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Markoulli M, Fricke TR, Arvind A, Frick KD, Hart KM, Joshi MR, Kandel H, Filipe Macedo A, Makrynioti D, Retallic N, Garcia-Porta N, Shrestha G, Wolffsohn JS. BCLA CLEAR Presbyopia: Epidemiology and impact. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2024; 47:102157. [PMID: 38594155 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The global all-ages prevalence of epidemiologically-measured 'functional' presbyopia was estimated at 24.9% in 2015, affecting 1.8 billion people. This prevalence was projected to stabilise at 24.1% in 2030 due to increasing myopia, but to affect more people (2.1 billion) due to population dynamics. Factors affecting the prevalence of presbyopia include age, geographic location, urban versus rural location, sex, and, to a lesser extent, socioeconomic status, literacy and education, health literacy and inequality. Risk factors for early onset of presbyopia included environmental factors, nutrition, near demands, refractive error, accommodative dysfunction, medications, certain health conditions and sleep. Presbyopia was found to impact on quality-of-life, in particular quality of vision, labour force participation, work productivity and financial burden, mental health, social wellbeing and physical health. Current understanding makes it clear that presbyopia is a very common age-related condition that has significant impacts on both patient-reported outcome measures and economics. However, there are complexities in defining presbyopia for epidemiological and impact studies. Standardisation of definitions will assist future synthesis, pattern analysis and sense-making between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Australia.
| | - Timothy R Fricke
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Australia; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Melbourne, Australia; National Vision Research Institute, Australian College of Optometry, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anitha Arvind
- Department of Optometry, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, India
| | - Kevin D Frick
- Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Departments of International Health and Health Policy and Management, USA; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, USA
| | - Kerryn M Hart
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Australia; Member Support and Optometry Advancement, Optometry Australia, Australia
| | - Mahesh R Joshi
- School of Health Professions, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Himal Kandel
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia; Sydney Eye Hospital, Australia
| | - Antonio Filipe Macedo
- Department of Medicine and Optometry, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Sweden; Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Neil Retallic
- Specsavers Optical Group, La Villiaze, St. Andrew's, Guernsey, United Kingdom; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Nery Garcia-Porta
- Applied Physics Department, Optics and Optometry Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Institute of Materials (iMATUS) of the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gauri Shrestha
- Optometry Department, BPK Centre for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Nepal
| | - James S Wolffsohn
- School of Optometry, Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Kolbe O, Becker P, Degle S, Anders C. Trapezius activity during personal computer work with progressive addition lenses for general purpose and for computer work in neophytes. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:1391-1405. [PMID: 37417310 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study analysed the impact of general purpose progressive addition lenses (GP-PALs) and computer progressive addition lenses (PC-PALs) on the activity of the trapezius muscle during computer operation. METHODS In this randomised, single-blinded, crossover study, surface electromyography (SEMG) signals were recorded bilaterally from the trapezius muscle during a 30-min computer task performed wearing different presbyopic corrections. The amplitude probability distribution function and its percentiles, gap frequency, muscular rest time and sustained low-level muscle activity periods were analysed in 32 subjects with artificially induced presbyopia. Subjectively perceived differences in vision and postural load between lenses were evaluated using a seven-item questionnaire (non-standardised, visual analogue scale ranged from 1 [bad] to 100 [good]). RESULTS Considering the SEMG data, no significant difference in the muscular activity of the trapezius muscle was observed when using GP-PALs or PC-PALs for computer operation. However, PC-PALs showed statistically and clinically significantly higher results for subjectively perceived visual quality (78.4-31.3; p < 0.001), spontaneous tolerance (79.2-31.3; p < 0.001) and field of view (75.9-23.5; p < 0.001) compared with GP-PALs. CONCLUSIONS Even though the electromyographic approach did not show a significant differentiation between the lenses, the subjective evaluation was clearly in favour of PC-PALs. Eye care practitioners should always take an occupational history of presbyopes, ask about the workplace situation and consider the use of PC-PALs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kolbe
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of SciTec, Ernst-Abbe-University of Applied Sciences Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Patrick Becker
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of SciTec, Ernst-Abbe-University of Applied Sciences Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Degle
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of SciTec, Ernst-Abbe-University of Applied Sciences Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Anders
- Division of Motor Research, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Le Z, Antonov E, Mao Q, Petrov V, Wang Y, Wang W, Shevkolenko M, Dong W. Anti-Fatigue Glasses Based on Microprisms for Preventing Eyestrain. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051933. [PMID: 35271080 PMCID: PMC8914742 DOI: 10.3390/s22051933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although microprisms have become an important medical means of strabismus treatment, related research concerning the design, fabrication, and testing of microprismatic glasses for preventing eyestrain has rarely been reported. In this study, the structure of microprismatic glasses for preventing eyestrain related to using electronic monitors, including computers and mobile phones, is introduced. A designing theory of anti-fatigue glasses with microprisms is developed. The fabrication technique and the process are described, and the performances of the fabricated microprisms are characterized. Finally, a compact testing system for the measurement of prismatic diopter is designed and constructed. This measuring system can be used not only for Fresnel microprisms, but also for other types of prisms. The measured results agree with our calculations. Although this study is focused on optimizing the objective prismatic diopter for anti-fatigue microprismatic glasses, 2.0–3.0 prismatic diopters (Δ) for each eye in the anti-fatigue glasses are suggested according to our experience on strabismus treatments. The clinical research for patients using the developed anti-fatigue glasses will be fully implemented in our further research to confirm the optimal subjective prismatic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Le
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.L.); (Q.M.); (Y.W.); (W.W.)
