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Tsuchiya H. Gustatory and Saliva Secretory Dysfunctions in COVID-19 Patients with Zinc Deficiency. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030353. [PMID: 35330104 PMCID: PMC8950751 DOI: 10.3390/life12030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the ever-progressing studies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is critical to update our knowledge about COVID-19 symptomatology and pathophysiology. In the present narrative review, oral symptoms were overviewed using the latest data and their pathogenesis was hypothetically speculated. PubMed, LitCovid, ProQuest, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies from 1 April 2021 with a cutoff date of 31 January 2022. The literature search indicated that gustatory dysfunction and saliva secretory dysfunction are prevalent in COVID-19 patients and both dysfunctions persist after recovery from the disease, suggesting the pathogenic mechanism common to these cooccurring symptoms. COVID-19 patients are characterized by hypozincemia, in which zinc is possibly redistributed from blood to the liver at the expense of zinc in other tissues. If COVID-19 induces intracellular zinc deficiency, the activity of zinc-metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase localized in taste buds and salivary glands may be influenced to adversely affect gustatory and saliva secretory functions. Zinc-binding metallothioneins and zinc transporters, which cooperatively control cellular zinc homeostasis, are expressed in oral tissues participating in taste and saliva secretion. Their expression dysregulation associated with COVID-19-induced zinc deficiency may have some effect on oral functions. Zinc supplementation is expected to improve oral symptoms in COVID-19 patients.
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Metallothionein Expression and its Influence on the In Vitro Biological Behavior of Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010157. [PMID: 31936364 PMCID: PMC7016984 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common tumor in the salivary glands, often presenting with recurrence and metastasis due to its high invasive capacity. Metallothionein (MT), a zinc storage protein that supplies this element for protease activity, is probably related to mucoepidermoid carcinoma behavior. This prompted us to characterize a cell line derived from mucoepidermoid carcinoma and to correlate metallothionein expression with transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Transcriptomic analysis and cytogenetic assays were performed to detect the expression of genes of interest and cellular chromosomal alterations, respectively. MEC cells with a depleted metallothionein 2A (MT2A) gene were subjected to Western blot to correlate metallothionein expression with growth factors and MMPs. Additionally, cells with depleted MT were subjected to migration and invasion assays. The transcriptomic study revealed reads mapped to cytokeratins 19 and AE1/AE3, α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and fibronectin. Cytogenetic evaluation demonstrated structural and numerical alterations, including the translocation t(11;19)(q21;p13), characteristic of MEC. Metallothionein depletion was correlated with the decreased expression of TGF-α and MMP-9, while TNF-α protein levels were augmented. Migration and invasion activity were diminished after metallothionein silencing. Our findings suggest an important role of MT in MEC invasion, through the regulation of proteins involved in this process.
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Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are small cysteine-rich proteins that play important roles in metal homeostasis and protection against heavy metal toxicity, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. In humans, MTs have four main isoforms (MT1, MT2, MT3, and MT4) that are encoded by genes located on chromosome 16q13. MT1 comprises eight known functional (sub)isoforms (MT1A, MT1B, MT1E, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT1M, and MT1X). Emerging evidence shows that MTs play a pivotal role in tumor formation, progression, and drug resistance. However, the expression of MTs is not universal in all human tumors and may depend on the type and differentiation status of tumors, as well as other environmental stimuli or gene mutations. More importantly, the differential expression of particular MT isoforms can be utilized for tumor diagnosis and therapy. This review summarizes the recent knowledge on the functions and mechanisms of MTs in carcinogenesis and describes the differential expression and regulation of MT isoforms in various malignant tumors. The roles of MTs in tumor growth, differentiation, angiogenesis, metastasis, microenvironment remodeling, immune escape, and drug resistance are also discussed. Finally, this review highlights the potential of MTs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis and introduces some current applications of targeting MT isoforms in cancer therapy. The knowledge on the MTs may provide new insights for treating cancer and bring hope for the elimination of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Si
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Jinghe Lang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
