1
|
Grzeskowiak RM, Schumacher J, Dhar MS, Harper DP, Mulon PY, Anderson DE. Bone and Cartilage Interfaces With Orthopedic Implants: A Literature Review. Front Surg 2020; 7:601244. [PMID: 33409291 PMCID: PMC7779634 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2020.601244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interface between a surgical implant and tissue consists of a complex and dynamic environment characterized by mechanical and biological interactions between the implant and surrounding tissue. The implantation process leads to injury which needs to heal over time and the rapidity of this process as well as the property of restored tissue impact directly the strength of the interface. Bleeding is the first and most relevant step of the healing process because blood provides growth factors and cellular material necessary for tissue repair. Integration of the implants placed in poorly vascularized tissue such as articular cartilage is, therefore, more challenging than compared with the implants placed in well-vascularized tissues such as bone. Bleeding is followed by the establishment of a provisional matrix that is gradually transformed into the native tissue. The ultimate goal of implantation is to obtain a complete integration between the implant and tissue resulting in long-term stability. The stability of the implant has been defined as primary (mechanical) and secondary (biological integration) stability. Successful integration of an implant within the tissue depends on both stabilities and is vital for short- and long-term surgical outcomes. Advances in research aim to improve implant integration resulting in enhanced implant and tissue interface. Numerous methods have been employed to improve the process of modifying both stability types. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of current knowledge regarding implant-tissue interfaces within bone and cartilage as well as novel approaches to strengthen the implant-tissue interface. Furthermore, it gives an insight into the current state-of-art biomechanical testing of the stability of the implants. Current knowledge reveals that the design of the implants closely mimicking the native structure is more likely to become well integrated. The literature provides however several other techniques such as coating with a bioactive compound that will stimulate the integration and successful outcome for the patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remigiusz M. Grzeskowiak
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jim Schumacher
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Madhu S. Dhar
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - David P. Harper
- The Center for Renewable Carbon, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - David E. Anderson
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sermer C, Kandel R, Anderson J, Hurtig M, Theodoropoulos J. Platelet‐rich plasma enhances the integration of bioengineered cartilage with native tissue in an
in vitro
model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:427-436. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Corey Sermer
- Department of Surgery, Division of OrthopaedicsMt. Sinai and Women's College Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lunenfeld‐Tannenbaum Research InstituteMt. Sinai Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Rita Kandel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lunenfeld‐Tannenbaum Research InstituteMt. Sinai Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jesse Anderson
- Department of Surgery, Division of OrthopaedicsMt. Sinai and Women's College Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Mark Hurtig
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of Guelph Guelph Canada
| | - John Theodoropoulos
- Department of Surgery, Division of OrthopaedicsMt. Sinai and Women's College Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cai L, Xiong X, Kong X, Xie J. The Role of the Lysyl Oxidases in Tissue Repair and Remodeling: A Concise Review. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:15-30. [PMID: 30603458 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-016-0007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury provokes a series of events containing inflammation, new tissue formation and tissue remodeling which are regulated by the spatially and temporally coordinated organization. It is an evolutionarily conserved, multi-cellular, multi-molecular process via complex signalling network. Tissue injury disorders present grievous clinical problems and are likely to increase since they are generally associated with the prevailing diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Although these dynamic responses vary not only for the different types of trauma but also for the different organs, a balancing act between the tissue degradation and tissue synthesis is the same. In this process, the degradation of old extracellular matrix (ECM) elements and new ones' synthesis and deposition play an essential role, especially collagens. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and four lysyl oxidase-like proteins are a group of enzymes capable of catalyzing cross-linking reaction of collagen and elastin, thus initiating the formation of covalent cross-links that insolubilize ECM proteins. In this way, LOX facilitates ECM stabilization through ECM formation, development, maturation and remodeling. This ability determines its potential role in tissue repair and regeneration. In this review, based on the current in vitro, animal and human in vivo studies which have shown the significant role of the LOXs in tissue repair, e.g., tendon regeneration, ligament healing, cutaneous wound healing, and cartilage remodeling, we focused on the role of the LOXs in inflammation phase, proliferation phase, and tissue remodeling phase of the repair process. By summarizing its healing role, we hope to shed light on the understanding of its potential in tissue repair and provide up to date therapeutic strategies towards related injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangli Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McLeod CM, Mauck RL. High fidelity visualization of cell-to-cell variation and temporal dynamics in nascent extracellular matrix formation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38852. [PMID: 27941914 PMCID: PMC5150986 DOI: 10.1038/srep38852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix dynamics are key to tissue morphogenesis, homeostasis, injury, and repair. The spatiotemporal organization of this matrix has profound biological implications, but is challenging to monitor using standard techniques. Here, we address these challenges by using noncanonical amino acid tagging to fluorescently label extracellular matrix synthesized in the presence of bio-orthogonal methionine analogs. This strategy labels matrix proteins with high resolution, without compromising their distribution or mechanical function. We demonstrate that the organization and temporal dynamics of the proteinaceous matrix depend on the biophysical features of the microenvironment, including the biomaterial scaffold and the niche constructed by cells themselves. Pulse labeling experiments reveal that, in immature constructs, nascent matrix is highly fibrous and interdigitates with pre-existing matrix, while in more developed constructs, nascent matrix lacks fibrous organization and is retained in the immediate pericellular space. Inhibition of collagen crosslinking increases matrix synthesis, but compromises matrix organization. Finally, these data demonstrate marked cell-to-cell heterogeneity amongst both chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells undergoing chondrogenesis. Collectively, these results introduce fluorescent noncanonical amino acid tagging as a strategy to investigate spatiotemporal matrix organization, and demonstrate its ability to identify differences in phenotype, microenvironment, and matrix assembly at the single cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M McLeod
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert L Mauck
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kwon H, Paschos NK, Hu JC, Athanasiou K. Articular cartilage tissue engineering: the role of signaling molecules. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1173-94. [PMID: 26811234 PMCID: PMC5435375 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective early disease modifying options for osteoarthritis remain lacking. Tissue engineering approach to generate cartilage in vitro has emerged as a promising option for articular cartilage repair and regeneration. Signaling molecules and matrix modifying agents, derived from knowledge of cartilage development and homeostasis, have been used as biochemical stimuli toward cartilage tissue engineering and have led to improvements in the functionality of engineered cartilage. Clinical translation of neocartilage faces challenges, such as phenotypic instability of the engineered cartilage, poor integration, inflammation, and catabolic factors in the arthritic environment; these can all contribute to failure of implanted neocartilage. A comprehensive understanding of signaling molecules involved in osteoarthritis pathogenesis and their actions on engineered cartilage will be crucial. Thus, while it is important to continue deriving inspiration from cartilage development and homeostasis, it has become increasingly necessary to incorporate knowledge from osteoarthritis pathogenesis into cartilage tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heenam Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nikolaos K Paschos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kyriacos Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Functional cartilage repair capacity of de-differentiated, chondrocyte- and mesenchymal stem cell-laden hydrogels in vitro. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1148-57. [PMID: 24887551 PMCID: PMC5398282 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The long-term performance of cell-seeded matrix-based cartilage constructs depends on (1) the development of sufficient biomechanical properties, and (2) lateral integration with host tissues, both of which require cartilage-specific matrix deposition within the scaffold. In this study, we have examined the potential of tissue-engineered cartilage analogs developed using different cell types, i.e., mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) vs chondrocytes and de-differentiated chondrocytes, in an established "construct in cartilage ring" model. DESIGN Cell-laden constructs of differentiated chondrocytes, de-differentiated chondrocytes after two, five or eight population doublings, and MSCs were either implanted into a native cartilage ring immediately after fabrication (immature group) or pre-treated for 21 days in a transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) containing medium prior to implantation. After additional culture for 28 days in a serum-free, chemically defined medium, the extent of lateral integration, and biochemical and biomechanical characteristics of the implants as hybrid constructs were assessed. RESULTS The quality of integration, the amount of accumulated cartilage-specific matrix components and associated biomechanical properties were found to be highest when using differentiated chondrocytes. De-differentiation of chondrocytes negatively impacted the properties of the implants, as even two population doublings of the chondrocytes in culture significantly lowered cartilage repair capacity. In contrast, MSCs showed chondrogenic differentiation with TGF-β3 pre-treatment and superior integrational behavior. CONCLUSIONS Chondrocyte expansion and de-differentiation impaired the cell response, resulting in inferior cartilage repair in vitro. With TGF-β3 pre-treatment, MSCs were able to undergo sustained chondrogenic differentiation and exhibited superior matrix deposition and integration compared to de-differentiated chondrocytes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Athens AA, Makris EA, Hu JC. Induced collagen cross-links enhance cartilage integration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60719. [PMID: 23593295 PMCID: PMC3617163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage does not integrate due primarily to a scarcity of cross-links and viable cells at the interface. