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Gao S, Zhang H, Lai L, Zhang J, Li Y, Miao Z, Rahman SU, Zhang H, Qian A, Zhang W. S100A10 might be a novel prognostic biomarker for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma based on bioinformatics analysis. Comput Biol Med 2022; 149:106000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Influence of S100A2 in Human Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071756. [PMID: 35885660 PMCID: PMC9316160 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
S100 proteins are a family of low-molecular-weight proteins characterized by two calcium-binding sites with a helix-loop-helix (“EF-hand-type”) domain. The S100 family of proteins is distributed across various organs and can interact with diverse molecules. Among the proteins of the S100 family, S100 calcium-binding protein A2 (S100A2) has been identified in mammary epithelial cells, glands, lungs, kidneys, and prostate gland, exhibiting various physiological and pathological actions in human disorders, such as inflammatory diseases and malignant tumors. In this review, we introduce basic knowledge regarding S100A2 regulatory mechanisms. Although S100A2 is a tumor suppressor, we describe the various influences of S100A2 on cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Shan J, Sun Z, Yang J, Xu J, Shi W, Wu Y, Fan Y, Li H. Discovery and preclinical validation of proteomic biomarkers in saliva for early detection of oral squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Dis 2018; 25:97-107. [PMID: 30169911 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Department of Oral Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Zhida Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Department of Oral Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Department of Oral Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Juanyong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Department of Oral Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Wei Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Department of Oral Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - You Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Department of Oral Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Yuan Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Department of Oral Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Huaiqi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
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Nakamura K, Akiba J, Ogasawara S, Naito Y, Nakayama M, Abe Y, Kusukawa J, Yano H. SUOX is negatively associated with multistep carcinogenesis and proliferation in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Med Mol Morphol 2017; 51:102-110. [PMID: 29280012 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-017-0177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant tumor in the head and neck region. The aim of this study was to identify the key molecules and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of OSCC carcinogenesis through a microarray analysis of RNA extracted from normal epithelium, dysplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma components. Out of molecules that showed changes in gene expression in the microarray analysis, we focused on Sulfite oxidase (SUOX), which correlated significantly with carcinogenic process and exhibited a stepwise decrease in expression. The expression of SUOX was evaluated in detail at the protein level using samples from 58 patients with cancer of the tongue, and correlating clinicopathological factors were also comprehensively examined. SUOX expression declined significantly from normal epithelium to dysplasia to squamous cell carcinoma components in line with carcinogenic process. With regard to squamous cell carcinoma, SUOX expression was significantly lower when T classification was high. Our findings indicated that SUOX is negatively associated with the progression and proliferation of tongue cancer, and suggest that SUOX may be a key molecule in tongue tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Jun Akiba
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan.
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Naito
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masamichi Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yushi Abe
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Jingo Kusukawa
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
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Rivera C, Oliveira AK, Costa RAP, De Rossi T, Paes Leme AF. Prognostic biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review. Oral Oncol 2017; 72:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kuberappa PH, Bagalad BS, Ananthaneni A, Kiresur MA, Srinivas GV. Certainty of S100 from Physiology to Pathology. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZE10-5. [PMID: 27504432 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/17949.8022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
