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Iijima Y, Nakayama N, Yamada M, Hino S, Horie N, Kaneko T. Laugier-Hunziker Syndrome: A Rare Cause of Oral Mucosa Pigmentation. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2023; 9:23337214231191295. [PMID: 37565024 PMCID: PMC10411268 DOI: 10.1177/23337214231191295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Various diseases cause pigmentation of the oral mucosa. Among them, however, Laugier-Hunziker syndrome is not well known to dentists. Laugier-Hunziker syndrome is a benign pigmentary disorder characterized by the unique expression of pigmentation of the mucosa, nails and skin. In this report, we present a rare case of Laugier-Hunziker syndrome that occurred in an elderly person. Case Presentation: The patient was an 84-year-old female resident of an elderly care facility. The institutional dental hygienist reported that she was concerned about the discoloration of the oral mucosa. On examination, she had pigmentation of her oral mucosa and nails. She had no history of any disease or medication that would cause pigmentation. Although this condition was initially unknown to us, a diagnosis of Laugier-Hunziker syndrome was made. Conclusion: We report a case of Laugier-Hunziker syndrome in an elderly woman, which is not a well-known condition among dental professionals. More knowledge about diseases that cause pigmentation of the oral mucosa would be helpful in dental practice, especially at external facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Iijima
- Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Nami Nakayama
- Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Miki Yamada
- Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Hino
- Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Norio Horie
- Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan
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2
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Kim DM, Kim GH, Kim MB. Oral Hyperpigmented Macules Observed during Endoscopy Intubation. Clin Endosc 2021; 55:574-575. [PMID: 33461285 PMCID: PMC9329647 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2020.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Da Mi Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Gwang Ha Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Moon-Bum Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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3
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Ferreira LDS, Calderipe CB, Maass JB, Carrard VC, Martins MD, Abreu LG, Schuch LF, Uchoa Vasconcelos AC. Oral pigmented lesions in syndromic individuals: A systematic review. Oral Dis 2021; 28:531-540. [PMID: 33394507 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically integrate the available data published in the literature on oral pigmented lesions (OPL) associated with syndromes, summarizing the clinical and demographic features of the individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic search was undertaken in six databases. Eligibility criteria were articles in English, Spanish, and Portuguese describing case reports or case series of OPL associated with syndromes. Data were aggregated and statistically evaluated. RESULTS About 108 articles reporting 149 cases of individuals with syndromes were identified. Among the affected individuals, nine syndromes were reported. The mean age at diagnosis was 35.93 years (0.41 to 83 years), with a predilection for white (n = 85/85.86%) female (n = 102/68.46%) individuals. As regards the number of lesions, 109 (73.15%) were multiple and 40 (26.85%) were single. Lip represented the anatomical location more affected (122 cases/38.01%), followed by the buccal mucosa (100 cases/31.15%). Brownish lesions accounted for 82 (69.49%) cases. The mean time of evolution was 10.52 years (0.16 to 56 years). OPL preceding diagnosis of the syndrome was observed in 111 (74.50%) cases. CONCLUSIONS Although these syndromes are uncommon, dentists should be able to recognize their manifestations, since oral manifestations can represent an important aspect in early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luíse Dos Santos Ferreira
- Diagnostic Center for Oral Diseases, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Camila Barcellos Calderipe
- Diagnostic Center for Oral Diseases, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Julianne Bartz Maass
- Diagnostic Center for Oral Diseases, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Coelho Carrard
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Manoela Domingues Martins
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Lucas Guimarães Abreu
- Department of Child's and Adolescent's Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lauren Frenzel Schuch
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Urun M, Urun Y, Can N. Laugier–Hunziker syndrome with coexisting palmoplantar psoriasis. DERMATOL SIN 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ds.ds_2_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Sputa‐Grzegrzolka P, Wozniak Z, Akutko K, Pytrus T, Baran W, Calik J, Glatzel‐Plucinska N, Domagala Z, Podhorska‐Okolow M, Stawarski A, Dziegiel P. Laugier‐Hunziker syndrome: a case report of the pediatric patient and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2020; 59:1513-1519. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarzyna Akutko
- 2nd Department and Clinic of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition Wroclaw Medical University Poland
| | - Tomasz Pytrus
- 2nd Department and Clinic of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition Wroclaw Medical University Poland
| | - Wojciech Baran
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology Wroclaw Medical University Poland
| | - Jacek Calik
- Department of ChemotherapyLower Silesian Oncology Center Wroclaw Poland
| | - Natalia Glatzel‐Plucinska
- Division of Histology and Embryology Department of Human Morphology and Embryology Wroclaw Medical University Poland
| | - Zygmunt Domagala
- Division of Anatomy Department of Human Morphology and Embryology Wroclaw Medical University Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Stawarski
- 2nd Department and Clinic of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition Wroclaw Medical University Poland
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology Department of Human Morphology and Embryology Wroclaw Medical University Poland
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6
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Laugier–Hunziker Syndrome in an 8-Year-Old Boy with Scleral Melanocytosis, Lingual Pigmentation, Labial Pigmentation, and Melanonychia Striata. Case Rep Pediatr 2020; 2020:8267805. [PMID: 32257493 PMCID: PMC7103058 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8267805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Laugier–Hunziker syndrome is a rare, acquired disorder characterized by mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation and melanonychia striata with no underlying systemic abnormalities. We report an 8-year-old boy with Laugier–Hunziker syndrome who presented with melanonychia striata affecting all the fingernails and toenails, macular pigmentation on the tongue and the lower lip, and scleral melanocytosis. Melanonychia striata rarely affect all the twenty nails, and scleral melanocytosis has rarely been reported in association with Laugier–Hunziker syndrome. Laugier–Hunziker syndrome occurs predominately in adults. Our patient is the youngest reported patient with Laugier–Hunziker syndrome.
