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Liu H, Yin P, Qi J, Zhou M. Burden of non-communicable diseases in China and its provinces, 1990-2021: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024:00029330-990000000-01201. [PMID: 39193717 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the primary causes of disability and death. The aim of this study is to analyze the disease burden of NCDs in China from 1990 to 2021. METHODS This study used data on NCDs in China and its provinces from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. The study analyzed the disease burden of NCDs in 2021 and its changes from 1990 to 2021 using indicators including deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). RESULTS Between 1990 and 2021, the NCD burden in China exhibited an upward trend. In 2021, China had 10.6 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 9.0-12.2) million deaths and 349.3 (95% UI: 301.5-401.2) million DALYs due to NCDs, accounting for 91.0% (95% UI: 90.4-91.7%) of all deaths and 86.7% (95% UI: 86.0-87.4%) of all DALYs. NCDs caused a lower disease burden in females than in males. Cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms were the main NCD level 2 causes of deaths and DALYs, resulting in 5.1 (95% UI: 4.3-5.9) and 2.8 (95% UI: 2.3-3.4) million deaths and 100.2 (95% UI: 84.6-116.6) million and 71.2 (95% UI: 59.3-85.2) million DALYs in 2021, respectively. Chronic respiratory diseases were the third leading cause of NCD deaths, while musculoskeletal disorders were the third leading cause of NCD DALYs. Qinghai, Xizang, and Heilongjiang had the highest age-standardized mortality rates and age-standardized DALY rates (per 100,000) for NCDs, while Hong Kong Special Administration Region (SAR), Macao SAR, and Shanghai recorded the lowest age-standardized mortality rates and age-standardized DALY rates. CONCLUSIONS NCDs disease burden in China and exhibited heterogeneity across sexes provinces. China needs to focus on addressing key NCDs and implement intervention measures tailored to the disease distribution characteristics to reduce the NCD burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Peng Yin
- National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinlei Qi
- National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Maigeng Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
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Gao X, Gao N, Du M, Xiang Y, Zuo H, Cao H, Zheng S, Huang R, Wan W, Hu K. Pilocarpine mediated excessive calcium accumulation leads to ciliary muscle cell senescence and apoptosis. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23878. [PMID: 39120551 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202401286r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The ciliary muscle constitutes a crucial element in refractive regulation. Investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms within the ciliary muscle during excessive contraction holds significance in treating ciliary muscle dysfunction. A guinea pig model of excessive contraction of the ciliary muscle induced by drops pilocarpine was employed, alongside the primary ciliary muscle cells was employed in in vitro experiments. The results of the ophthalmic examination showed that pilocarpine did not significantly change refraction and axial length during the experiment, but had adverse effects on the regulatory power of the ciliary muscle. The current data reveal notable alterations in the expression profiles of hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α), ATP2A2, P53, α-SMA, Caspase-3, and BAX within the ciliary muscle of animals subjected to pilocarpine exposure, alongside corresponding changes observed in cultured cells treated with pilocarpine. Augmented levels of ROS were detected in both tissue specimens and cells, culminating in a significant increase in cell apoptosis in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Further examination revealed that pilocarpine induced an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels and disrupted MMP, as evidenced by mitochondrial swelling and diminished cristae density compared to control conditions, concomitant with a noteworthy decline in antioxidant enzyme activity. However, subsequent blockade of Ca2+ channels in cells resulted in downregulation of HIF-1α, ATP2A2, P53, α-SMA, Caspase-3, and BAX expression, alongside ameliorated mitochondrial function and morphology. The inhibition of Ca2+ channels presents a viable approach to mitigate ciliary cells damage and sustain proper ciliary muscle function by curtailing the mitochondrial damage induced by excessive contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment on major blinding diseases, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment on major blinding diseases, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Du
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment on major blinding diseases, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongguo Xiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment on major blinding diseases, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangjia Zuo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment on major blinding diseases, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijie Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment on major blinding diseases, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment on major blinding diseases, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Wenjuan Wan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment on major blinding diseases, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment on major blinding diseases, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch (Municipality Division) of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Long D, Wang C, Huang Y, Mao C, Xu Y, Zhu Y. Changing epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents. Int J Colorectal Dis 2024; 39:73. [PMID: 38760622 PMCID: PMC11101569 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-024-04640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rising worldwide, but epidemiological data on children and adolescents are lacking. Understanding the global burden of IBD among children and adolescents is essential for global standardization of methodology and treatment options. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study based on aggregated data. We estimated the prevalence and incidence of IBD in children and adolescents between 1990 and 2019 according to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). Age-standardized rates (ASRs) and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were used to compare the burden and trends between different regions and countries. RESULTS In 2019, there were 25,659 new cases and 88,829 prevalent cases of IBD among children and adolescents globally, representing an increase of 22.8% and 18.5%, respectively, compared to 1990. Over the past 30 years, the incidence and prevalence of IBD among children and adolescents have been highest in high SDI regions, with the most significant increases in East Asia and high-income Asia Pacific. At the age level, incidence and prevalence were significantly higher in the 15-19-year-old age group, while the < 5-year-old group showed the most significant increase in incidence and prevalence. CONCLUSION The incidence of IBD in children and adolescents is significantly on the rise in some countries and regions, and IBD will remain an important public health issue with extensive healthcare and economic costs in the future. The reported IBD burden in children and adolescents at the global, regional, and national levels will assist in the development of more precise health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Long
