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Parmar UPS, Surico PL, Singh RB, Romano F, Salati C, Spadea L, Musa M, Gagliano C, Mori T, Zeppieri M. Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Early Diagnosis of Retinal Diseases. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:527. [PMID: 38674173 PMCID: PMC11052176 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool in the field of ophthalmology, revolutionizing disease diagnosis and management. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of AI applications in various retinal diseases, highlighting its potential to enhance screening efficiency, facilitate early diagnosis, and improve patient outcomes. Herein, we elucidate the fundamental concepts of AI, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), and their application in ophthalmology, underscoring the significance of AI-driven solutions in addressing the complexity and variability of retinal diseases. Furthermore, we delve into the specific applications of AI in retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Macular Neovascularization, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), hypertensive retinopathy (HR), Retinitis Pigmentosa, Stargardt disease, best vitelliform macular dystrophy, and sickle cell retinopathy. We focus on the current landscape of AI technologies, including various AI models, their performance metrics, and clinical implications. Furthermore, we aim to address challenges and pitfalls associated with the integration of AI in clinical practice, including the "black box phenomenon", biases in data representation, and limitations in comprehensive patient assessment. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the collaborative role of AI alongside healthcare professionals, advocating for a synergistic approach to healthcare delivery. It highlights the importance of leveraging AI to augment, rather than replace, human expertise, thereby maximizing its potential to revolutionize healthcare delivery, mitigate healthcare disparities, and improve patient outcomes in the evolving landscape of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pier Luigi Surico
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Bio-Medico University, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Rohan Bir Singh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Francesco Romano
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, p.le S. Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Mutali Musa
- Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin City 300238, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Caterina Gagliano
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna “Kore”, Piazza dell’Università, 94100 Enna, Italy
- Eye Clinic, Catania University, San Marco Hospital, Viale Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Bio-Medico University, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, p.le S. Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Rozanowska M, Edge R, Land EJ, Navaratnam S, Sarna T, Truscott TG. Scavenging of Cation Radicals of the Visual Cycle Retinoids by Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Taurine, and Melanin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:506. [PMID: 38203675 PMCID: PMC10779001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the retina, retinoids involved in vision are under constant threat of oxidation, and their oxidation products exhibit deleterious properties. Using pulse radiolysis, this study determined that the bimolecular rate constants of scavenging cation radicals of retinoids by taurine are smaller than 2 × 107 M-1s-1 whereas lutein scavenges cation radicals of all three retinoids with the bimolecular rate constants approach the diffusion-controlled limits, while zeaxanthin is only 1.4-1.6-fold less effective. Despite that lutein exhibits greater scavenging rate constants of retinoid cation radicals than other antioxidants, the greater concentrations of ascorbate in the retina suggest that ascorbate may be the main protectant of all visual cycle retinoids from oxidative degradation, while α-tocopherol may play a substantial role in the protection of retinaldehyde but is relatively inefficient in the protection of retinol or retinyl palmitate. While the protection of retinoids by lutein and zeaxanthin appears inefficient in the retinal periphery, it can be quite substantial in the macula. Although the determined rate constants of scavenging the cation radicals of retinol and retinaldehyde by dopa-melanin are relatively small, the high concentration of melanin in the RPE melanosomes suggests they can be scavenged if they are in proximity to melanin-containing pigment granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Rozanowska
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Ruth Edge
- Dalton Cumbrian Facility, The University of Manchester, Westlakes Science Park, Moor Row, Cumbria CA24 3HA, UK;
| | - Edward J. Land
- The Paterson Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;
| | - Suppiah Navaratnam
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK;
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - T. George Truscott
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
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