| | - Evhen Antonov
- Institute for Information Recording, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03113 Kiev, Ukraine; (E.A.); (V.P.)
| | - Qiang Mao
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.L.); (Q.M.); (Y.W.); (W.W.)
| | - Viacheslav Petrov
- Institute for Information Recording, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03113 Kiev, Ukraine; (E.A.); (V.P.)
| | - Yuhui Wang
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.L.); (Q.M.); (Y.W.); (W.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (Z.L.); (Q.M.); (Y.W.); (W.W.)
| | - Marina Shevkolenko
- Kiev City Clinical Ophthalmological Hospital “Eye Microsurgery Centre”, 03680 Kiev, Ukraine;
| | - Wen Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13306524039
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König M, Haensel C, Jaschinski W. How to place the computer monitor: measurements of vertical zones of clear vision with presbyopic corrections. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 98:244-53. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam König
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Claudia Haensel
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jaschinski
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
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Garcia Garcia M, Rifai K, Wahl S, Watson T. Adaptation to geometrically skewed moving images: An asymmetrical effect on the double-drift illusion. Vision Res 2020; 179:75-84. [PMID: 33310640 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Progressive addition lenses introduce distortions in the peripheral visual field that alter both form and motion perception. Here we seek to understand how our peripheral visual field adapts to complex distortions. The adaptation was induced across the visual field by geometrically skewed image sequences, and aftereffects were measured via changes in perception of the double-drift illusion. The double-drift or curveball stimulus contains both local and object motion. Therefore, the aftereffects induced by geometrical distortions might be indicative of how this adaptation interacts with the local and object motion signals. In the absence of the local motion components, the adaptation to skewness modified the perceived trajectory of object motion in the opposite direction of the adaptation stimulus skew. This effect demonstrates that the environment can also tune perceived object trajectories. Testing with the full double-drift stimulus, adaptation to a skew in the opposite direction to the local motion component induced a change in perception, reducing the illusion magnitude (when the stimulus was presented on the right side of the screen. A non-statistically significant shift, when stimuli were on the left side). However, adaptation to the other orientation resulted in no change in the strength of the double-drift illusion (for both stimuli locations). Thus, it seems that the adaptor's orientation and the motion statistics of the stimulus jointly define the perception of the measured aftereffect. In conclusion, not only size, contrast or drifting speed affects the double-drift illusion, but also adaptation to image distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Garcia Garcia
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstrasse 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany; School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, New South Wales 2214, Australia.