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7
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Rosebush MS, Briody AN, Cordell KG. Black and Brown: Non-neoplastic Pigmentation of the Oral Mucosa. Head Neck Pathol 2019; 13:47-55. [PMID: 30671761 PMCID: PMC6405786 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Black and brown pigmentation of the oral mucosa can occur due to a multitude of non-neoplastic causes. Endogenous or exogenous pigments may be responsible for oral discoloration which can range from innocuous to life-threatening in nature. Physiologic, reactive, and idiopathic melanin production seen in smoker's melanosis, drug-related discolorations, melanotic macule, melanoacanthoma and systemic diseases are presented. Exogenous sources of pigmentation such as amalgam tattoo and black hairy tongue are also discussed. Determining the significance of mucosal pigmented lesions may represent a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Biopsy is indicated whenever the source of pigmentation cannot be definitively identified based on the clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S. Rosebush
- Louisiana State University, 1100 Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70119 USA
| | | | - Kitrina G. Cordell
- Louisiana State University, 1100 Florida Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70119 USA
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Duan N, Zhang YH, Wang WM, Wang X. Mystery behind labial and oral melanotic macules: Clinical, dermoscopic and pathological aspects of Laugier-Hunziker syndrome. World J Clin Cases 2018; 6:322-334. [PMID: 30283795 PMCID: PMC6163135 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v6.i10.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Labial and oral melanotic macules are commonly encountered in a broad range of conditions ranging from physiologic pigmentation to a sign of an underlying life-threatening disease. Although Laugier-Hunziker syndrome (LHS) shares some features of labial and oral pigmentation with a variety of conditions, it is a benign and acquired condition, frequently associated with longitudinal melanonychia. Herein, the demographic, clinical, dermoscopic, and pathological aspects of LHS were reviewed comprehensively. The important differential diagnoses of mucocutaneous and nail pigmentation are provided. An accurate diagnosis is crucial to design a reasonable medical strategy, including management options, malignant transformation surveillance, and psychological support. It is important that clinicians conduct long-term follow-up and surveillance due to the potential risks of malignant transformation and local severe complications in some conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Duan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang-Heng Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Mei Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
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9
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Zaki H, Sabharwal A, Kramer J, Aguirre A. Laugier-Hunziker Syndrome Presenting with Metachronous Melanoacanthomas. Head Neck Pathol 2018; 13:257-263. [PMID: 29450847 PMCID: PMC6514033 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Laugier-Hunziker syndrome (LHS, also termed idiopathic lenticular mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation) is an unusual condition characterized by progressive pigmentation of the mucous membranes. LHS displays a benign course and is not associated with malignancy. Here we present a case of LHS with a 7-year follow-up. We document metachronous oral melanoacanthomas in this individual. In addition, we found that the oral melanotic macules in this patient waxed and waned in a cyclical manner. To our knowledge, this is the first report of these findings in the context of LHS. Finally, we provide an overview of other conditions that can present with mucosal hyperpigmentation. It is critical to distinguish LHS from other conditions characterized by mucosal pigmentation in order to facilitate optimal patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hattan Zaki
- Oral Basic and Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amarpreet Sabharwal
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Jill Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Alfredo Aguirre
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 355 Squire Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214-3008 USA
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10
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Cusick EH, Marghoob AA, Braun RP. Laugier-Hunziker syndrome: a case of asymptomatic mucosal and acral hyperpigmentation. Dermatol Pract Concept 2017; 7:27-30. [PMID: 28515989 PMCID: PMC5424658 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.0702a05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Laugier-Hunziker syndrome (LHS) is a rare condition characterized by acquired hyperpigmentation involving the lips, oral mucosa, acral surfaces, nails and perineum. While patients with LHS may manifest pigmentation in all of the aforementioned areas, most present with pigmentation localized to only a few of these anatomical sites. We herein report a patient exhibiting the characteristic pigment distribution pattern associated with LHS. Since LHS is a diagnosis based on exclusion, we discuss the differential diagnosis of mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation. Due to the benign nature of the disease, it is critical to differentiate this disorder from conditions with similar mucocutaneous pigmentary changes with somatic abnormalities that require medical management. We also explore potential mechanisms that may explain the pathogenesis of LHS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralph P Braun
