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Radziszewski M, Kuś A, Bednarczuk T. Genotype-phenotype correlations in Graves' disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 37:101745. [PMID: 36828713 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease affecting with varying degrees of severity the thyroid gland, orbital tissues and skin. The pathogenesis of GD involves a complex interplay between multiple genetic, environmental and endogenous factors. Although the genetic predisposition to GD is well established, the significance of genotype-phenotype correlations and the role of epigenetic modifications in the disease pathogenesis remains largely unknown. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of genotype-phenotype correlations and summarize possible clinical implications of genetic and epigenetic markers in GD patients. We will specifically discuss the association of genetic markers and epigenetic modifications with age of GD onset, severity of Graves' hyperthyroidism and the development of clinically evident Graves' orbitopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Radziszewski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksander Kuś
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Bednarczuk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Harper JA, Janicke T, Morrow EH. Systematic review reveals multiple sexually antagonistic polymorphisms affecting human disease and complex traits. Evolution 2021; 75:3087-3097. [PMID: 34723381 PMCID: PMC9299215 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An evolutionary model for sex differences in disease risk posits that alleles conferring higher risk in one sex may be protective in the other. These sexually antagonistic (SA) alleles are predicted to be maintained at frequencies higher than expected under purifying selection against unconditionally deleterious alleles, but there are apparently no examples in humans. Discipline-specific terminology, rather than a genuine lack of such alleles, could explain this disparity. We undertook a two-stage review of evidence for SA polymorphisms in humans using search terms from (i) evolutionary biology and (ii) biomedicine. Although the first stage returned no eligible studies, the second revealed 51 genes with sex-opposite effects; 22 increased disease risk or severity in one sex but protected the other. Those with net positive effects occurred at higher frequencies. None were referred to as SA. Our review reveals significant communication barriers to fields as a result of discipline-specific terminology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Alexander Harper
- Evolution, Behaviour and Environment Group, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonBN1 9QGUnited Kingdom
| | - Tim Janicke
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, UMR 5175, CNRSUniversité de Montpellier, École Pratique des Hautes ÉtudesMontpellier34293France
- Applied ZoologyTechnical University DresdenDresden01062Germany
| | - Edward H. Morrow
- Department of Environmental and Life SciencesKarlstad UniversityKarlstadSE‐65188Sweden
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Cao J, Su Y, Chen Z, Ma C, Xiong W. The risk factors for Graves' ophthalmopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:1043-1054. [PMID: 34787691 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to provide an overview of current research into the risk factors for Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). METHODS To find information about the risk factors for GO, the research database PubMed was searched and relevant articles were obtained to extract information about risk factors. RESULTS Smoking has been widely accepted as an important risk factor and cigarette smoking cessation has been shown to improve the outcome and decrease the onset of GO. Radioactive iodine on the thyroid may induce hyperthyroidism and increase the occurrence of GO. Selenium deficiency is a risk factor for GO and the supplementation of selenium has been an adjuvant therapy. Decreasing stressful life events (SLE) may help improve GO. Imbalance in intestinal flora is essential to GO, with Yersinia enterocolitica and Escherichia coli both increased in the digestive tract of the individual with GO. In addition, controlling serum cholesterol may help improve GO since adipogenesis is an important pathological change in its pathogenesis. Considering the correlation between Graves' disease and GO, maintaining normal thyroid function hormone level is the first-line therapeutic strategy to prevent progression of GO. An increase in antibodies such as TSHR and IGF-1R is the main predictor of GO. Besides, gender and gene polymorphism are also risk factors towards GO. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for GO arise from five sources: physical and chemical environment, social-psychological environment, biological environment, the human organism, and genetic codes. Risk factors within these categories may interact with each other and their mechanisms in promoting the development of GO are complex. Research into risk factors for GO may promote emerging fields related to GO such as control of autoantibodies and intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Yuelu District, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhe Su
- Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuokun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Yuelu District, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Yuelu District, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Yuelu District, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Association of variant on the promoter of cluster of differentiation 74 in graves disease and graves ophthalmopathy. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:225965. [PMID: 32744317 PMCID: PMC7432997 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)/cluster of differentiation 74 (CD74) plays a role in immunological functions. The present study aims to investigate whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MIF and CD74 are risk factors for developing Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) in patients with Graves disease (GD). A case–control study enrolled 484 patients with GD (203 with and 281 without GO) and 1000 healthy individuals. SNPs were discriminated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, as well as frequencies of allele and genotype between GD patients with and without GO, were estimated using the Chi-square test. The effects of CD74 on adipocyte proliferation and differentiation were evaluated using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Quantitative DNA-immunoprecipitation was used to detect the binding capacity of NR3C1 and FOXP3 to A/G oligonucleotides. The results showed that individuals carrying the GG genotype at rs2569103 in the CD74 had a decreased risk of developing GD (P=3.390 × 10−11, odds ratio (OR) = 0.021, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.003–0.154); however, patients with GD carrying the AG genotype at rs2569103 in the CD74 had an increased risk of developing GO (P=0.009, OR = 1.707, 95% CI = 1.168–2.495). The knockdown of CD74 reduced adipocyte proliferation and differentiation. NR3C1 had a higher affinity for A, whereas FOXP3 had a higher affinity for G of rs2569103. The results suggested the existence of a link between the genetic variation of CD74 promoter and the risk for developing GD and GO, which should be considered in clinical practice.