| | - Katharina Rifai
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstrasse 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstrasse 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Tamara Watson
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, New South Wales 2214, Australia
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Elmohamady MN, Abdelghaffar W, Bayoumy ASM, Gad EA. Correction of pseudophakic presbyopia using Lasik with aspheric ablation profiles and a micro-monovision protocol. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 41:79-86. [PMID: 32902784 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the outcomes of Lasik with aspheric ablation profiles and a micro-monovision protocol for correction of presbyopia in pseudophakic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study included 50 pseudophakic eyes of 25 patients. Full ophthalmic examination, dominant eye tests and tests for tolerance of anisometropia (1 or 2 diopters) were done preoperatively. All cases were treated by Lasik with laser-blended vision technique. The dominant eye corrected to plano, and the nondominant eye corrected with near add in the range from 1.50 to 2.00 diopters. Excimer laser ablation was done using the MEL90 with a 250-Hz pulse rate (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany, Triple-A profile, Lasik mode). The follow-up period was 6 months with visits at 1, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS The mean postoperative uncorrected distant visual acuity at 1 month (0.74 ± 0.11) was significantly lower than the preoperative level (0.84 ± 0.14) (p < 0.001). But it improved at the 3rd (0.80 ± 0.09) and 6th months (0.82 ± 0.10) with no significant difference with the preoperative level (p = 0.344). The mean uncorrected near visual acuity was significantly higher at the 1st (2.94 ± 1.63 J), 3rd (2.95 ± 1.82 J) and 6th (2.92 ± 1.83 J) postoperative months than the preoperative level (2.26 ± 1.48 J) (p < 0.001). Insignificant change in stereopsis was found after surgery (p = 0.849). The micro-monovision was well tolerated (95.8%). CONCLUSION Lasik with aspheric ablation profiles and a micro-monovision protocol is an effective option for presbyopia correction in pseudophakic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walid Abdelghaffar
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University Hospital, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Elham Abdelazim Gad
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University Hospital, Benha, Egypt
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Presbyopic Personal Computer Work: A Comparison of Progressive Addition Lenses for General Purpose and Personal Computer Work. Optom Vis Sci 2019; 95:1046-1053. [PMID: 30339644 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Computer-specific progressive addition lenses (PC-PALs) are shown to reduce computer vision syndrome (CVS) symptoms, increase visual comfort and tolerance, and improve body posture at the personal computer. They are highly preferred by computer workers. Increasing their use may aid prevention measures within the workplace health management. PURPOSE This study investigates whether technical differences between general-purpose progressive addition lenses (GP-PALs) and PC-PALs are subjectively manifest in CVS. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred ninety presbyopic visual display unit (VDU) workers aged 53 ± 6 years (mean ± SD) were fitted with GP-PALs and PC-PALs in a subject-masked, randomized, crossover study. Subjects tested both corrections at their personal workplace for 2 weeks each, for VDU work only. Comfort and lens type preferences were assessed using a 24-item questionnaire developed for this study. RESULTS Computer vision syndrome was perceived approximately seven times more often with GP-PALs compared with PC-PALs. Eighty-four percent of subjects preferred PC-PALs for their VDU work. Computer-specific progressive addition lenses ratings were statistically and clinically significantly better than GP-PALs (5.95 vs. 4.42 of 7 points; 1.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 1.85). An existing ametropia or prior experience with PALs did not influence the score. Only 14.2% of subjects had received information about specific VDU eyewear from their optician or optometrist, whereas 79% expressed the wish to be informed about these products. CONCLUSIONS Computer-specific progressive addition lenses reduce the perception of the CVS and are highly preferred by VDU workers.
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Heus P, Verbeek JH, Tikka C. Optical correction of refractive error for preventing and treating eye symptoms in computer users. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 4:CD009877. [PMID: 29633784 PMCID: PMC6494484 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009877.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computer users frequently complain about problems with seeing and functioning of the eyes. Asthenopia is a term generally used to describe symptoms related to (prolonged) use of the eyes like ocular fatigue, headache, pain or aching around the eyes, and burning and itchiness of the eyelids. The prevalence of asthenopia during or after work on a computer ranges from 46.3% to 68.5%. Uncorrected or under-corrected refractive error can contribute to the development of asthenopia. A refractive error is an error in the focusing of light by the eye and can lead to reduced visual acuity. There are various possibilities for optical correction of refractive errors including eyeglasses, contact lenses and refractive surgery. OBJECTIVES To examine the evidence on the effectiveness, safety and applicability of optical correction of refractive error for reducing and preventing eye symptoms in computer users. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); PubMed; Embase; Web of Science; and OSH update, all to 20 December 2017. Additionally, we searched trial registries and checked references of included studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomised trials of interventions evaluating optical correction for computer workers with refractive error for preventing or treating asthenopia and their effect on health related quality of life. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed study eligibility and risk of bias, and extracted data. Where appropriate, we combined studies in a meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS We included eight studies with 381 participants. Three were parallel group RCTs, three were cross-over RCTs and two were quasi-randomised cross-over trials. All studies evaluated eyeglasses, there were no studies that evaluated contact lenses or surgery. Seven studies evaluated computer glasses with at least one focal area for the distance of the computer screen with or without additional focal areas in presbyopic persons. Six studies compared computer glasses to other types of glasses; and one study compared them to an ergonomic workplace assessment. The eighth study compared optimal correction of refractive error with the actual spectacle correction in use. Two studies evaluated computer glasses in persons with asthenopia but for the others the glasses were offered to all workers regardless of symptoms. The risk of bias was unclear in five, high in two and low in one study. Asthenopia was measured as eyestrain or a summary score of symptoms but there were no studies on health-related quality of life. Adverse events were measured as headache, nausea or dizziness. Median asthenopia scores at baseline were about 30% of the maximum possible score.Progressive computer glasses versus monofocal glassesOne study found no considerable difference in asthenopia between various progressive computer glasses and monofocal computer glasses after one-year follow-up (mean difference (MD) change scores 0.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) -5.0 to 5.4 on a 100 mm VAS scale, low quality evidence). For headache the results were in favour of progressive glasses.Progressive computer glasses with an intermediate focus in the upper part of the glasses versus other glassesIn two studies progressive computer glasses with intermediate focus led to a small decrease in asthenopia symptoms (SMD -0.49, 95% CI -0.75 to -0.23, low-quality evidence) but not in headache score in the short-term compared to general purpose progressive glasses. There were similar small decreases in dizziness. At medium term follow-up, in one study the effect size was not statistically significant (SMD -0.64, 95% CI -1.40 to 0.12). The study did not assess adverse events.Another study found no considerable difference in asthenopia between progressive computer glasses and monofocal computer glasses after one-year follow-up (MD change scores 1.44, 95% CI -6.95 to 9.83 on a 100 mm VAS scale, very low quality evidence). For headache the results were inconsistent.Progressive computer glasses with far-distance focus in the upper part of the glasses versus other glassesOne study found no considerable difference in number of persons with asthenopia between progressive computer glasses with far-distance focus and bifocal computer glasses after four weeks' follow-up (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.40 to 2.50, very low quality evidence). The number of persons with headache, nausea and dizziness was also not different between groups.Another study found no considerable difference in asthenopia between progressive computer glasses with far-distance focus and monofocal computer glasses after one-year follow-up (MD change scores -1.79, 95% CI -11.60 to 8.02 on a 100 mm VAS scale, very low quality evidence). The effects on headaches were inconsistent.One study found no difference between progressive far-distance focus computer glasses and trifocal glasses in effect on eyestrain severity (MD -0.50, 95% CI -1.07 to 0.07, very low quality evidence) or on eyestrain frequency (MD -0.75, 95% CI -1.61 to 0.11, very low quality evidence).Progressive computer glasses versus ergonomic assessment with habitual (computer) glassesOne study found that computer glasses optimised for individual needs reduced asthenopia sum score more than an ergonomic assessment and habitual (computer) glasses (MD -8.9, 95% CI -16.47 to -1.33, scale 0 to 140, very low quality evidence) but there was no effect on the frequency of eyestrain (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.38 to 3.11, very low quality evidence).We rated the quality of the evidence as low or very low due to risk of bias in the included studies, inconsistency in the results and imprecision. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is low to very low quality evidence that providing computer users with progressive computer glasses does not lead to a considerable decrease in problems with the eyes or headaches compared to other computer glasses. Progressive computer glasses might be slightly better than progressive glasses for daily use in the short term but not in the intermediate term and there is no data on long-term follow-up. The quality of the evidence is low or very low and therefore we are uncertain about this conclusion. Larger studies with several hundreds of participants are needed with proper randomisation, validated outcome measurement methods, and longer follow-up of at least one year to improve the quality of the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Heus