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingtao Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenhan Mao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin Xu
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Ying Zhu
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Chen X, Zhao Y, Zhang A, Zhou Y, Li M, Cheng X, Zhao Y, Yang S, Zhang Z, Li X. Epidemiological variations and trends in glaucoma burden in the Belt and Road countries. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:195. [PMID: 38664615 PMCID: PMC11046886 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analyzing the glaucoma burden in "Belt and Road" (B&R) countries based on age, gender, and risk factors from 1990 to 2019 in order to provide evidence for future prevention strategies. METHODS We applied global burden of disease(GBD) 2019 to compare glaucoma prevalence and Years lived with disabilities (YLDs) from 1990 to 2019 in the B&R countries. Trends of disease burden between 1990 and 2019 were evaluated using the average annual percent change and the 95% uncertainty interval (UI) were reported. RESULTS From 1990 to 2019, most B&R countries showed a downward trend in age-standardized prevalence and YLDs (all P < 0.05). Additionally, only the age-standardized YLDs in males of Pakistan has a 0.35% increase (95%CI:0.19,0.50,P < 0.001), and most B&R countries has a decline(all P < 0.05) in age-standardized YLDs in every 5 years age group after 45 years old except for Pakistan(45-79 years and > 85 years), Malaysia(75-84 years), Brunei Darussalam(45-49 years), Afghanistan(70-79 years). Finally, in all Central Asian countries, the age-standardized YLDs due to glaucoma caused by fasting hyperglycemia demonstrated have an increase between 1990 and 2019 (all P < 0.05), but Armenia and Mongolia have a decrease between 2010 and 2019 (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The prevalence of glaucoma continues to pose a significant burden across regions, ages, and genders in countries along the "B&R". It is imperative for the "B&R" nations to enhance health cooperation in order to collaboratively tackle the challenges associated with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yingxi Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 310020, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Anjing Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Medicine, First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Kongjiang Branch, theYangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanping Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuelin Cheng
- Department of Health Management Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 180 Fenlin Rd., Xuhui, Shanghai, China
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yajun Zhao
- Department of Health Management Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 180 Fenlin Rd., Xuhui, Shanghai, China
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shijia Yang
- Department of Health Management Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 180 Fenlin Rd., Xuhui, Shanghai, China
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhang
- Department of Health Management Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 180 Fenlin Rd., Xuhui, Shanghai, China
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaopan Li
- Department of Health Management Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 180 Fenlin Rd., Xuhui, Shanghai, China.
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Bao T, Qin L, Hou G, Jiang H, Wang L, Wang Y, Wu J, Wang J, Pang Y. Association Between Peripheral Retinal Defocus and Myopia by Multispectral Refraction Topography in Chinese Children. Clin Ophthalmol 2024; 18:517-523. [PMID: 38410631 PMCID: PMC10894750 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s450224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the association between the peripheral refractive errors of the fundus in different regions and moderate and high myopia. Methods In this case-control study, 320 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years were recruited. Peripheral refractive errors were measured using multispectral retinal refractive topography (MRT). Spherical equivalent (SE) and cylinder errors were classified into low, moderate, and high categories based on the magnitude range. Logistic regression was performed to test the factors associated with myopia. Results There were 152 participants with low myopia and 168 participants with moderate and high myopia included in the current study. Participants with moderate and high myopia were most likely to be older, with larger axial length (AL), lower SE, less time to watch electronic devices on the weekend, a higher difference between central refractive error and paracentral refractive error from the superior side of the retina (RDV-S), but a smaller difference between the central refractive error and paracentral refractive error from the inferior side of the retina (RDV-I) than those with low myopia (all P <0.05). After logistic analysis, female sex (odds ratio [OR] = 4.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.16-7.97, P <0.001), AL (OR = 6.88, 95% CI = 4.33-10.93, P <0.001), and RDV-I (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.32-0.86, P = 0.010) were independent factors for moderate and high myopia. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that the retina peripheral refraction of the eyes (RDV-I) was associated with moderate and high myopia, and RDV-S was only associated with high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Bao
- Department of Ophthalmological Examination, Chifeng Chaoju Eye Hospital, Chifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Liru Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital, Baotou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guimei Hou
