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Müller J, Chen X, Ohlendorf A, Li L, Wahl S. Method comparison and overview of refractive measurements in children: implications for myopia management. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2024; 9:e001322. [PMID: 38429067 PMCID: PMC10910427 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the agreement between objective wavefront-based refraction and subjective refraction in myopic children. It also assessed the impact of cyclopentolate and refraction levels on the agreement. METHODS A total of 84 eyes of myopic children aged 6-13 years were included in the analysis. Non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic objective wavefront-based refraction were determined and cycloplegic subjective refraction was performed for each participant. The data were converted into spherical equivalent, J0 and J45, and Bland-Altman plots were used to analyse the agreement between methods. RESULTS Linear functions were used to determine the dependency between the central myopic refractive error and the difference between the method of refraction (=bias). The influence of central myopia was not clinically relevant when analysing the agreement between wavefront results with and without cyclopentolate (comparison 1). The bias for wavefront-based minus subjective spherical equivalent refraction (comparison 2) was ≤-0.50 D (95% limits of agreement -0.010 D to -1.00 D) for myopia of -4.55 D and higher when cycloplegia was used (p<0.05). When no cyclopentolate was used for the wavefront-based refraction (comparison 3), the bias of -0.50 D (95% limits of agreement -0.020 D to -0.97 D) was already reached at a myopic error of -2.97 D. Both astigmatic components showed no clinically relevant bias. CONCLUSION The spherical equivalent, measured without cycloplegic agents, led to more myopic measurements when wavefront-based refraction was used. The observed bias increased with the amount of myopic refractive error for comparisons 2 and 3, which needs to be considered when interpreting wavefront-refraction data. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05288335.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Müller
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Arne Ohlendorf
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | - Lihua Li
- Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
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Kozlov Y, Kinori M, Armarnik S, Yahalomi T, Ekshtein A, Levian L, Mezad-Koursh D, Pikkel J, Ben-Ari O. Subjective versus objective refraction in healthy young adults. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:79. [PMID: 38378511 PMCID: PMC10877844 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate objective and subjective refraction differences in healthy young adults. METHODS Data concerning candidates for the Israeli Air Force Flight Academy, as well as active air force pilots in all stages of service who underwent a routine health checkup between the years 2018 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Objective refraction measured using a single autorefractometer was compared with subjective refraction measured by an experienced military optometrist during the same visit. The results were converted to power vectors (spherical equivalent [SE], J0, and J45). To interpret astigmatism using power vector values, the cylinder power (Cp) was determined. RESULTS This study included 1,395 young adult participants. The average age was 22.17 years (range, 17-39, 84.8% males). The average SE was - 0.65 ± 1.19 diopter (D) compared with - 0.71 ± 0.91D in the auto- and subjective refraction, respectively (p = 0.001). Cp was 0.91 ± 0.52D and 0.67 ± 0.40D, respectively (p < 0.001). This difference was more common in older participants (p < 0.001). J0 and J45 value differences were not significant. The absolute SE value of subjective refraction was lower in the myopic (p < 0.001) and hyperopic (p < 0.001) patients. CONCLUSIONS Young hyperopic participants tended to prefer "less plus" in subjective refraction compared with autorefraction. Young myopic participants tended to prefer "less minus" in subjective refraction compared with autorefraction. All participants, but mainly older participants, preferred slightly "less Cp" than that measured using autorefraction; The astigmatic axis did not differ significantly between the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Kozlov
- Department of Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Israeli Air Force Aeromedical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michael Kinori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Sharon Armarnik
- The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Tal Yahalomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Aya Ekshtein
- Department of Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Israeli Air Force Aeromedical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Leora Levian
- The Israeli Air Force Aeromedical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Daphna Mezad-Koursh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Joseph Pikkel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Oded Ben-Ari