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Dziegiel P, Pula B, Kobierzycki C, Stasiolek M, Podhorska-Okolow M. The Role of Metallothioneins in Carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27472-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Brazão-Silva MT, Cardoso SV, de Faria PR, Dias FL, Lima RA, Eisenberg ALA, Nascimento MF, Loyola AM. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland: a clinicopathological study of 49 cases and of metallothionein expression with regard to tumour behaviour. Histopathology 2013; 63:802-9. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sérgio Vitorino Cardoso
- Oral Pathology Section; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Federal University of Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - Paulo Rogério de Faria
- Department of Histology and Morphology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Federal University of Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - Fernando Luiz Dias
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery; Brazilian National Cancer Institute/INCA; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Roberto Araújo Lima
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery; Brazilian National Cancer Institute/INCA; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriano Mota Loyola
- Pathology Post-graduate Programme; Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro; Uberaba MG Brazil
- Oral Pathology Section; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Federal University of Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
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Miranda Viana ADC, Ribeiro DC, Florêncio TNG, Santos VT, Sousa AA, Aguiar MCF. Immunohistochemical expression of metallothionein in pleomorphic adenoma of minor salivary glands: a role in the control of apoptosis? Acta Histochem 2013; 115:564-8. [PMID: 23332881 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign neoplasm of both the major and minor salivary glands. The histological features are diverse and are characterized by the involvement of epithelial-myoepithelial structures. Metallothionein is a cysteine-rich protein present in myoepithelial cells of several benign and malignant neoplasms. The function of metallothionein is associated with DNA protection, oxidative stress and apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of metallothionein in pleomorphic adenoma of the minor salivary glands. Additionally, we investigated the association of the clinicopathological features of the lesions with metallothionein, specifically its association with Bcl-2, in an attempt to evaluate the role of metallothionein in the control of apoptosis. Thirty-five cases of pleomorphic adenoma were selected and immunohistochemistry was performed for metallothionein and Bcl-2 proteins. The proteins were quantified by the Quickscore method. The samples showed epidemiological characteristics similar to those described in the literature. We did not find an association between the clinicopathological characteristics of pleomorphic adenomas and the proteins studied, but an association between metallothionein and Bcl-2 was demonstrated. The results suggest that metallothionein may have a role in the control of apoptosis in pleomorphic adenoma.
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Krizkova S, Fabrik I, Adam V, Kukacka J, Prusa R, Chavis GJ, Trnkova L, Strnadel J, Horak V, Kizek R. Utilizing of Adsorptive Transfer Stripping Technique Brdicka Reaction for Determination of Metallothioneins Level in Melanoma Cells, Blood Serum and Tissues. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2008; 8:3106-3122. [PMID: 27879868 PMCID: PMC3675534 DOI: 10.3390/s8053106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the paper we utilized the adsorptive transfer stripping differential pulse voltammetry Brdicka reaction for the determination of metallothioneins (MT) in melanoma cells, animal melanoma tissues (MeLiM miniature pig) and blood serum of patients with malignant melanoma. Primarily we attempted to investigate the influence of dilution of real sample on MT electrochemical response. Dilution of samples of 1 000 times was chosen the most suitable for determination of MT level in biological samples. Then we quantified the MT level in the melanoma cells, the animal melanoma tissues and the blood serum samples. The MT content in the cells varied within the range from 4.2 to 11.2 μM. At animal melanoma tissues (melanomas localized on abdomen, back limb and dorsum) the highest content of MT was determined in the tumour sampled on the back of the animal and was nearly 500 μg of MTs per gram of a tissue. We also quantified content of MT in metastases, which was found in liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Moreover the average MT level in the blood serum samples from patients with melanoma was 3.0 ± 0.8 μM. MT levels determined at melanoma samples were significantly (p < 0.05) higher compared to control ones at cells, tissues and blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Fabrik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kukacka
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Prusa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Grace J Chavis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, CA-956 16 Davis, USA
| | - Libuse Trnkova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Strnadel
- Laboratory of Tumour Biology, Department of Animal Embryology, Cell and Tissue Differentitation, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., CZ-277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Vratislav Horak
- Laboratory of Tumour Biology, Department of Animal Embryology, Cell and Tissue Differentitation, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., CZ-277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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