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Qu L, Jiang Y, Cheng C, Wu D, Meng B, Chen Z, Zhu Y, Shaw N, Ouyang S, Liu ZJ. Crystal Structure of ATP-Bound Human ABCF1 Demonstrates a Unique Conformation of ABC Proteins. Structure 2018; 26:1259-1265.e3. [PMID: 30017566 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gene translation requires the correct selection of start codon AUG in mRNA. ATP-binding cassette subfamily F member 1 (ABCF1) plays a key role in the accuracy of start codon selection. However, the function of human ABCF1 is not clearly understood. Here, we solve the crystal structure of an ATP-bound wild-type human ABCF1 at 2.3-Å resolution. The comparative studies indicate that the structure is in a pre-activation intermediate conformation. This conformation is stabilized by the interaction between ATP and protein. Thus, we propose that this conformation is an important step in the activation of ABCF1. This study extends our understanding of ABC (ATP-binding cassette) protein activation at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chongyun Cheng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dong Wu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Bing Meng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhenrong Chen
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Neil Shaw
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Songying Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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Wu T, Tang DR, Zhao L, Sun FY. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in Chinese patients with Graves’ disease and Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:556-561. [PMID: 28177666 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the genetic variation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) as risk factor in development of Graves’ disease (GD) and Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) among Chinese individuals. Patients with confirmed diagnosis of GD or healthy individuals with no clinical symptoms of hyperthyroiditis were enrolled at the Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, China. Genetic polymorphism was studied in plasma DNA samples of subjects by polymerase chain reaction of restriction fragment length polymorphism to confirm our hypothesis. Cytokine levels were measured routinely on serum samples of subjects by sandwich ELISA technique. Patients with GG genotype (odds ratio (OR) 95% CI = 2.25 (1.35–3.73), p = 0.002) and carriers of G allele (OR = 2.03 (1.23–3.36), p = 0.006) were at high risk of developing ophthalmopathy. Polymorphism of del/ins of nuclear factor-κB1 gene (NFkB1) gene (OR = 7.1 (2.88–17.52), p < 0.0001) and PARP-1 C410T polymorphism was found to be associated with GO (p < 0.05). Cytokine level was significantly higher in patients with GD (p < 0.05), but no significant change in cytokines level among GO patients from baseline (p > 0.05). Our study results recommended that polymorphism of PARP-1 gene is more likely responsible for development of GD in Chinese individuals. We also observed that the polymorphism of gene-related del/ins to NFkB1 in development of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Dong-run Tang
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Feng-yuan Sun
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
- Department of Oculoplastic and Orbital Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
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Barar J, Rafi MA, Pourseif MM, Omidi Y. Blood-brain barrier transport machineries and targeted therapy of brain diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:225-248. [PMID: 28265539 PMCID: PMC5326671 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Desired clinical outcome of pharmacotherapy of brain diseases largely depends upon the safe drug delivery into the brain parenchyma. However, due to the robust blockade function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), drug transport into the brain is selectively controlled by the BBB formed by brain capillary endothelial cells and supported by astrocytes and pericytes.
Methods: In the current study, we have reviewed the most recent literature on the subject to provide an insight upon the role and impacts of BBB on brain drug delivery and targeting.
Results: All drugs, either small molecules or macromolecules, designated to treat brain diseases must adequately cross the BBB to provide their therapeutic properties on biological targets within the central nervous system (CNS). However, most of these pharmaceuticals do not sufficiently penetrate into CNS, failing to meet the intended therapeutic outcomes. Most lipophilic drugs capable of penetrating BBB are prone to the efflux functionality of BBB. In contrast, all hydrophilic drugs are facing severe infiltration blockage imposed by the tight cellular junctions of the BBB. Hence, a number of strategies have been devised to improve the efficiency of brain drug delivery and targeted therapy of CNS disorders using multimodal nanosystems (NSs).
Conclusions: In order to improve the therapeutic outcomes of CNS drug transfer and targeted delivery, the discriminatory permeability of BBB needs to be taken under control. The carrier-mediated transport machineries of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) can be exploited for the discovery, development and delivery of small molecules into the brain. Further, the receptor-mediated transport systems can be recruited for the delivery of macromolecular biologics and multimodal NSs into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Rafi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad M Pourseif
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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