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that lysyl-oxidase, a metalloenzyme that forms collagen cross-links, would be effective in improving integration between native-to-native, as well as tissue engineered-to-native cartilage surfaces. To examine these hypotheses, engineered cartilage constructs, synthesized via the self-assembling process, as well as native cartilage, were implanted into native cartilage rings and treated with lysyl-oxidase for varying amounts of time. For both groups, lysyl-oxidase application resulted in greater apparent stiffness across the cartilage interface 2–2.2 times greater than control. The construct-to-native lysyl-oxidase group also exhibited a statistically significant increase in the apparent strength, here defined as the highest observed peak stress during tensile testing. Histology indicated a narrowing gap at the cartilage interface in lysyl-oxidase treated groups, though this alone is not sufficient to indicate annealing. However, when the morphological and mechanical data are taken together, the longer the duration of lysyl-oxidase treatment, the more integrated the interface appeared. Though further data are needed to confirm the mechanism of action, the enhancement of integration may be due to lysyl-oxidase-induced pyridinoline cross-links. This study demonstrates that lysyl-oxidase is a potent agent for enhancing integration between both native-to-native and native-to-engineered cartilages. The fact that interfacial strength increased manifold suggests that cross-linking agents should play a significant role in solving the difficult problem of cartilage integration. Future studies must examine dose, dosing regimen, and cellular responses to lysyl-oxidase to optimize its application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aristos A. Athens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Davis Senior High School, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Eleftherios A. Makris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Trauma, University of Thessaly (BIOMED), Larisa, Greece
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Terajima M, Damle S, Penmatsa M, West P, Bostrom M, Hidaka C, Yamauchi M, Pleshko N. Temporal changes in collagen cross-links in spontaneous articular cartilage repair. Cartilage 2012; 3:278-287. [PMID: 23272271 PMCID: PMC3529722 DOI: 10.1177/1947603512437736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Little is known about how the biochemical properties of collagen change during tissue regeneration following cartilage damage. In the current study, temporal changes in cartilage repair tissue biochemistry were assessed in a rabbit osteochondral defect. DESIGN: Bilateral full thickness 3mm osteochondral trochlear groove defects were created in 54 adult male skeletally mature New Zealand white rabbits and tissue repair monitored over 16 weeks. Collagen content, cross-links, lysyl hydroxylation, gene expression, histological grading, and FTIR analyses were performed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. RESULTS: Defect fill occurred at ~4 weeks post-injury, however, histological grading showed that the repair tissue never became normal, primarily due to the presence of fibrocartilage. Gene expression levels of Col1a1 and Col1a2 were higher in the defect compared to adjacent regions. Collagen content in the repair tissue reached the level of normal cartilage at 6 weeks, but it took 12 weeks for the extent of lysine hydroxylation to return to normal. Divalent immature cross-links markedly increased in the early stages of repair. Though the levels gradually diminished thereafter, they never returned to the normal levels. The mature cross-link, pyridinoline, gradually increased with time and nearly reached normal levels by week 16. Infrared imaging data of protein content paralleled the biochemical data. However, collagen maturity, a parameter previously shown to reflect collagen cross-link ratios in bone, did not correlate with the biochemical determination of cross-links in the repair tissue.. CONCLUSION: Collagen biochemical data could provide markers for clinical monitoring in a healing defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheela Damle
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madhuri Penmatsa
- College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul West
- Engineering, LaGuardia Community College (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathias Bostrom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chisa Hidaka
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, US
| | - Mitsuo Yamauchi
