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El-Sayed A, Aleya L, Kamel M. The link among microbiota, epigenetics, and disease development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28926-28964. [PMID: 33860421 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome is a community of various microorganisms that inhabit or live on the skin of humans/animals, sharing the body space with their hosts. It is a sort of complex ecosystem of trillions of commensals, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms, including trillions of bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. The microbiota plays a role in the health and disease status of the host. Their number, species dominance, and viability are dynamic. Their long-term disturbance is usually accompanied by serious diseases such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, or even cancer. While epigenetics is a term that refers to different stimuli that induce modifications in gene expression patterns without structural changes in the inherited DNA sequence, these changes can be reversible or even persist for several generations. Epigenetics can be described as cell memory that stores experience against internal and external factors. Results from multiple institutions have contributed to the role and close interaction of both microbiota and epigenetics in disease induction. Understanding the mechanisms of both players enables a better understanding of disease induction and development and also opens the horizon to revolutionary therapeutic approaches. The present review illustrates the roles of diet, microbiome, and epigenetics in the induction of several chronic diseases. In addition, it discusses the application of epigenetic data to develop diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutics and evaluate their safety for patients. Understanding the interaction among all these elements enables the development of innovative preventive/therapeutic approaches for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Sayed
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Kavya PR, Abraham S, Padmakumar V, Raveendran Pillai KP. Cellular composition and cytomorphological characteristics of periodontal pockets of patients with periodontitis using Leishman-Giemsa cocktail staining. Diagn Cytopathol 2020; 49:518-527. [PMID: 32986287 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Premkala Raveendran Kavya
- Department of Periodontics, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Seba Abraham
- Department of Periodontics, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Vinayak Padmakumar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Vattapara, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Sex Hormones and Inflammation Role in Oral Cancer Progression: A Molecular and Biological Point of View. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:9587971. [PMID: 32684934 PMCID: PMC7336237 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9587971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancers have been proven to arise from precursors lesions and to be related to risk behaviour such as alcohol consumption and smoke. However, the present paper focuses on the role of chronic inflammation, related to chronical oral infections and/or altered immune responses occurring during dysimmune and autoimmune diseases, in the oral cancerogenesis. Particularly, oral candidiasis and periodontal diseases introduce a vicious circle of nonhealing and perpetuation of the inflammatory processes, thus leading toward cancer occurrence via local and systemic inflammatory modulators and via genetic and epigenetic factors.
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Azevedo MM, Pina-Vaz C, Baltazar F. Microbes and Cancer: Friends or Faux? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093115. [PMID: 32354115 PMCID: PMC7247677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most aggressive and deadly diseases in the world, representing the second leading cause of death. It is a multifactorial disease, in which genetic alterations play a key role, but several environmental factors also contribute to its development and progression. Infections induced by certain viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites constitute risk factors for cancer, being chronic infection associated to the development of certain types of cancer. On the other hand, susceptibility to infectious diseases is higher in cancer patients. The state of the host immune system plays a crucial role in the susceptibility to both infection and cancer. Importantly, immunosuppressive cancer treatments increase the risk of infection, by decreasing the host defenses. Furthermore, alterations in the host microbiota is also a key factor in the susceptibility to develop cancer. More recently, the identification of a tumor microbiota, in which bacteria establish a symbiotic relationship with cancer cells, opened a new area of research. There is evidence demonstrating that the interaction between bacteria and cancer cells can modulate the anticancer drug response and toxicity. The present review focuses on the interaction between microbes and cancer, specifically aiming to: (1) review the main infectious agents associated with development of cancer and the role of microbiota in cancer susceptibility; (2) highlight the higher vulnerability of cancer patients to acquire infectious diseases; (3) document the relationship between cancer cells and tissue microbiota; (4) describe the role of intratumoral bacteria in the response and toxicity to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manuel Azevedo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Agrupamento de Escolas D. Maria II, 4760-067 V.N. Famalicão, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-22-551-36