- Department of Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Israeli Air Force Aeromedical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- The Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Rauscher FG, Blendowske R. Monochromatic ocular high-order aberrations in children and adolescents. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:1583-1584. [PMID: 37668298 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska G Rauscher
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Blendowske
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt, Germany
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Bonaque-González S, Rodríguez-Ramos JM. Ocular high-order aberrations in children and adolescents. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2023; 43:1581-1582. [PMID: 37668302 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
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Ozgur E, Blanche PA, Bedrick EJ, Conway MD, Peyman GA, Peyghambarian NN. Accuracy of an objective binocular automated phoropter for providing spectacle prescriptions. Clin Exp Optom 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37844333 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2023.2266498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Currently eye examinations are usually based on autorefraction followed by subjective refraction (SR) with a phoropter. An automated phoropter that can also perform autorefraction may facilitate the optometric workflow. BACKGROUND The efficiency and feasibility of an objective autorefraction and correction system are assessed by comparing objective refractive measurements with SR on the same subjects and evaluating the visual acuity (VA) values obtained after the objective refractive measurement and correction. METHODS Objective autorefraction and correction was performed on 41 subjects using an automated binocular phoropter system. The auto-phoropter performs autorefraction by wavefront measurement and corrects the spherical and cylindrical errors with tunable fluidic lenses while the patient looks at a visual display inside the instrument. The instrument outputs are optometric constants of spherical and cylindrical aberrations. After measurement and automated correction of the refractive errors, the VA values were assessed by having the subjects look at an integrated Snellen chart. The objective measurement results were statistically compared with their SR. RESULTS The correlations between SR and objective autorefraction and correction spherical equivalents (M) were 0.98 (0.97-0.99) and 0.96 (0.93-0.98), the vertical Jackson cross cylinder (J0) were 0.96 (0.92-0.98) and 0.95 (0.91-0.97), and the oblique Jackson cross cylinder (J45) were 0.73 (0.55-0.85) and 0.82 (0.69-0.90), for the right and left eyes, respectively, with the 95% confidence interval (CI) values in parentheses. 89.0% of the 82 eyes had at least 6/7.5 VA. CONCLUSIONS A significant agreement between the SR and objective autorefraction and correction was observed. An all-objective refractive assessment with instantaneous verification may improve the precision of eye prescriptions and possibly reduce the procedure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Ozgur
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Edward J Bedrick
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mandi D Conway
- College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Gholam A Peyman
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Pérez-Sanz L, Charbel C, Poyales F, Garzón N. Influence of isofocal intraocular lenses on objective refraction based on autorefraction and aberrometry. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:2863-2872. [PMID: 37171601 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate and compare the objective refractions obtained by autorefraction and aberrometry under different lighting conditions with an isofocal intraocular lens (Isopure, BVI medical, Liége, Belgium) compared to a monofocal control lens (Micropure, BVI medical, Liége, Belgium) with the same platform and material. METHODS Prospective, comparative and randomized study on patients undergoing cataract surgery and bilateral isofocal or monofocal IOL implantation. A total of 44 subjects were randomly assigned to either the isofocal group (n = 22) or the Micropure (n = 22). Manifest refraction (MR) was always performed under the same lighting conditions for all the patients. For objective refraction the autorefractor KR8800 and the aberrometer OPD-Scan III (Nidek Inc., Tokyo, Japan.) were used. For each eye included in the study, six result sets were collected: MR, AR (autorefraction measured with the autorefractor), WF-P and WF-M (Zernike-coefficients-based objective refraction, photopic and mesopic pupil size), OPD-C and OPD-M (autorefraction measured with the aberrometer in photopic and mesopic conditions). RESULTS The mean sphere for MR was 0.03 ± 0.32D for the Isopure group and 0.24 ± 0.22D for the monofocal group (p = 0.013). For the Isopure group, Friedman analysis showed statistically significant differences for sphere measured with WF-P (p = 0.035), WF-M (p = 0.018) and OPD-M (p = 0.000), and SE measured with OPD-M (p = 0.004). In the Micropure lens group, the Friedman analysis showed differences for all values studied (p < 0.05). Correlation coefficients showed that AR is the objective method with the strongest correlation values for all components of refraction for both groups. CONCLUSION The modification of the surfaces of the isofocal lens does not have a negative impact on the refraction obtained by AR compared to a standard monofocal intraocular lens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Charbel