- University of North Carolina Dental School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Iftikhar M, Hurtado P, Bais MV, Wigner N, Stephens DN, Gerstenfeld LC, Trackman PC. Lysyl oxidase-like-2 (LOXL2) is a major isoform in chondrocytes and is critically required for differentiation. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:909-18. [PMID: 21071451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase family is made up of five members: lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase-like 1-4 (LOXL1-LOXL4). All members share conserved C-terminal catalytic domains that provide for lysyl oxidase or lysyl oxidase-like enzyme activity; and more divergent propeptide regions. LOX family enzyme activities catalyze the final enzymatic conversion required for the formation of normal biosynthetic collagen and elastin cross-links. The importance of lysyl oxidase enzyme activity to normal bone development has long been appreciated, but regulation and roles for specific LOX isoforms in bone formation in vivo is largely unexplored. Fracture healing recapitulates aspects of endochondral bone development. The present study first investigated the expression of all LOX isoforms in fracture healing. A remarkable coincidence of LOXL2 expression with the chondrogenic phase of fracture healing was found, prompting more detailed analyses of LOXL2 expression in normal growth plates, and LOXL2 expression and function in developing ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. Data show that LOXL2 is expressed by pre-hypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes in vivo, and that LOXL2 expression is regulated in vitro as a function of chondrocyte differentiation. Moreover, LOXL2 knockdown studies in vitro show that LOXL2 expression is required for ATDC5 chondrocyte cell line differentiation through regulation of SNAIL and SOX9, important transcription factors that control chondrocyte differentiation. Taken together, data provide evidence that LOXL2, like LOX, is a multifunctional protein. LOXL2 promotes chondrocyte differentiation by mechanisms that are likely to include roles as both a regulator and an effector of chondrocyte differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mussadiq Iftikhar
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Henry M Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maher SA, Mauck RL, Rackwitz L, Tuan RS. A nanofibrous cell-seeded hydrogel promotes integration in a cartilage gap model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 4:25-9. [PMID: 19834956 DOI: 10.1002/term.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a defect in mature articular cartilage can lead to degenerative changes of the joint. This is in part caused by the inability of cartilage to regenerate tissue that is capable of spanning a fissure or crack. In this study, we hypothesized that introduction of a biodegradable cell-seeded nanofibrous hydrogel, Puramatrix(), into a cartilage gap would facilitate the generation of a mechanically stable interface. The effects of chondrocyte incorporation within the hydrogel and supplementation with transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGFbeta3), a known regulator of cell growth and differentiation, on cartilage integration were examined mechanically and histologically as a function of cell density and incubation time. When supplemented with TGFbeta3, the cell-seeded hydrogel exhibited abundant matrix generation within the hydrogel and a corresponding increase in maximum push-out stress as compared to all other groups. Furthermore, initial cell seeding density affected interfacial strength in a time-dependent manner. This study suggests that a cell-seeded TGFbeta3-supplemented hydrogel can encourage integration between two opposing pieces of articular cartilage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Maher
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, Koevoet W, Feijt C, Bos PK, Verhaar JAN, Van Osch GJVM, DeGroot J. Proteoglycan production is required in initial stages of new cartilage matrix formation but inhibits integrative cartilage repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2009; 3:117-23. [PMID: 19160351 DOI: 10.1002/term.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The optimal stimulus to repair or regenerate cartilage is not known. We therefore modulated collagen deposition, collagen crosslinking and GAG deposition simultaneously during cartilage matrix production and integrative repair, creating more insight into their role in cartilage repair processes. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; increases proteoglycan and collagen synthesis), beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN; a reversible inhibitor of collagen crosslinking) and para-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloside (PNPX; interferes with proteoglycan production) were used. Bovine articular chondrocytes were cultured in alginate beads for 3 weeks with or without IGF-1, BAPN or PNPX alone and in all possible combinations, followed by 3 weeks in control medium. DNA content, GAG and collagen deposition and collagen crosslinks were determined. Cartilage constructs were cultured under the same conditions and histologically analysed for integration of two opposing cartilage matrices. In alginate cultures, inhibition of collagen crosslinking with BAPN, in combination with promotion of matrix synthesis using IGF1, was most beneficial for matrix deposition. Addition of PNPX was always detrimental for matrix deposition. For integration of opposing cartilage constructs, the combination of BAPN, IGF1 and temporary prevention of proteoglycan formation with PNPX was most beneficial. When a new matrix is produced, proteoglycans are important to retain collagen in the matrix. When two already formed cartilage matrices have to integrate, a temporary absence of proteoglycans and temporary inhibition of collagen crosslinking might be more beneficial in combination with stimulation of collagen production, e.g. by IGF1. Therefore, the choice of soluble factors to promote cartilage regeneration depends on the type of therapy that will be used.