S100 exists in wide variety of tissues and cell types, originally isolated from brain tissue and they are of low molecular weight proteins. S100 is evenly distributed in cytoplasm and also in nucleoplasm and is involved in both intercellular and extracellular functions. S100 protein is generally expressed in normal and also in pathological conditions. In current review, we discuss: a) update nomenclature of the various S100 proteins, b) expression of S100 in oral diseases (different soft tissue tumors, odontogenic cyst and tumor) for diagnostic value and also to know their histogenesis, c) role of S100 and RAGE receptor in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneeth Horatti Kuberappa
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, St Joseph Dental College , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Bhavana Shivanand Bagalad
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, St Joseph Dental College , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anuradha Ananthaneni
- Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, St Joseph Dental College , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Md Asif Kiresur
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, St Joseph Dental College , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Guduru Vijay Srinivas
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, St Joseph Dental College , Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Masuda T, Ishikawa T, Mogushi K, Okazaki S, Ishiguro M, Iida S, Mizushima H, Tanaka H, Uetake H, Sugihara K. Overexpression of the S100A2 protein as a prognostic marker for patients with stage II and III colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:975-82. [PMID: 26783118 PMCID: PMC4750537 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify a novel prognostic biomarker related to recurrence in stage II and III colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Stage II and III CRC tissue mRNA expression was profiled using an Affymetrix Gene Chip, and copy number profiles of 125 patients were generated using an Affymetrix 250K Sty array. Genes showing both upregulated expression and copy number gains in cases involving recurrence were extracted as candidate biomarkers. The protein expression of the candidate gene was assessed using immunohistochemical staining of tissue from 161 patients. The relationship between protein expression and clinicopathological features was also examined. We identified 9 candidate genes related to recurrence of stage II and III CRC, whose mRNA expression was significantly higher in CRC than in normal tissue. Of these proteins, the S100 calcium-binding protein A2 (S100A2) has been observed in several human cancers. S100A2 protein overexpression in CRC cells was associated with significantly worse overall survival and relapse-free survival, indicating that S100A2 is an independent risk factor for stage II and III CRC recurrence. S100A2 overexpression in cancer cells could be a biomarker of poor prognosis in stage II and III CRC recurrence and a target for treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Masuda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ishikawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kaoru Mogushi
- Department of Systems Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okazaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Megumi Ishiguro
- Department of Translational Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Satoru Iida
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizushima
- Department of Medical Omics Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Systems Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uetake
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sugihara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Epigenetic silencing of S100A2 in bladder and head and neck cancers. Oncoscience 2015; 2:410-8. [PMID: 26097874 PMCID: PMC4468326 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A2, a member of the S100 protein family, is known to be downregulated in a number of human cancers, leading to its designation as a potential tumor suppressor gene. Here, we investigated the expression and methylation status of S100A2 in head&neck and bladder cancer. Reduced mRNA and protein expression was observed in 8 head&neck and bladder cancer cell lines. To explore the mechanism responsible for the downregulation of S100A2, we treated six cell lines with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. We found S100A2 is silenced in association with aberrant promoter-region methylation and its expression is restored with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment. Of 31 primary head&neck cancer cases and 31 bladder cancer cases, promoter methylation was detected in 90% and 80% of cases, respectively. Interestingly, only 1/9 of normal head&neck tissues and 2/6 of normal bladder tissues showed promoter methylation. S100A2 promoter methylation can be detected in urine and is more frequent in bladder cancer patients than in healthy subjects (96% vs 48% respectively). Moreover, increased methylation of S100A2 is linked to the progression of the tumor in bladder cancer (p<0.01). Together, this data shows that methylation-associated inactivation of S100A2 is frequent and may be an important event in the tumorigenesis of head&neck and bladder cancer.