| | - Cidália Pina-Vaz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4835-258 Guimarães, Portugal
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5
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The microbiome and oral cancer: More questions than answers. Oral Oncol 2019; 89:30-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Aghazadeh Z, Pouralibaba F, Yari Khosroushahi A. The prophylactic effect of Acetobacter syzygii probiotic species against squamous cell carcinoma. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2017; 11:208-214. [PMID: 29354246 PMCID: PMC5768952 DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2017.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Squamous cell carcinoma is a prevalent carcinoma of the oral cavity. Recently anti-proliferative effect of probiotics has been considered and assessed against different cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of Acetobacter syzygii strain supernatant on KB human oral cancer cell line and KDR human epithelial normal cell line. Methods. The cytotoxicity assessments were performed through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) as well as through qualitative (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining) and quantitative (flow cytometry assessments using the BD Biosciences Annexin V-FITC Kit) evaluations of apoptosis. Results.A. syzygii secretions exhibited significant cytotoxicity against KB cancer cell lines similar to cisplatin (75.7% apoptosis) while the rate of apoptosis in KDR normal cells was only 9.36%. The prophylactic effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus (PTCC 1643), as a reference bacterium, was similar to A. syzygii, indicating beneficial effects of useful bacteria on prevention of oral diseases. Conclusion. The anticancer bioactivity of A. syzygii strain secretions depends on the induction of apoptosis in KB cancer cells. However, several investigations should be conducted to precisely determine effective compounds to be used as anticancer therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Aghazadeh
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Firoz Pouralibaba
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Ermer M, Kirsch K, Bittermann G, Fretwurst T, Vach K, Metzger M. Recurrence rate and shift in histopathological differentiation of oral squamous cell carcinoma – A long-term retrospective study over a period of 13.5 years. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2015; 43:1309-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Zamora-Perez AL, Ortiz-García YM, Lazalde-Ramos BP, Guerrero-Velázquez C, Gómez-Meda BC, Ramírez-Aguilar MÁ, Zúñiga-González GM. Increased micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in buccal mucosa and oxidative damage in saliva from patients with chronic and aggressive periodontal diseases. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:28-36. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Zamora-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - Y. M. Ortiz-García
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - B. P. Lazalde-Ramos
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas; Zacatecas México
| | - C. Guerrero-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - B. C. Gómez-Meda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina y Terapia Génica; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - M. Á. Ramírez-Aguilar
- Especialidad en Periodoncia; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - G. M. Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis; Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social; Guadalajara Jalisco México
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Feller L, Altini M, Lemmer J. Inflammation in the context of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2013; 49:887-892. [PMID: 23910564 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The link between cancer and inflammation is specific transcription factors that once activated have the capacity to enhance expression of genes that are common to both the regulation and the production of mediators of inflammation, and also to the regulation of the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Cellular pathways activated by chronic inflammation brought about by chronic infections, by immune-mediated diseases, or by dysregulated wound healing at sites of repetitive tissue injury, constitute risk factors for initial cell transformation and for cancer progression. In established cancers, the cancer cells induce development of an exaggerated inflammatory state in the stroma, which in turn promotes cancer growth, invasion and metastasis. Inflammatory cells of myeloid origin in the tumour-associated stroma, mediate suppression of immune responses against cancer cells, which suppression favours tumour growth. Oral submucous fibrosis, and to a lesser extent oral lichen planus are precancerous conditions in which immuno-inflammatory processes are implicated in their pathogenesis, and in their cancerous transformation, if it occurs. Although there is some evidence for an association between oral squamous cell carcinoma on the one hand and dento-gingival bacterial plaques and chronic periodontitis on the other hand, the role of inflammation as the sole cause of cancerous transformation in such cases is not proven. The purpose of this article is to elaborate on some of the more important relationships between oral cancer and inflammation, and to comment on the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Feller
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, South Africa.
