant infections from animals to humans. Antibiotics can be introduced into the environment from a variety of sources, including human wastes, veterinary wastes, and livestock husbandry waste. The soil has been recognized as a reservoir of ABR genes, not only because of the presence of a wide and varied range of bacteria capable of producing natural antibiotics but also for the usage of natural manure on crop fields, which may contain ABR genes or antibiotics. Fears about the human health hazards of ABR related to environmental antibiotic residues include the possible threat of modifying the human microbiota and promoting the rise and selection of resistant bacteria, and the possible danger of generating a selection pressure on the environmental microflora resulting in environmental antibiotic resistance. Because of the connectivity of these sectors, antibiotic use, antibiotic residue persistence, and the existence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in human-animal-environment habitats are all linked to the One Health triangle. The pillars of support including rigorous ABR surveillance among different sectors individually and in combination, and at national and international level, overcoming laboratory resource challenges, and core plan and action execution should be strictly implemented to combat and contain ABR under one health approach. Implementing One Health could help to avoid the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance while also promoting a healthier One World. This review aims to emphasize antibiotic resistance and its regulatory approaches from the perspective of One Health by highlighting the interconnectedness and multi-sectoral nature of the human, animal, and environmental health or ill-health facets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
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Aden MA, Bashiru G. HOW MISUSE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS IS EXACERBATING THE CHALLENGES FACING SOMALIA'S PUBLIC HEALTH. Afr J Infect Dis 2022; 16:26-32. [PMID: 36124330 PMCID: PMC9480883 DOI: 10.21010/ajid.v16i2s.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to most developed countries, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has continued to be a serious challenge to public health in the majority of resource-limited countries in Africa. Materials and method A comprehensive review of all available literature reporting on antimicrobial resistance patterns, antimicrobial drug usage in both human and animals, as well as national AMR regulations in Somalia was undertaken. Results The review observed that successful AMR control and surveillance among resource-poor nations are affected by a lack of infrastructural and institutional capacities, poor investment in human and material resources, as well as non-adherence to available policies. The humanitarian crisis affecting Somalia has persisted for too long, leading to loss of lives, productivity and dilapidation of public health infrastructures. Somalia like most countries has adopted the One Health approach in developing their soon-to-be gazetted National Action Plan on AMR, which covers both human health, animal health and the environment. Although there are many other similar policy documents and guidelines regulating the usage and administration of antimicrobials in the country, evidence of the implementation indicates there is still a need for more effort. Conclusion AMR constitute a significant public health problem in Somali, and there is urgent need for gazetting and enforcement of the newly developed national policy. In addition, there is also the need for collaboration with the major stakeholders to develop workable solutions to combat the hazards posed by AMR in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Ayan Aden
- Institute for Medical Research, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Garba Bashiru
- Institute for Medical Research, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria,Corresponding Author’s E-Mail:
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Anyanwu MU, Nwobi OC, Okpala COR, Ezeonu IM. Mobile Tigecycline Resistance: An Emerging Health Catastrophe Requiring Urgent One Health Global Intervention. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:808744. [PMID: 35979498 PMCID: PMC9376449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.808744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile tigecycline resistance (MTR) threatens the clinical efficacy of the salvage antibiotic, tigecycline (TIG) used in treating deadly infections in humans caused by superbugs (multidrug-, extensively drug-, and pandrug-resistant bacteria), including carbapenem- and colistin-resistant bacteria. Currently, non-mobile tet(X) and mobile plasmid-mediated transmissible tet(X) and resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pump tmexCD-toprJ genes, conferring high-level TIG (HLT) resistance have been detected in humans, animals, and environmental ecosystems. Given the increasing rate of development and spread of plasmid-mediated resistance against the two last-resort antibiotics, colistin (COL) and TIG, there is a need to alert the global community on the emergence and spread of plasmid-mediated HLT resistance and the need for nations, especially developing countries, to increase their antimicrobial stewardship. Justifiably, MTR spread projects One Health ramifications and portends a monumental threat to global public and animal health, which could lead to outrageous health and economic impact due to limited options for therapy. To delve more into this very important subject matter, this current work will discuss why MTR is an emerging health catastrophe requiring urgent One Health global intervention, which has been constructed as follows: (a) antimicrobial activity of TIG; (b) mechanism of TIG resistance; (c) distribution, reservoirs, and traits of MTR gene-harboring isolates; (d) causes of MTR development; (e) possible MTR gene transfer mode and One Health implication; and (f) MTR spread and mitigating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Obichukwu Chisom Nwobi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ifeoma M. Ezeonu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Ahmadzai MA, Shinwari Q, Al-Rasheed AA, Garba B. Armed conflict and the proliferation of antimicrobial resistance: The situation in war-ravaged Afghanistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2022.43-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constitutes a serious impediment to the attainment of the World Health Organization's Sustainable Development Goals, which seek to ensure and promote healthy living among humans and animals. Studies have identified the vulnerability of conflict-affected populations to exposure to antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. Resource-limited countries like Afghanistan have suffered for long periods from armed conflicts, and this situation is exacerbated by the already poor or dilapidated healthcare delivery services. The country has suffered human and economic losses due to antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections driven by the prolonged war, as well as a limited number of antimicrobials and frequent under dosage. Most reports point to the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics as the main reason for building up resistant strains. There is a need for more efforts toward identifying the major contributors and enlightening the public on the importance of AMR. This review aimed to provide a critical appraisal regarding the current situation of AMR in Afghanistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aman Ahmadzai
- Department of Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Helmand University, 3902 Peace Watt, Lashkar Gah, Helmand, Afghanistan
| | - Qiamudin Shinwari
- Department of Para Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Helmand University, 3902 Peace Watt, Lashkar Gah, Helmand, Afghanistan
| | | | - Bashiru Garba
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, 840212, Sultan Abubakar Road, City Campus Complex, Sokoto State, Nigeria
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Cirks BT, Rajnik M, Madden KB, Otollini M. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Encountered During Wartime Part II: Infectious Diseases Complications in the Individual Pediatric Patient. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-021-00771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kobeissi E, Menassa M, Moussally K, Repetto E, Soboh I, Hajjar M, Saleh S, Abu-Sittah G. The socioeconomic burden of antibiotic resistance in conflict-affected settings and refugee hosting countries: a systematic scoping review. Confl Health 2021; 15:21. [PMID: 33823882 PMCID: PMC8025481 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-021-00357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a major global threat. Armed and protracted conflicts act as multipliers of infection and ABR, thus leading to increased healthcare and societal costs. We aimed to understand and describe the socioeconomic burden of ABR in conflict-affected settings and refugee hosting countries by conducting a systematic scoping review. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Medline (Ovid), Embase, Web of Science, SCOPUS and Open Grey databases was conducted to identify all relevant human studies published between January 1990 and August 2019. An updated search was also conducted in April 2020 using Medline/Ovid. Independent screenings of titles/abstracts followed by full texts were performed using pre-defined criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess study quality. Data extraction and analysis were based on the PICOS framework and following the PRISMA-ScR guideline. Results The search yielded 8 studies (7 publications), most of which were single-country, mono-center and retrospective studies. The studies were conducted in Lebanon (n = 3), Iraq (n = 2), Jordan (n = 1), Palestine (n = 1) and Yemen (n = 1). Most of the studies did not have a primary aim to assess the socioeconomic impact of ABR and were small studies with limited statistical power that could not demonstrate significant associations. The included studies lacked sufficient information for the accurate evaluation of the cost incurred by antibiotic resistant infections in conflict-affected countries. Conclusion This review highlights the scarcity of research on the socioeconomic burden of ABR on general populations in conflict-affected settings and on refugees and migrants in host countries, and lists recommendations for consideration in future studies. Further studies are needed to understand the cost of ABR in these settings to develop and implement adaptable policies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13031-021-00357-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Kobeissi
- Conflict Medicine Program, Global Health Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marilyne Menassa
- Conflict Medicine Program, Global Health Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Ernestina Repetto
- Medical Department, Operational Center Brussels, Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ismail Soboh
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Hajjar
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Shadi Saleh
- Global Health Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Abu-Sittah
- Conflict Medicine Program, Global Health Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon.
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