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Kumar M, Srivastava G, Kaur J, Assi J, Alyass A, Leong I, MacMillan C, Witterick I, Shukla NK, Thakar A, Duggal R, Roychoudhury A, Sharma MC, Walfish PG, Chauhan SS, Ralhan R. Prognostic significance of cytoplasmic S100A2 overexpression in oral cancer patients. J Transl Med 2015; 13:8. [PMID: 25591983 PMCID: PMC4324434 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients are at high risk of loco-regional recurrence and 5-year survival rates are about 50%. Identification of patients at high risk of recurrence will enable rigorous personalized post-treatment management. Most novel biomarkers have failed translation for clinical use because of their limited successful validation in external patient cohorts. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of alterations in sub-cellular expression of S100A2, a pro-tumorigenic calcium binding protein, identified as a candidate biomarker in our proteomic analysis in OSCC and validation of its clinical utility in an external cohort. Methods In a retrospective study, immunohistochemical analysis of S100A2 was carried out in 235 Indian OSCC (Test set) and 129 normal oral tissues, correlated with clinicopathological parameters and disease outcome over 122 months for OSCC patients following the REMARK criteria. The findings were validated in an external cohort (Validation set 115 Canadian OSCC and 51 normal tissues) and data analyzed using the R package. Results Significant increase in cytoplasmic and decrease in nuclear S100A2 expression was observed in OSCC in comparison with normal tissues. Cox multivariable regression analysis internally and externally validated cytoplasmic S100A2 association with tumor recurrence. Kaplan Meier analysis of patients stratified to high and low risk groups showed significantly different recurrence free survival (Test set- log rank test, p = 0.005, median survival 16 and 69 months respectively and Validation set - p < 0.00001, median survival 9.4 and 59.9 months respectively); 86% and 81% of patients who had recurrence were correctly stratified into the high risk group. Seventy percent and 81% patients stratified into low risk group did not show cancer recurrence within 1 year in Test and Validation sets. Conclusions Our study provided clinical evidence for the potential of cytoplasmic S100A2 overexpression as a predictor of recurrence risk in OSCC patients. A unique translational aspect of our study is validation of S100A2 as prognostic marker in two independent cohorts (Canadian and Indian) suggesting this protein is likely to find widespread utility in clinical practice for identifying oral cancer patients at high risk of disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Gunjan Srivastava
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Jasmeet Assi
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Akram Alyass
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - Iona Leong
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph & Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada. .,Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1G6, Canada.
| | - Christina MacMillan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph & Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Ian Witterick
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada. .,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, 190 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2N2, Canada.
| | - Nootan Kumar Shukla
- Department of Surgery, Dr. B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Alok Thakar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ritu Duggal
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ajoy Roychoudhury
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mehar Chand Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Paul G Walfish
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph & Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada. .,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada. .,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, 190 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2N2, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Endocrine Division, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Shyam Singh Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Ranju Ralhan
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph & Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada. .,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada. .,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, 190 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2N2, Canada.
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Zarogoulidis P, Tsakiridis K, Karapantzou C, Lampaki S, Kioumis I, Pitsiou G, Papaiwannou A, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Huang H, Kesisis G, Karapantzos I, Chlapoutakis S, Korantzis I, Mpakas A, Karavasilis V, Mpoukovinas I, Li Q, Zarogoulidis K. Use of proteins as biomarkers and their role in carcinogenesis. J Cancer 2015; 6:9-18. [PMID: 25553084 PMCID: PMC4278910 DOI: 10.7150/jca.10560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Summary: Improved diagnostic methods and medical therapies are necessary for early detection and treatment and an improved prognosis. It is thus vital to both examine and evaluate the role of the various existing proteins as biomarkers in carcinogenesis and to assess the contribution of these proteins in anti-cancer activity, for consideration in therapeutic strategies. It is essential to both examine and evaluate the role of the various existing proteins as biomarkers in carcinogenesis and to assess the contribution of these proteins in anti-cancer activity, for consideration in therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is twofold. Firstly, it is to evaluate recent data about which proteins can be utilized as biomarkers in carcinogenesis. The proteins reviewed include: CPTP, IL-6, CCN, and S100. Secondly, it is to evaluate the contribution of dietary proteins in cancer activity. Specifically, how whey protein, soy proteins and lectin, a phytochemical could be useful in cancer prevention and treatment. Recent Findings: Whey protein, present in dairy products, is an excellent source of the sulphur amino acid cysteine, the rate limiting substrate in glutathione synthesis. Notably, this protein survives digestion and has been shown to have anti-carcinogenic properties in animal studies. Lectins are phytochemicals present in plant foods, and have active components which alters cancer initiation, promotion and progression. Lectins have been characterized as a useful tool in biochemistry, cell biology, immunology and in diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in cancer research. Soy proteins contain various compounds, including isoflavones, protease inhibitors and protein kinase inhibitors, which have been proven effective in tumor growth inhibition. They have therefore, been greatly emphasized in cancer prevention and treatment. It has been proved that soy food consumption was associated with decreased risk of death and recurrence of breast cancer. CPTP is a recently discovered protein whose main role is to transport C1P, a pro-inflammatory molecule. The discovery of CPTP may shine a light on the mechanism of inflammatory diseases, and hopefully offer a potential target for therapeutic purposes in cancer research. Interleukin-6 is a multifunctional cytokine that affects the activity of cancer cells. It is involved in tumor growth, and elevated levels is associated with an increased risk of cancer. S100B is a well-established biomarker for malignant melanoma, and useful in assessing tumor load, stage and prognosis for patients with this disease. Other members of this family of proteins include S100A4, which has been associated with several malignancies and S100A2, which has been found to be decreased in some cancers. CCN are a group of regulatory proteins, located in the extracellular matrix (maricellular). They are involved in cellular adhesion, mitogenesis, chemotaxis, cell survival, and wound healing. CCN proteins are also able to modulate the signals of several proteins, which may also influence skeletal development and angiogenesis. Many of the functions of these proteins are thus also related to tumor growth. Furthermore, CCN interacts with estrogen in the development of cancer, and is implicated in some breast and ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zarogoulidis
- 1. Pulmonary-Oncology, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kosmas Tsakiridis
- 2. Thoracic Surgery Department, ``Saint Luke`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Sofia Lampaki
- 1. Pulmonary-Oncology, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kioumis
- 1. Pulmonary-Oncology, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Pitsiou
- 1. Pulmonary-Oncology, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonis Papaiwannou
- 1. Pulmonary-Oncology, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Haidong Huang
- 5. Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changhai Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, China
| | - George Kesisis
- 6. Oncology Department, ``Saint Luke`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ilias Karapantzos
- 3. ORL-Oncology Unit, ``Saint Luke`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Andreas Mpakas
- 2. Thoracic Surgery Department, ``Saint Luke`` Private Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasilis Karavasilis
- 7. Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, University hospital of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mpoukovinas
- 9. Oncology Department, ``BioMedicine`` Private Clinic, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Qiang Li
- 5. Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changhai Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, China
| | - Konstantinos Zarogoulidis
- 1. Pulmonary-Oncology, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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S100A2 protein and non-small cell lung cancer. The dual role concept. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7327-33. [PMID: 24863947 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A2 is a member of the EF-hand motif family S100. Its role has been recently implicated in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Although its precise role in NSCLC patients is debated and conflicting results have been published, it has been associated with patient survival. S100A2 expression was downregulated in some studies while others disagree that S100A2 is strongly expressed in lung cancer. It has been recently published by Hountis et al. that there is a significant association between nuclear S100A2 positivity and better disease-free interval. Intensity of expression was the highest in the early and advanced stages, and equally distributed in the middle stages. This is indicative for a dual role of this protein in carcinogenesis. The expression of S100A2 in operable NSCLC varies widely, and this differential location and expression pattern (nuclear or cytoplasmic or both) seem to correlate with prognosis. The precise role for the movement of S100A2 protein between cytoplasm and nucleus is still unclear. We present here a literature review, and we propose the dual concept on its substantial role as a prognostic or predictive indicator in this unfavorable group of patients.