| | - M Altini
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J Lemmer
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, South Africa
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Galbiatti ALS, Padovani-Junior JA, Maníglia JV, Rodrigues CDS, Pavarino ÉC, Goloni-Bertollo EM. Head and neck cancer: causes, prevention and treatment. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 79:239-47. [PMID: 23670332 PMCID: PMC9443822 DOI: 10.5935/1808-8694.20130041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although head and neck carcinoma ranks fifth among cancer types, patient survival rates have not changed significantly over the past years. OBJECTIVE To determine the risk factors, causes, therapies, and prevention measures for head and neck cancer. METHOD Risk factors, causes, therapies, and preventive measures for this disease were searched on databases PUBMED, MEDLINE, and SCIELO. RESULTS Alcohol and tobacco are still atop risk factors. Other factors may influence the development of head and neck carcinoma. Surgery is the main treatment option, and the addition of radiotherapy following surgery is frequent for patients in the early stages of the disease. Other therapies target specific genetic molecular components connected to tumor development. Disease preventive measures include smoking cessation, limiting alcohol intake, preventing exposure to tobacco smoke and environmental carcinogenic agents, early detection of infection by HPV, maintaining oral health, good eating habits, and managing stress. CONCLUSION Additional research is needed for a more thorough understanding of the development of head and neck carcinomas and to shed light on new ways to improve therapeutic approaches and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lívia Silva Galbiatti
- Research Unit for Molecular Biology and Genetics (UPGEM), São José do Rio Preto Medical School, Brazil
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Kutikhin AG, Yuzhalin AE, Brusina EB. Organ Microbiota in Cancer Development: The Holy Grail of Biological Carcinogenesis. Infect Agent Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5955-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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12
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Blanchard AK, Wang X, El-Gabalawy H, Tan Q, Orr P, Elias B, Rawsthorne P, Hart D, Chubey S, Bernstein CN. Oral health in a First Nations and a non-Aboriginal population in Manitoba. Int J Circumpolar Health 2012; 71:17394. [PMID: 22456040 PMCID: PMC3417699 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v71i0.17394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To analyze the prevalence of poor oral health and selected determinants in First Nations (FN) and Caucasian samples in Manitoba, Canada. Study design Cross-sectional survey, nested in a cohort study. Methods FN and Caucasian participants completed a questionnaire on socio-demographic variables, oral health symptoms, and oral health-related behaviours as part of a broader cohort study comparing these ethnic groups for different chronic immune mediated diseases. Results Caucasians reported higher levels of employment, education, and urban dwelling than FNs (p<0.001). FNs reported smoking more, and having poorer oral health-related behaviours than Caucasians (p<0.001). After adjustment for age and sex, FN reported having more oral health symptoms than Caucasians (odds ratio (OR): 2.71; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.73, 4.52), but the association was reduced and not statistically significant after adjustment for other socio-demographic variables (OR=1.34; 95% CI: 0.58, 3.10). Oral health symptoms were associated with current smoking among FN (adjusted OR=2.67, 95% CI: 1.05, 6.78). Oral hygiene behaviours were significantly related to smoking status, rural living and education for both groups. Conclusions Oral health-related behaviours and smoking were found to be significant factors explaining poor oral health, which were lower for the FNs cohort than the Caucasian sample. However oral health and related behaviours were less related to their ethnicity than to socio-demographic factors, suggesting that policies to change behaviour will not result in lasting reductions in oral health differences between these groups in Manitoba.
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Dasgupta S, Dash R, Das SK, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Emerging strategies for the early detection and prevention of head and neck squamous cell cancer. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:467-73. [PMID: 21465466 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant improvements in therapeutic protocols, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a major health problem worldwide. The 5-year post-therapeutic survival rate is among the lowest of the major cancers with loco-regional relapse being the main cause of death. Moreover, in most instances, the quality of life of the afflicted patient is severely compromised. The poor prognosis for HNSCC is primarily due to disease detection at advanced stages. Accordingly, development of early detection and preventive strategies are essential. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and etiology of HNSCC should facilitate development of improved intervention and therapeutic approaches. The present review discusses the potential role of such factors for developing preventive and early diagnostic strategies for HNSCC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, VCU Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA.