- Optometry and Vision Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nuria Garzón
- Optometry and Vision Department, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Hashemi H, Asharlous A, Jamali A, Mortazavi A, Hashemi A, Khabazkhoob M. Auto-refraction versus subjective refraction in different phakic and pseudophakic conditions: the Tehran Geriatric Eye Study (TGES). Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:1309-1316. [PMID: 37602339 PMCID: PMC10398526 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.08.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the subjective refraction data with non-cycloplegic auto-refraction findings in the geriatric population above 60 years of age according to the different crystalline lens conditions. METHODS This report is a part of the Tehran Geriatric Eye Study (TGES) that was conducted from January 2019 to January 2020 on elderly population 60 years of age and above in Tehran. The samples were selected by multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling. Of 3791 individual invitees, 3310 (response rate: 87.3%) participated in this study. All study participants underwent non-cycloplegic auto-refraction (auto-refractometer/keratometer Nidek ARK-510) and subjective refraction. RESULTS Regarding the sphere, eyes with mixed cataract had the worst limits of agreement (LoA: -1.24 to 0.87) and the best agreement was related to the pseudophakic eyes (LoA: -0.83 to 0.54). The highest (0.27±0.31 D) and lowest (0.21±0.27 D) differences between the two methods regarding the cylinder power were observed in eyes with cortical cataract and normal eyes, respectively. The worst LoA between the two methods in measuring the cylinder power was related to the eyes with mixed cataract (LoA: -0.44 to 0.96). Regarding the J0 (horizontal/vertical components of astigmatism), the mean values of J0 obtained by auto-refraction were tended more toward against the rule direction in all crystalline lens conditions, and the two methods had the greatest difference in cortical cataract cases (0.05±0.17 D). Regarding the J45 (oblique components of astigmatism), the lowest (0±0.11 D) and highest (-0.01±0.12 D) differences were observed in normal eyes and eyes with cortical cataract, respectively. CONCLUSION The auto-refractometer/keratometer Nidek ARK-510 results in the elderly with different phakic and pseudophakic conditions do not correspond well with subjective refraction findings. This discrepancy in spherical findings is more pronounced in individuals with mixed cataract than in other cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran 1968653111, Iran
| | - Amir Asharlous
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran 1661635198, Iran
| | - Alireza Jamali
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Mortazavi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Alireza Hashemi
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran 1661635198, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1968653111, Iran
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Elshahat A, Hamed AM, El Habbak AH, Tabl MA. Evaluation of Ocular Residual Astigmatism in Eyes with Myopia and Myopic Astigmatism and Its Interaction with Other Forms of Astigmatism. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:4179-4190. [PMID: 36544897 PMCID: PMC9762676 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s393477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the prevalence, magnitude, and direction of ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) in eyes with myopia and myopic astigmatism, and its interaction with refractive, anterior corneal, posterior corneal, and true net power astigmatism. Patients and Methods Refractive surgery candidates with myopia and myopic astigmatism were studied. Refractive astigmatism (RA) was measured using the Nidek® AR-310A autorefractometer. Anterior corneal astigmatism (ACA), posterior corneal astigmatism (PCA), and true net power astigmatism (TNP) were measured using the Wavelight® Oculyzer II. Astigmatism was converted from polar to vector notation. ORA was calculated by vector subtraction of ACA from RA vertexed to corneal plane. Compensation factor (CF) was calculated as the ratio of ORA that compensates ACA for both J0 and J45. Results 154 eyes of 88 patients (mean age 31.7±7.1 years) were included. With-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism was the most common for both RA (55.6%) and ACA (74%), while against-the-rule (ATR) was the most common for PCA (87.7%) and ORA (74.0%). The axes of RA and ACA were within 10° of each other in 46.8% of the eyes, and within 30° of each other in 76.0%. The mean difference in value between the axis of RA and ACA was 25.6°. 71.4% of eyes in the study had an ORA ≥ 0.5D, 44.1% had ORA ≥ 0.75D and 26% had ORA ≥ 1D. There was a statistically significant difference between ACA and each of RA and TNP. Using TNP to calculate ORA instead of ACA reduced its magnitude. RA is positively correlated to ACA and more strongly to TNP. The most common pattern of compensation between ORA and ACA was under-compensation for J0 (49%) and same-axis-augmentation for J45 (35%). Conclusion ORA, PCA, and the interaction between ORA and ACA can affect results during refractive planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elshahat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Qalyopia, Egypt