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Kaur J, Matta A, Kak I, Srivastava G, Assi J, Leong I, Witterick I, Colgan TJ, Macmillan C, Siu KWM, Walfish PG, Ralhan R. S100A7 overexpression is a predictive marker for high risk of malignant transformation in oral dysplasia. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1379-88. [PMID: 24122701 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of oral lesions (OLs) at high risk of cancer development is of utmost importance for intervention. There is an urgent unmet clinical need for biomarkers that allow identification of high-risk OLs. Recently, we identified and verified a panel of five candidate protein biomarkers namely S100A7, prothymosin alpha, 14-3-3ζ, 14-3-3σ and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K using proteomics to distinguish OLs with dysplasia and oral cancers from normal oral tissues. The objective of our study was to evaluate the potential of these candidate protein biomarkers for identification of oral dysplastic lesions at high risk of cancer development. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed expressions of these five candidate protein biomarkers in 110 patients with biopsy-proven oral dysplasia and known clinical outcome and determined their correlations with p16 expression and HPV 16/18 status. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed reduced oral cancer-free survival (OCFS) of 68.6 months (p = 0.007) in patients showing cytoplasmic S100A7 overexpression when compared to patients with weak or no S100A7 immunostaining in cytoplasm (mean OCFS = 122.8 months). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed cytoplasmic S100A7 overexpression as the most significant candidate marker associated with cancer development in dysplastic lesions (p = 0.041, hazard ratio = 2.36). In conclusion, our study suggested the potential of S100A7 overexpression in identifying OLs with dysplasia at high risk of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Kaur
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph & Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Zhao Y, Zhang TB, Wang Q. Clinical significance of altered S100A2 expression in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1556-62. [PMID: 23337980 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The S100A2 gene has been reported to be a putative tumor‑suppressor gene. Nevertheless, overexpression of S100A2 has been found in certain types of cancer. This study investigated S100A2 expression in tissue specimens of gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, adenomatous dysplasia and gastric cancer to determine its association with clinical features. A serial of tissue samples (gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, adenomatous dysplasia and gastric cancer samples) were used for quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses of S100A2 expression. The data revealed that there was a gradual loss of S100A2 expression from gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia to cancer tissue specimens (p<0.001). In gastric cancer samples, loss of S100A2 expression was associated with increased tumor size, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and a poor prognosis (p<0.001). However, the intestinal type of gastric cancer expressed more S100A2 protein than the diffuse type (p<0.001). In conclusion, data from the present study demonstrated that loss of S100A2 expression contributes to gastric cancer development and progression; therefore, the determination of S100A2 expression levels may help to predict the carcinogenesis and aggressiveness of gastric cancer as well as patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, PR China
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Tsai WC, Lin YC, Tsai ST, Shen WH, Chao TL, Lee SL, Wu LW. Lack of modulatory function of coding nucleotide polymorphism S100A2_185G>A in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Dis 2010; 17:283-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Nuclear S100A7 is associated with poor prognosis in head and neck cancer. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11939. [PMID: 20689826 PMCID: PMC2914786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue proteomic analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and normal oral mucosa using iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation) labeling and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, led to the identification of a panel of biomarkers including S100A7. In the multi-step process of head and neck tumorigenesis, the presence of dysplastic areas in the epithelium is proposed to be associated with a likely progression to cancer; however there are no established biomarkers to predict their potential of malignant transformation. This study aimed to determine the clinical significance of S100A7 overexpression in HNSCC. Methodology Immunohistochemical analysis of S100A7 expression in HNSCC (100 cases), oral lesions (166 cases) and 100 histologically normal tissues was carried out and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and disease prognosis over 7 years for HNSCC patients. Overexpression of S100A7 protein was significant in oral lesions (squamous cell hyperplasia/dysplasia) and sustained in HNSCC in comparison with oral normal mucosa (ptrend<0.001). Significant increase in nuclear S100A7 was observed in HNSCC as compared to dysplastic lesions (p = 0.005) and associated with well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.031). Notably, nuclear accumulation of S100A7 also emerged as an independent predictor of reduced disease free survival (p = 0.006, Hazard ratio (HR = 7.6), 95% CI = 1.3−5.1) in multivariate analysis underscoring its relevance as a poor prognosticator of HNSCC patients. Conclusions Our study demonstrated nuclear accumulation of S100A7 may serve as predictor of poor prognosis in HNSCC patients. Further, increased nuclear accumulation of S100A7 in HNSCC as compared to dysplastic lesions warrants a large-scale longitudinal study of patients with dysplasia to evaluate its potential as a determinant of increased risk of transformation of oral premalignant lesions.