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityCochrane NetherlandsRoom Str. 6.131PO Box 85500UtrechtNetherlands3508 GA
| | - Jos H Verbeek
- Finnish Institute of Occupational HealthCochrane Work Review GroupTYÖTERVEYSLAITOSFinlandFI‐70032
| | - Christina Tikka
- Finnish Institute of Occupational HealthCochrane Work Review GroupTYÖTERVEYSLAITOSFinlandFI‐70032
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Barbero S, Portilla J. The relationship between dioptric power and magnification in progressive addition lenses. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2016; 36:421-7. [DOI: 10.1111/opo.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jaschinski W, König M, Mekontso TM, Ohlendorf A, Welscher M. Comparison of progressive addition lenses for general purpose and for computer vision: an office field study. Clin Exp Optom 2016; 98:234-43. [PMID: 25963114 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two types of progressive addition lenses (PALs) were compared in an office field study: 1. General purpose PALs with continuous clear vision between infinity and near reading distances and 2. Computer vision PALs with a wider zone of clear vision at the monitor and in near vision but no clear distance vision. METHODS Twenty-three presbyopic participants wore each type of lens for two weeks in a double-masked four-week quasi-experimental procedure that included an adaptation phase (Weeks 1 and 2) and a test phase (Weeks 3 and 4). Questionnaires on visual and musculoskeletal conditions as well as preferences regarding the type of lenses were administered. After eight more weeks of free use of the spectacles, the preferences were assessed again. The ergonomic conditions were analysed from photographs. RESULTS Head inclination when looking at the monitor was significantly lower by 2.3 degrees with the computer vision PALs than with the general purpose PALs. Vision at the monitor was judged significantly better with computer PALs, while distance vision was judged better with general purpose PALs; however, the reported advantage of computer vision PALs differed in extent between participants. Accordingly, 61 per cent of the participants preferred the computer vision PALs, when asked without information about lens design. After full information about lens characteristics and additional eight weeks of free spectacle use, 44 per cent preferred the computer vision PALs. CONCLUSION On average, computer vision PALs were rated significantly better with respect to vision at the monitor during the experimental part of the study. In the final forced-choice ratings, approximately half of the participants preferred either the computer vision PAL or the general purpose PAL. Individual factors seem to play a role in this preference and in the rated advantage of computer vision PALs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jaschinski
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mirjam König
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tiofil M Mekontso
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arne Ohlendorf
- ZEISS Vision Science Lab, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monique Welscher
- Technology & Innovation, Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH, Aalen, Germany.
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Jaschinski W, König M, Mekontso TM, Ohlendorf A, Welscher M. Computer vision syndrome in presbyopia and beginning presbyopia: effects of spectacle lens type. Clin Exp Optom 2016; 98:228-33. [PMID: 25963113 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This office field study investigated the effects of different types of spectacle lenses habitually worn by computer users with presbyopia and in the beginning stages of presbyopia. Computer vision syndrome was assessed through reported complaints and ergonomic conditions. METHODS A questionnaire regarding the type of habitually worn near-vision lenses at the workplace, visual conditions and the levels of different types of complaints was administered to 175 participants aged 35 years and older (mean ± SD: 52.0 ± 6.7 years). Statistical factor analysis identified five specific aspects of the complaints. Workplace conditions were analysed based on photographs taken in typical working conditions. RESULTS In the subgroup of 25 users between the ages of 36 and 57 years (mean 44 ± 5 years), who wore distance-vision lenses and performed more demanding occupational tasks, the reported extents of 'ocular strain', 'musculoskeletal strain' and 'headache' increased with the daily duration of computer work and explained up to 44 per cent of the variance (rs = 0.66). In the other subgroups, this effect was smaller, while in the complete sample (n = 175), this correlation was approximately rs = 0.2. The subgroup of 85 general-purpose progressive lens users (mean age 54 years) adopted head inclinations that were approximately seven degrees more elevated than those of the subgroups with single vision lenses. CONCLUSIONS The present questionnaire was able to assess the complaints of computer users depending on the type of spectacle lenses worn. A missing near-vision addition among participants in the early stages of presbyopia was identified as a risk factor for complaints among those with longer daily durations of demanding computer work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jaschinski
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mirjam König
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tiofil M Mekontso
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arne Ohlendorf
- ZEISS Vision Science Lab, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monique Welscher
- Technology and Innovation, Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH, Aalen, Germany.
