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Law AB, Schmitt NC. Laryngeal Anatomy, Molecular Biology, Cause, and Risk Factors for Laryngeal Cancer. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2023; 56:197-203. [PMID: 37030934 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Laryngeal cancer is declining in incidence in many parts of the world, as smoking becomes a less common habit. However, challenging cases of laryngeal cancer still exist and require expertise from otolaryngologists. This article reviews the relevant anatomy and lymphatic drainage pathways of the larynx because they pertain to cancer spread. The molecular and immune landscapes of laryngeal cancer, which are tightly linked to smoking, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B Law
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Peachtree Street Northeast, 11th Floor Otolaryngology, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Peachtree Street Northeast, 11th Floor Otolaryngology, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA
| | - Nicole C Schmitt
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Peachtree Street Northeast, 11th Floor Otolaryngology, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Peachtree Street Northeast, 11th Floor Otolaryngology, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA.
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Lin LH, Chou CH, Cheng HW, Chang KW, Liu CJ. Precise Identification of Recurrent Somatic Mutations in Oral Cancer Through Whole-Exome Sequencing Using Multiple Mutation Calling Pipelines. Front Oncol 2021; 11:741626. [PMID: 34912705 PMCID: PMC8666431 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.741626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genomic alterations in oral carcinogenesis remains crucial for the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). To unveil the mutational spectrum, in this study, we conducted whole-exome sequencing (WES), using six mutation calling pipelines and multiple filtering criteria applied to 50 paired OSCC samples. The tumor mutation burden extracted from the data set of somatic variations was significantly associated with age, tumor staging, and survival. Several genes (MUC16, MUC19, KMT2D, TTN, HERC2) with a high frequency of false positive mutations were identified. Moreover, known (TP53, FAT1, EPHA2, NOTCH1, CASP8, and PIK3CA) and novel (HYDIN, ALPK3, ASXL1, USP9X, SKOR2, CPLANE1, STARD9, and NSD2) genes have been found to be significantly and frequently mutated in OSCC. Further analysis of gene alteration status with clinical parameters revealed that canonical pathways, including clathrin-mediated endocytotic signaling, NFκB signaling, PEDF signaling, and calcium signaling were associated with OSCC prognosis. Defining a catalog of targetable genomic alterations showed that 58% of the tumors carried at least one aberrant event that may potentially be targeted by approved therapeutic agents. We found molecular OSCC subgroups which were correlated with etiology and prognosis while defining the landscape of major altered events in the coding regions of OSCC genomes. These findings provide information that will be helpful in the design of clinical trials on targeted therapies and in the stratification of patients with OSCC according to therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Han Lin
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsien Chou
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ji Liu
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Taipei MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Burcher KM, Lantz JW, Gavrila E, Abreu A, Burcher JT, Faucheux AT, Xie A, Jackson C, Song AH, Hughes RT, Lycan T, Bunch PM, Furdui CM, Topaloglu U, D’Agostino RB, Zhang W, Porosnicu M. Relationship between Tumor Mutational Burden, PD-L1, Patient Characteristics, and Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225733. [PMID: 34830888 PMCID: PMC8616373 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy has prompted a dramatic change in the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but the percentage of patients benefiting from treatment is limited to 20% or less. The application of precision oncology to HNSCC introduces the potential for the emergence of biomarkers that may predict a response to immunotherapy and assist with the selection of patients that may benefit from treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this retrospective study, the results of tumor mutational burden and programmed death ligand-1 measurements from HNSCC tumors were evaluated independently for their associations with demographics, risk factors, disease characteristics, survival, and response to ICI. Results of this study are expected to assist in laying the groundwork for creating a framework in which PD-L1 and TMB coexist with other variables to predict response to ICI on an individual level. Abstract Failure to predict response to immunotherapy (IO) limited its benefit in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) to 20% of patients or less. Biomarkers including tumor mutational burden (TMB) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) were evaluated as predictors of response to IO, but the results are inconsistent and with a lack of standardization of their methods. In this retrospective study, TMB and PD-L1 were measured by commercially available methodologies and were correlated to demographics, outcome, and response to PD-1 inhibitors. No correlation was found between TMB and PD-L1 levels. High TMB was associated with smoking and laryngeal primaries. PD-L1 was significantly higher in African Americans, patients with earlier stage tumors, nonsmokers, and nonethanol drinkers. Patients with high TMB fared better in univariate and multivariate survival analysis. No correlation was found between PD-L1 expression and prognosis. There was a statistically significant association between PFS and response to IO and TMB. There was no association between response to ICI and PD-L1 in this study, possibly affected by variations in the reporting method. Further studies are needed to characterize the biomarkers for IO in HNSCC, and this study supports further research into the advancement of TMB in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Burcher
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jeffrey W. Lantz
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Elena Gavrila
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | | | | | - Andrew T. Faucheux
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Amy Xie
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Clayton Jackson
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Alexander H. Song
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Ryan T. Hughes
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Thomas Lycan
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Paul M. Bunch
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Cristina M. Furdui
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Umit Topaloglu
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Ralph B. D’Agostino
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Mercedes Porosnicu
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (K.M.B.); (J.W.L.); (E.G.); (A.T.F.); (A.X.); (C.J.); (A.H.S.); (R.T.H.); (T.L.J.); (P.M.B.); (C.M.F.); (U.T.); (R.B.D.J.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Osawa Y, Aoyama KI, Hosomichi K, Uchibori M, Tajima A, Kimura M, Ota Y. Somatic mutations in oral squamous cell carcinomas in 98 Japanese patients and their clinical implications. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 29:100456. [PMID: 34563788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The somatic mutational profile of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) among Japanese patients has been less investigated, partly because of the rarity of the tumor. Moreover, previous studies have either used formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples or lacked paired normal tissues. We aimed to determine somatic mutations in the exomes of 76 genes, including 50 driver genes of solid cancers and NOTCH-related genes, some of which are previously reported as frequently mutated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma or OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used fresh-frozen tumor/normal-paired samples from 98 treatment-naïve Japanese patients with OSCC and analyzed their correlations with clinicopathological characteristics and survival. RESULTS We identified 136 exonic mutations, including 78 non-synonymous mutations, 13 synonymous mutations, 22 nonsense mutations, 2 non-frameshift deletions, 11 frameshift deletion, and 5 each of splice-site and frameshift insertions. The most frequently mutated genes were TP53 (36.7%), FAT1 (9.2%), NOTCH1 (8.2%), CDKN2A (7.1%), ZFHX4 (5.1%), CASP8 (4.1%), EP300 (4.1%), and KMT2D (4.1%). We followed up 90 of the 98 patients for 3 years. Among them, TP53 mutation was associated with significantly shorter 3-year disease-free survival. Most of the identified TP53 mutations occurred in the DNA-binding domain and were functionally deleterious. DISCUSSION Our findings and the mutation spectra can contribute to the development of a therapeutic strategy for Japanese patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Osawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine,143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Aoyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine,143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Uchibori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine,143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Kimura
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Ota
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine,143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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