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Wolf S, Haase-Kohn C, Pietzsch J. S100A2 in cancerogenesis: a friend or a foe? Amino Acids 2010; 41:849-61. [PMID: 20521072 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the exceptional intracellular distribution and the heterogeneous expression pattern during transformation and metastasis in various tumors, the EF-hand calcium-binding protein S100A2 attracts increasing attention. Unlike the majority of S100 proteins, S100A2 expression is downregulated in many cancers and the loss in nuclear expression has been associated with poor prognosis. On the other hand, S100A2 is upregulated in some cancers. This mini review highlights the general characteristics of S100A2 and discusses recent findings on its putative functional implication as a suppressor or promoter in cancerogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Wolf
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Research Center Dresden-Rossendorf, POB 51 01 19, 01314, Dresden, Germany
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Yang WCV, Chung HR, Wu JY, Yi C, Wang DJ, Lee SY. Potential biomarkers for the cytologic diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Dent Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1991-7902(10)60010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Kesting MR, Sudhoff H, Hasler RJ, Nieberler M, Pautke C, Wolff KD, Wagenpfeil S, Al-Benna S, Jacobsen F, Steinstraesser L. Psoriasin (S100A7) up-regulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its relation to clinicopathologic features. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:731-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sapkota D, Bruland O, Bøe OE, Bakeer H, Elgindi OAA, Vasstrand EN, Ibrahim SO. Expression profile of the S100 gene family members in oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:607-15. [PMID: 18705642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several of the S100 gene members have been reported to be differentially expressed in many human pathological conditions, in particular, the malignancies. Identification and quantification of the differentially expressed S100 gene members in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) might facilitate their use as potential diagnostic and/or prognostic markers or targets for therapy. METHODS we examined the expression profile of 16 members of the S100 gene family at the mRNA level by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (sRT-PCR) in 27 cases of OSCCs/their pair-wised normal controls obtained from Sudanese patients, and confirmed the sRT-PCR results by performing quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for 6 of the 16 genes examined. RESULTS With sRT-PCR, 4 (25%; S100A4, S100A6, S100A8, S100A14) out of the 16 S100 gene members examined were found to be significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05) in the tumors compared to the normal controls. None of the S100 gene members examined were found to be significantly up-regulated in the tumors. qRT-PCR results confirmed the significant down-regulation of the S100A4, S100A6, and S100A14 genes in the tumors examined. CONCLUSION S100 gene family members might play an important role in the pathogenesis of the OSCCs examined. Findings of the present work warrant in-depth studies of the S100 gene family members, in particular, the S100A4, S100A6, S100A8, and S100A14 to further understand their possible role(s) in OSCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Sapkota
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Yin Y, Zhang HF. Expression of S100A2 mRNA and protein and its clinical significance in esophageal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:2119-2124. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i19.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of S100A2 mRNA and its protein in esophageal squamous cell cancer(ESCC) and their relationship with clinicopathologic features, and explore their roles in carcinogenesis and progression of esophageal cancer and to evaluate their clinicopathologic significance.
METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining (S-P method) was performed to detect S100A2 protein expression in 40 ESCC samples and 40 samples from normal esophageal mucosa. In situ hybridization (ISH) was performed to detect the expression of S100A2 mRNA.
RESULTS: The positive rates of S100A2 mRNA and S100A2 protein in ESCC samples were both markedly lower than that in normal mucosa (77.5% vs 100%, 72.5% vs 100%, both P < 0.01). The differences were both significant among the well differentiated, the moderately differentiated and the lowly differentiated groups (all P < 0.05). The expression levels of S100A2 mRNA and S100A2 protein were significantly higher in well and moderately differentiated groups than that in lowly differentiated group (93.3% vs 85.7%, 86.7% vs 85.7%, both P < 0.05). There was significant difference between the lymph node-positive group and the lymph node-negative group (92% vs 53.3%, 92% vs 40%, both P < 0.01). A positive correlation was found between the expression of S100A2 mRNA and S100A2 protein (r = 0.607, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: S100A2 plays an important role in ESCC carcinogenesis. S100A2 might be an important reference biomarker for ESCC biological behavior.