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Weidling P, Jaschinski W. The vertical monitor position for presbyopic computer users with progressive lenses: how to reach clear vision and comfortable head posture. ERGONOMICS 2015; 58:1813-29. [PMID: 26010363 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1035764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED When presbyopic employees are wearing general-purpose progressive lenses, they have clear vision only with a lower gaze inclination to the computer monitor, given the head assumes a comfortable inclination. Therefore, in the present intervention field study the monitor position was lowered, also with the aim to reduce musculoskeletal symptoms. A comparison group comprised users of lenses that do not restrict the field of clear vision. The lower monitor positions led the participants to lower their head inclination, which was linearly associated with a significant reduction in musculoskeletal symptoms. However, for progressive lenses a lower head inclination means a lower zone of clear vision, so that clear vision of the complete monitor was not achieved, rather the monitor should have been placed even lower. The procedures of this study may be useful for optimising the individual monitor position depending on the comfortable head and gaze inclination and the vertical zone of clear vision of progressive lenses. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY For users of general-purpose progressive lenses, it is suggested that low monitor positions allow for clear vision at the monitor and for a physiologically favourable head inclination. Employees may improve their workplace using a flyer providing ergonomic-optometric information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Weidling
- a Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors , Ardeystraße 67, D-44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jaschinski
- a Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors , Ardeystraße 67, D-44139 Dortmund , Germany
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Zhao C, Burge JH. Orthonormal curvature polynomials over a unit circle: basis set derived from curvatures of Zernike polynomials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:31430-31443. [PMID: 24514717 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.031430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Zernike polynomials are an orthonormal set of scalar functions over a circular domain, and are commonly used to represent wavefront phase or surface irregularity. In optical testing, slope or curvature of a surface or wavefront is sometimes measured instead, from which the surface or wavefront map is obtained. Previously we derived an orthonormal set of vector polynomials that fit to slope measurement data and yield the surface or wavefront map represented by Zernike polynomials. Here we define a 3-element curvature vector used to represent the second derivatives of a continuous surface, and derive a set of orthonormal curvature basis functions that are written in terms of Zernike polynomials. We call the new curvature functions the C polynomials. Closed form relations for the complete basis set are provided, and we show how to determine Zernike surface coefficients from the curvature data as represented by the C polynomials.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the optical properties of five state-of-the-art progressive addition lenses (PALs) by direct physical measurement of surface shape. METHODS Five contemporary freeform PALs (Varilux Comfort Enhanced, Varilux Physio Enhanced, Hoya Lifestyle, Shamir Autograph, and Zeiss Individual) with plano distance power and a +2.00-diopter add were measured with a coordinate measuring machine. The front and back surface heights were physically measured, and the optical properties of each surface, and their combination, were calculated with custom MATLAB routines. Surface shape was described as the sum of Zernike polynomials. Progressive addition lenses were represented as contour plots of spherical equivalent power, cylindrical power, and higher order aberrations (HOAs). Maximum power rate, minimum 1.00-DC corridor width, percentage of lens area with less than 1.00 DC, and root mean square of HOAs were also compared. RESULTS Comfort Enhanced and Physio Enhanced have freeform front surfaces, Shamir Autograph and Zeiss Individual have freeform back surfaces, and Hoya Lifestyle has freeform properties on both surfaces. However, the overall optical properties are similar, regardless of the lens design. The maximum power rate is between 0.08 and 0.12 diopters per millimeter and the minimum corridor width is between 8 and 11 mm. For a 40-mm lens diameter, the percentage of lens area with less than 1.00 DC is between 64 and 76%. The third-order Zernike terms are the dominant high-order terms in HOAs (78 to 93% of overall shape variance). Higher order aberrations are higher along the corridor area and around the near zone. The maximum root mean square of HOAs based on a 4.5-mm pupil size around the corridor area is between 0.05 and 0.06 µm. CONCLUSIONS This nonoptical method using a coordinate measuring machine can be used to evaluate a PAL by surface height measurements, with the optical properties directly related to its front and back surface designs.
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Li HH, Heus P, Li L, Yang J, Kuang J, Li YP, Xiong T. Optical correction of refractive error for preventing and treating eye symptoms in computer users. Hippokratia 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hao Li
- West China school of medicine, Sichuan University; No.37, Guoxue Alley Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
| | - Pauline Heus
- Academic Medical Center; Dutch Cochrane Centre; room J1b-108 PO Box 22700 Amsterdam Netherlands 1100 DE
- Alkmaar Medical Center; Ophthalmology department; Wilhelminalaan 12 Alkmaar Netherlands 1815 JD
| | - Ling Li
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center; No.37 Guoxue Alley Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
| | - Juan Yang
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Department of Ophthalmology; No.37 Guoxue Alley Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
| | - Jie Kuang
- Public Health School of West China,Sichuan University; Occupational Health Department; No.37 Guoxue Alley Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
| | - You-Ping Li
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center; No.37 Guoxue Alley Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
| | - Tao Xiong
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Department of Newborn Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College; Department of Pediatrics; No. 17, Section Three, Ren Min Nan Lu Avenue Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
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