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
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11
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Verma B, Behra A, Ajmal AKM, Sen S. Laugier-Hunziker Syndrome in a Young Female. Indian Dermatol Online J 2017; 8:148-150. [PMID: 28405564 PMCID: PMC5372444 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5178.202282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bidweshwar Verma
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Akhilesh Behra
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abdul K M Ajmal
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumit Sen
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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12
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Zhang J, Cheng R, Liang J, Ni C, Li M, Yao Z. Lentiginous phenotypes caused by diverse pathogenic genes (SASH1 and PTPN11): clinical and molecular discrimination. Clin Genet 2016; 90:372-7. [PMID: 27659786 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in genes (SASH1 and PTPN11) can cause a rare genetic disorder associated with pigmentation defects and the well-known LEOPARD syndrome, respectively. Both conditions presented with lentiginous phenotypes. The aim of this study was to arrive at definite diagnoses of three Chinese boys with clinically suspected lentigines-related syndromes. ADAR1, ABCB6, SASH1 and PTPN11 were candidate genes for mutational screening. Sanger sequencing was performed to identify the mutations, whereas bioinformatic analysis was used to predict the pathogenicity of novel missense mutations. Two novel mutations c.1537A>C (p.Ser513Arg) and 1527_1530dupAAGT (p.Leu511Lysfs*21) in SASH1 and a common p.Thr468Met mutation in PTPN11 were detected in three pediatric patients with lentiginous phenotypes, respectively. Comparisons between clinical presentations showed that SASH1-related phenotypes can exhibit hyper- and hypopigmentation on the trunk and extremities, similar to dyschromatosis, while scattered café au-lait spots usually appeared in PTPN11-related LEOPARD syndrome. Furthermore, the similarity in the clinical presentations of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Laugier-Hunziker syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, neurofibromatosis type I, suggesting that these conditions should be added into the differential diagnoses of lentiginous phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - R Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - J Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - C Ni
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - M Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Z Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Lalosevic J, Zivanovic D, Skiljevic D, Medenica L. Laugier-Hunziker syndrome--Case report. An Bras Dermatol 2016; 90:223-5. [PMID: 26312723 PMCID: PMC4540557 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Laugier-Hunziker syndrome is a rare, acquired disorder characterized by lenticular
hyperpigmentation of the oral mucosa and longitudinal melanonychia. We present the
case of a 63-year-old female with progressive, asymptomatic hyperpigmentation of
buccal mucosa and a 7-year history of hyperpigmentation in several fingernails.
Laugier-Hunziker syndrome was diagnosed based on the clinical features presented,
dermoscopic findings and exclusion of underlying systemic diseases. Laugier-Hunziker
syndrome is regarded as a diagnosis of exclusion. By identifying Laugier-Hunziker
syndrome, other, more severe syndromes associated with hyperpigmentations can be
excluded, namely Addison’s disease and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
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Abstract
The hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes comprise a heterogeneous group of conditions with varying cancer risks, gastrointestinal polyp types, nonmalignant findings, and inheritance patterns. Although each one is unique in its own right, these syndromes often have overlapping features, making diagnoses difficult in select cases. Obtaining accurate polyp history (histologic type, number, location, and age of onset), cancer history (location, type, and age of onset), and other nonmalignant features is imperative in determining the likely disease diagnosis and thereby the appropriate genetic tests for precise diagnosis in a timely fashion. This process often necessitates collaboration among surgical oncology team members and genetic counselors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kory Jasperson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Room 1166, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Randall W Burt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Fernandes D, Ferrisse TM, Navarro CM, Massucato EMS, Onofre MA, Bufalino A. Pigmented lesions on the mucosa: a wide range of diagnoses. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 119:374-8. [PMID: 25687194 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Fernandes
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Túlio Morandin Ferrisse
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Navarro
- Assistant Professor, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria Sgavioli Massucato
- Assistant Professor, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian Aparecida Onofre
- Associate Professor, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreia Bufalino
- Assistant Professor, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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