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Nomura H, Uzawa K, Yamano Y, Fushimi K, Ishigami T, Kato Y, Saito K, Nakashima D, Higo M, Kouzu Y, Ono K, Ogawara K, Shiiba M, Bukawa H, Yokoe H, Tanzawa H. Network-based analysis of calcium-binding protein genes identifies Grp94 as a target in human oral carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:792-801. [PMID: 17726464 PMCID: PMC2360381 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To characterise Ca(2+) -binding protein gene expression changes in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), we compared the gene expression profiles in OSCC-derived cell lines with normal oral tissues. One hundred Ca(2+) -binding protein genes differentially expressed in OSCCs were identified, and genetic pathways associated with expression changes were generated. Among genes mapped to the network with the highest significance, glucose-regulated protein 94 kDa (Grp94) was evaluated further for mRNA and protein expression in the OSCC cell lines, primary OSCCs, and oral premalignant lesions (OPLs). A significant (P<0.001) overexpression of Grp94 protein was observed in all cell lines compared to normal oral epithelium. Immunohistochemical analysis showed highly expressed Grp94 in primary OSCCs and OPLs, whereas most of the corresponding normal tissues had no protein immunoreaction. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR data agreed with the protein expression status. Moreover, overexpression of Grp94 in primary tumours was significantly (P<0.001) correlated with poor disease-free survival. The results suggested that Grp94 may have potential clinical application as a novel diagnosis and prognostic biomarker for human OSCCs.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease-Free Survival
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nomura
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Uzawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- E-mail:
| | - Y Yamano
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Fushimi
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - T Ishigami
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Y Kato
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Saito
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - D Nakashima
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - M Higo
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Y Kouzu
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Ono
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Ogawara
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - M Shiiba
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - H Bukawa
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - H Yokoe
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - H Tanzawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Center of Excellence (COE) Program in the 21st Century, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Tian T, Hao J, Xu A, Hao J, Luo C, Liu C, Huang L, Xiao X, He D. Determination of metastasis-associated proteins in non-small cell lung cancer by comparative proteomic analysis. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1265-74. [PMID: 17537172 PMCID: PMC11158557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of metastasis is the leading cause of death and an enormous therapeutic challenge in cases of non-small cell lung cancer. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the metastasis process and to discover novel potential clinical markers for non-small cell lung cancer, comparative proteomic analysis of two non-small cell lung cancer cell lines with different metastatic potentials, the non-metastatic CL1-0 and highly metastatic CL1-5 cell lines, was carried out using two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. Thirty-three differentially expressed proteins were identified unambiguously, among which 16 proteins were significantly upregulated and 17 proteins were downregulated in highly metastatic CL1-5 cells compared with non-metastatic CL1-0 cells. Subsequently, 8 of 33 identified proteins were selected for further validation at the mRNA level using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and three identified proteins, S100A11, PGP 9.5 and HSP27, were confirmed by western blotting. The protein S100A11 displaying significant differential expression at both the protein and mRNA levels was further analyzed by immunohistochemical staining in 65 primary non-small cell lung cancer tissues and 10 matched local positive lymph node specimens to explore its relationship with metastasis. The results indicated that the upregulation of S100A11 expression in non-small cell lung cancer tissues was significantly associated with higher tumor-node-metastasis stage (P = 0.001) and positive lymph node status (P = 0.011), implying that S100A11 might be an important regulatory molecule in promoting invasion and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation of the Ministry of Education, Universities' Confederated Institute of Proteomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Salama I, Malone PS, Mihaimeed F, Jones JL. A review of the S100 proteins in cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007; 34:357-64. [PMID: 17566693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM In the quest to reduce mortality and morbidity from cancer, there is continued effort to identify novel biomarkers to aid in the early detection and the accurate prediction of tumour behaviour. One group of proteins that is emerging as a potentially important group of markers in multiple tumour types is the S100 family. This review summarises the biological and clinical relevance of these proteins in relation to different tumour types. METHODS A literature search was performed using the PubMed database and the reference lists of relevant articles. Single case studies were excluded and only reports with a clinical relevance from 1961 to 2007 were included. RESULTS The search yielded over 1000 published articles and reports. Important reports and studies were reviewed, screened and tracked for further relevant publications. Only the most relevant publications are discussed with relation to individual members of the S100 family. CONCLUSION There is increasing evidence that altered expression of S100 family members is seen in many cancers including breast, lung, bladder, kidney, thyroid, gastric, prostate and oral cancers. S100 proteins are commonly up-regulated in tumours and this is often associated with tumour progression. In contrast S100A2, S100A11 and S100A9 have been documented as tumour suppressors in some cancers but as tumour promoters in others. This demonstrates the complexity of the family and variability of their functions. Although the precise roles of these proteins in cancer is still to be discovered many of the family are associated with promoting metastases through interactions with matrix metalloproteinases or by acting as chemoattractants. There is also evidence that some members can regulate transcription factors such as p53. S100B already has a role in a clinical setting in the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of malignant melanoma. As our understanding of this family develops it is likely that many more members will aid the diagnosis, monitoring and potential treatment of cancers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Salama
- Newham University Hospital, London, UK.