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Sarode SC, Sarode GS, Karmarkar S, Tupkari JV. A new classification for potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:920-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infection and inflammation play a role in carcinogenesis, and highly prevalent oral and dental diseases have been significantly linked to some types of cancer. This article reviews current literature in this area. MATERIALS AND METHODS Open literature review using the PubMed database and focused on publications from 2000 to 2010. RESULTS Numerous potential mechanisms are implicated in the oral disease/carcinogenesis paradigm, including infection- and inflammation-associated cell pathology and microbial carcinogen metabolism. Poor oral hygiene is associated with oral cancer, but there is also evidence of a possible link between oral or dental infections and malignancies in general. CONCLUSION Oral infections may trigger malignant transformation in tissues of the mouth and other organs. However, scientific evidence to date remains weak and further well-conducted studies are warranted before cancer can be properly added to the list of oral infection-related systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Meurman
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Meurman JH. Oral microbiota and cancer. J Oral Microbiol 2010; 2. [PMID: 21523227 PMCID: PMC3084564 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v2i0.5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation caused by infections may be the most important preventable cause of cancer in general. However, in the oral cavity the role of microbiota in carcinogenesis is not known. Microbial populations on mouth mucosa differ between healthy and malignant sites and certain oral bacterial species have been linked with malignancies but the evidence is still weak in this respect. Nevertheless, oral microorganisms inevitably up-regulate cytokines and other inflammatory mediators that affect the complex metabolic pathways and may thus be involved in carcinogenesis. Poor oral health associates statistically with prevalence of many types of cancer, such as pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancer. Furthermore, several oral micro-organisms are capable of converting alcohol to carcinogenic acetaldehyde which also may partly explain the known association between heavy drinking, smoking, poor oral health and the prevalence of oral and upper gastrointestinal cancer. A different problem is the cancer treatment-caused alterations in oral microbiota which may lead to the emergence of potential pathogens and subsequent other systemic health problems to the patients. Hence clinical guidelines and recommendations have been presented to control oral microbiota in patients with malignant disease, but also in this area the scientific evidence is weak. More controlled studies are needed for further conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka H Meurman
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Meurman JH. Infectious and dietary risk factors of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:411-3. [PMID: 20381409 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the classic risk factors of oral cancer, namely alcohol and tobacco, other factors both infectious and environmental are thought to be associated with the development of oral malignancy. Infections in the oral cavity may be an important preventable cause of cancer. Poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, chronic candidiasis, human papilloma virus (HPV) and herpesvirus infections link statistically with cancer but the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Infections may trigger cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, interfere with cellular signaling mechanisms and up-regulate tumor promoters. In addition, several oral micro-organisms metabolize alcohol to carcinogenic acetaldehyde thus explaining the association between poor oral hygiene, alcohol consumption and carcinogenesis. With regards to dietary factors the Mediterranean-type fruit and vegetable rich diet has been shown to reduce the risk of oral cancer but the evidence is weak, the effect of individual food components and trace elements on carcinogenesis remains unclear at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka H Meurman
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PB 41, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Scully C, Bagan JV. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: overview of current understanding of aetiopathogenesis and clinical implications. Oral Dis 2009; 15:388-99. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispian Scully
- University College London, Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK.
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Bagan JV, Scully C. Recent advances in Oral Oncology 2007: epidemiology, aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and prognostication. Oral Oncol 2008; 44:103-8. [PMID: 18252251 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a synopsis of the main papers on epidemiology, diagnosis and prognosis of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and head and neck SCC (HNSCC) published in 2007 in Oral Oncology - an international interdisciplinary journal which publishes high quality original research, clinical trials and review articles, and all other scientific articles relating to the aetiopathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and management of patients with neoplasms in the head and neck, and orofacial disease in patients with malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Bagan
- Valencia University and Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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