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Roy R, Boskey AL, Bonassar LJ. Non-enzymatic glycation of chondrocyte-seeded collagen gels for cartilage tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:1434-9. [PMID: 18473383 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Collagen glycated with ribose (250 mM) in solution (pre-glycation) and as a gel (post-glycation) was seeded with chondrocytes and the effects of glycation on chondrocyte matrix assembly in culture were determined. Pre-glycation enhanced GAG accumulation significantly over controls at both 2 and 4 weeks (p < 0.05), although at both time points there were no statistical differences in cell number between pre-glycated and control gels. The increased proteoglycan accumulation was shown to be in part due to significantly increased GAG retention by the pre-glycated constructs (p < 0.05). Total collagen content in these pre-glycated gels was also significantly higher than unglycated gels at 4 weeks (p < 0.05). With post-glycation of collagen gels, chondrocyte number and GAG accumulation were all significantly lower than controls (p < 0.05). Post-glycation also inhibited GAG retention by the constructs (p < 0.05). Given these results, pre-glycation may be an improved processing method for collagen gels for tissue engineering techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rani Roy
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, 218 Upson Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rice MA, Homier PM, Waters KR, Anseth KS. Effects of directed gel degradation and collagenase digestion on the integration of neocartilage produced by chondrocytes encapsulated in hydrogel carriers. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2008; 2:418-29. [DOI: 10.1002/term.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
15
|
Englert C, Blunk T, Müller R, von Glasser SS, Baumer J, Fierlbeck J, Heid IM, Nerlich M, Hammer J. Bonding of articular cartilage using a combination of biochemical degradation and surface cross-linking. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 9:R47. [PMID: 17504533 PMCID: PMC2206351 DOI: 10.1186/ar2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
After trauma, articular cartilage often does not heal due to incomplete bonding of the fractured surfaces. In this study we investigated the ability of chemical cross-linkers to facilitate bonding of articular cartilage, either alone or in combination with a pre-treatment with surface-degrading agents. Articular cartilage blocks were harvested from the femoropatellar groove of bovine calves. Two cartilage blocks, either after pre-treatment or without, were assembled in a custom-designed chamber in partial apposition and subjected to cross-linking treatment. Subsequently, bonding of cartilage was measured as adhesive strength, that is, the maximum force at rupture of bonded cartilage blocks divided by the overlap area. In a first approach, bonding was investigated after treatment with cross-linking reagents only, employing glutaraldehyde, 1-ethyl-3-diaminopropyl-carbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), genipin, or transglutaminase. Experiments were conducted with or without compression of the opposing surfaces. Compression during cross-linking strongly enhanced bonding, especially when applying EDC/NHS and glutaraldehyde. Therefore, all further experiments were performed under compressive conditions. Combinations of each of the four cross-linking agents with the degrading pre-treatments, pepsin, trypsin, and guanidine, led to distinct improvements in bonding compared to the use of cross-linkers alone. The highest values of adhesive strength were achieved employing combinations of pepsin or guanidine with EDC/NHS, and guanidine with glutaraldehyde. The release of extracellular matrix components, that is, glycosaminoglycans and total collagen, from cartilage blocks after pre-treatment was measured, but could not be directly correlated to the determined adhesive strength. Cytotoxicity was determined for all substances employed, that is, surface degrading agents and cross-linkers, using the resazurin assay. Taking the favourable cell vitality after treatment with pepsin and EDC/NHS and the cytotoxic effects of guanidine and glutaraldehyde into account, the combination of pepsin and EDC/NHS appeared to be the most advantageous treatment in this study. In conclusion, bonding of articular cartilage blocks was achieved by chemical fixation of their surface components using cross-linking reagents. Application of compressive forces and prior modulation of surface structures enhanced cartilage bonding significantly. Enzymatic treatment in combination with cross-linkers may represent a promising addition to current techniques for articular cartilage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Englert
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Blunk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Müller
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulze von Glasser
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Baumer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johann Fierlbeck
- Mechanical Engineering Faculty, University of Applied Sciences, Galgenbergstrasse, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Iris M Heid
- GSF-National Research Centre, Institute of Epidemiology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse, 85674 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Nerlich
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Hammer
- Mechanical Engineering Faculty, University of Applied Sciences, Galgenbergstrasse, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Asanbaeva A, Masuda K, Thonar EJMA, Klisch SM, Sah RL. Cartilage growth and remodeling: modulation of balance between proteoglycan and collagen network in vitro with beta-aminopropionitrile. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1-11. [PMID: 17631390 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), an inhibitor of lysyl oxidase, on growth and remodeling of immature articular cartilage in vitro. DESIGN Immature bovine articular cartilage explants from the superficial and middle layers were cultured for 13 days in serum-containing medium with or without BAPN. Variations in tissue size, accumulation of proteoglycan and collagen (COL), and tensile mechanical properties were assessed. RESULTS The inclusion of serum resulted in expansive tissue growth, stimulation of proteoglycan and COL deposition, and a diminution of tensile integrity. Supplementation of medium with BAPN accentuated this phenotype in terms of a further increase in tissue size in explants from the superficial layer and further diminution of tensile integrity, without affecting the contents of proteoglycan and COL in explants from both the superficial and middle layers. CONCLUSION COL crosslinking is a major factor in modulating the phenotype of cartilage growth and the associated balance between proteoglycan content and integrity of the COL network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Asanbaeva
- Department of Bioengineering and Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|