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24
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Zhang X, Hunt JL, Shin DM, Chen ZG. Down-regulation of S100A2 in lymph node metastases of head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2007; 29:236-43. [PMID: 17123307 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our cDNA microarray analysis of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) previously identified that S100A2 was down-regulated in highly metastatic 686LN-M3s cell lines established through in vivo selection using a metastatic xenograft mouse model. S100A2, a putative tumor suppressor, has been found to be down-regulated in several types of primary tumor as compared with the normal tissue. Only a few reports have explored its expression status and function in metastasis. METHODS To further confirm down-regulation of S100A2 in human metastasis, we examined S100A2 expression using immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded SCCHN tissues. The samples included primary SCCHN tumors (Tu-1) and involved lymph nodes (Met-1) from the same patients, and primary tumors in node-negative patients (Tu-2). RESULTS Most of these tumors expressed S100A2 but lymph node metastases showed a pattern of reduced staining for S100A2 compared with primary tumors. A similar expression pattern of S100A2 was also observed in several SCCHN cell lines by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoblotting. Particularly, S100A2 expression was lower in 686LN than Tu686 and hardly detectable in the metastatic derivatives 686LN-M3s. Further study of S100A2 promoter showed higher methylation intensity in these metastatic derivatives than in Tu686 and 686LN. CONCLUSIONS S100A2 was down-regulated in lymph node metastasis of SCCHN, suggesting that instead of being a putative tumor suppressor, S100A2 may play a role in the metastasis of SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Tsai WC, Tsai ST, Jin YT, Wu LW. Cyclooxygenase-2 Is Involved in S100A2-Mediated Tumor Suppression in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2006; 4:539-47. [PMID: 16908593 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-05-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
S100A2 is considered a putative tumor suppressor due to its loss or down-regulation in several cancer types. However, no mechanism has been described for the tumor suppressor role of S100A2. In this study, ectopic expression of S100A2 in the human malignant squamous cell carcinoma cell line KB resulted in a significant inhibition of proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, S100A2 significantly reduced the number of colonies (>or=0.5 mm) formed in semisolid agar and decreased tumor growth and burden in nude mice. cDNA microarray analysis was used to compare mRNA expression profiles of vector- and S100A2-expressing isogenic cells. Among the genes deregulated by S100A2, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA was significantly suppressed by S100A2 (2.4-fold). Western blot analysis confirmed that S100A2 reduced the expression of COX-2 protein in stably and transiently transfected KB and RPMI-2650 cells. COX-2 is frequently overexpressed in various types of cancer and plays an important role in tumor progression. Partial restoration of COX-2 expression attenuated the antitumor effect of S100A2 both in vitro and in vivo. Although the interplay between S100A2 and COX-2 remains to be clarified, these findings first showed a potent antitumor role of S100A2 in squamous cell carcinoma partly via reduced expression of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chi Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
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