- Department of Ophthalmological Examination, Chifeng Chaoju Eye Hospital, Chifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmological Examination, Chifeng Chaoju Eye Hospital, Chifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmological Examination, Chifeng Chaoju Eye Hospital, Chifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmological Examination, Chifeng Chaoju Eye Hospital, Chifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui Wu
- Department of Ophthalmological Examination, Chifeng Chaoju Eye Hospital, Chifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinli Wang
- Department of Cataract, Chifeng Chaoju Eye Hospital, Chifeng, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlei Pang
- Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Chifeng Chaoju Eye Hospital, Chifeng, People's Republic of China
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Ren H, Jiang B, Liu G, Lu P. Global, regional, and national burdens of intraocular foreign bodies in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019: a trend analysis. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2489. [PMID: 38087259 PMCID: PMC10717484 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate trends in global, regional, and national burdens of intraocular foreign bodies among children and adolescents (aged 0 - 19 years) between 1990 and 2019 according to age, sex, and socio-demographic index. METHODS This study obtained data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 and evaluated the number of cases, rates per 100,000 persons, and average annual percentage changes among children and adolescents. The annual percentage changes in the incidence and years lived with disability rates across various age groups were investigated using joinpoint software. RESULTS For intraocular foreign bodies in children and adolescents, the incidence and year lived with disability rates decreased in all age groups between 1990 and 2019. However, the number of incident cases and years lived with disability increased from 1091.94 [95% uncertainty interval (UI), 610.91-1839.52] and 89,245 (95% UI, 6.65-18.67) in 1990 to 1134.85 (95% UI, 665.01-1867.50) and 92,108 (95% UI, 32,052-192,153) in 2019, respectively. Age was positively correlated with the number of cases, incidence, and years lived with disability rates. However, there were significant decreases in both the incidence and years lived with disability rates among children and adolescents, especially in the 15-18 years age group, males, and most high-income regions. Notably, the incidence and years lived with disability rates were significantly decreased in middle and high-middle socio-demographic index regions but were increased in low and low-middle socio-demographic index regions. CONCLUSIONS Despite the remarkable progress between 1990 and 2019 in reducing the global burden of intraocular foreign bodies, there has been an increase in the number of cases, with substantial disparity across age groups, sexes, regions, and countries. Our results could inform more effective strategies for reducing the burden among children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, 215006, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, 215006, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gaoqin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, 215006, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peirong Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, 215006, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhang ZM, Lin ZL, He BX, Yan WT, Zhang XY, Zhang ZH, Wang L, Wang JQ, Liu DM, Zhang W, Li ZH. Epidemiological analysis reveals a surge in inflammatory bowel disease among children and adolescents: A global, regional, and national perspective from 1990 to 2019 - insights from the China study. J Glob Health 2023; 13:04174. [PMID: 38037705 PMCID: PMC10690112 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among children and adolescents is rising globally, with substantial variation in levels and trends of disease in different countries and regions, while data on the burden and trends were sparse in children and adolescents. We aimed to assess the trends and geographical differences in children and adolescents aged zero to 19 in 204 countries and territories over the past 30 years. Methods Data on IBD among children and adolescents was collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database from 1990 to 2019. We used the GBD data and methodologies to describe the change in the burden of IBD among children and adolescents involving prevalence, incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality. Results Globally, the IBD prevalence cases increased between 1990 and 2019. Annual percentage changes (AAPC) = 0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.11-0.19, and incidence cases of IBD increased from 20 897.4 (95% CI = 17 008.6-25 520.2 in 1990 to 25 658.6 (95% CI = 21 268.5-31 075.6) in 2019, representing a 22.78% increase, DALYs cases decreased between 1990 and 2019 (AAPC = -3.02; 95% CI = -3.15 to -2.89), and mortality cases of IBD decreased from 2756.5 (95% CI = 1162.6-4484.9) in 1990 to 1208.0 (95% CI = 802.4-1651.4) in 2019, representing a 56.17% decrease. Decomposition analysis showed that IBD prevalence and incidence increased significantly, and a trend exhibited a decrease in underlying age and population-adjusted IBD DALYs and mortality rates. Correlation analysis showed that countries with high health care quality and access (HAQ) had relatively higher IBD age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR) and age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), but lower age-standardised DALYs rate (ASDR) and age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR). Conclusions Global prevalence and incidence rate of IBD among children and adolescents have been increasing from 1990 to 2019, while the DALYs and mortality have been decreasing. Rising prevalence and rising incidence in areas with historically low rates will have crucial health and economic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-mian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-li Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bai-xiang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-tian Yan
- Rheumatology Department, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, China
| | - Xi-yan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-han Zhang
- College of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Hebei, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-qi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Da-ming Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-hong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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