| | - Abdelmonem M Hamed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Qalyopia, Egypt,Correspondence: Abdelmonem M Hamed, Email
| | - Ashraf H El Habbak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Qalyopia, Egypt
| | - Marwa Abdelshafy Tabl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Qalyopia, Egypt
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Low-Concentration Atropine Monotherapy vs. Combined with MiSight 1 Day Contact Lenses for Myopia Management. Vision (Basel) 2022; 6:vision6040073. [PMID: 36548935 PMCID: PMC9781043 DOI: 10.3390/vision6040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To assess the decrease in myopia progression and rebound effect using topical low-dose atropine compared to a combined treatment with contact lenses for myopic control. Methods: This retrospective review study included 85 children aged 10.34 ± 2.27 (range 6 to 15.5) who were followed over three years. All had a minimum myopia increase of 1.00 D the year prior to treatment. The children were divided into two treatment groups and a control group. One treatment group included 29 children with an average prescription of 4.81 ± 2.12 D (sphere equivalent (SE) range of 1.25−10.87 D), treated with 0.01% atropine for two years (A0.01%). The second group included 26 children with an average prescription of 4.14 ± 1.35 D (SE range of 1.625−6.00 D), treated with MiSight 1 day dual focus contact lenses (DFCL) and 0.01% atropine (A0.01% + DFCL) for two years. The control group included 30 children wearing single-vision spectacles (SV), averaging −5.06 ± 1.77 D (SE) range 2.37−8.87 D). Results: There was an increase in the SE myopia progression in the SV group of 1.19 ± 0.43 D, 1.25 ± 0.52 D, and 1.13 ± 0.36 D in the first, second, and third years, respectively. Myopia progression in the A0.01% group was 0.44 ± 0.21 D (p < 0.01) and 0.51 ± 0.39 D (p < 0.01) in the first and second years, respectively. In the A0.01% + DFCL group, myopia progression was 0.35 ± 0.26 D and 0.44 ± 0.40 D in the first and second years, respectively (p < 0.01). Half a year after the cessation of the atropine treatment, myopia progression (rebound effect) was measured at −0.241 ± 0.35 D and −0.178 ± 0.34 D in the A0.01% and A0.01% + DFCL groups, respectively. Conclusions: Monotherapy low-dose atropine, combined with peripheral blur contact lenses, was clinically effective in decreasing myopia progression. A low rebound effect was found after the therapy cessation. In this retrospective study, combination therapy did not present an advantage over monotherapy.
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Mukash SN, Kayembe DL, Mwanza JC. Agreement Between Retinoscopy, Autorefractometry and Subjective Refraction for Determining Refractive Errors in Congolese Children. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2021; 13:129-136. [PMID: 33907484 PMCID: PMC8071214 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s303286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the agreement between retinoscopy and autorefractometry and between subjective refraction and both retinoscopy and autorefractometry in Congolese children. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-four children (6-17 years old) were enrolled consecutively in this cross-sectional study. Refraction was evaluated before and after cycloplegia (1% cyclopentolate) with retinoscopy and autorefractometry. Readings were compared (paired t-test) and agreement assessed with Bland-Altman plots. Subjective refraction was compared with the two methods to determine which one provides better reference estimates for subjective refraction. RESULTS Under cycloplegia, the spherical power was comparable between retinoscopy and autorefractometry (1.12 ± 1.37 D vs 1.22 ± 1.06D, P = 0.70), cylinder power was significantly more myopic on retinoscopy than autorefractometry (0.80 ± 1.10D vs -0.62 ± 0.66, P = 0.019), and SE was greater on autorefractometry than retinoscopy (0.91 ± 1.10D vs 0.72 ± 1.00D, P = 0.014). Retinoscopy and autorefractometry overestimated the power of spherical (P = 0.022 and 0.002, respectively) and cylindrical components (all P < 0.001). There was an agreement between retinoscopy and autorefractometry in measuring spherical (bias: 0.09 ± 0.16D; limit of agreement, LoA: -0.40 to 0.22D) and cylindrical power (bias: -0.18 ± 0.20D; LoA: -0.57 to 0.21D). Subjective refraction agreed with cycloplegic retinoscopy for determining SE power (bias: 0.11D; LoA: -0.51 to 0.73D). CONCLUSION Retinoscopy and autorefractometry can be used interchangeably in children for determining the power of spherical and cylindrical components. Cycloplegic retinoscopy is better than autorefractometry to obtain SE reference values for subjective refraction in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Mukash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - David L Kayembe
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jean-Claude Mwanza
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kinshasa University Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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