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Reyes-Ferrada W, Rodríguez-Perea Á, Chirosa-Ríos L, Martínez-García D, Jerez-Mayorga D. Muscle Quality and Functional and Conventional Ratios of Trunk Strength in Young Healthy Subjects: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12673. [PMID: 36231973 PMCID: PMC9565179 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trunk strength conventional ratio (CR) has been evaluated. However, the functional ratio and the ratio of strength to body weight (BW) or muscle mass (MM) have been poorly explored. Relative strength is a measure of muscle quality. OBJECTIVES To analyze the trunk strength ratio normalized by BW and MM and compare the trunk's conventional and functional ratios collected in isokinetic and isometric conditions. METHODS Twenty-seven healthy males (21.48 ± 2.08 years, 70.22 ± 7.65 kg) were evaluated for trunk isometric and isokinetic strength using a functional electromechanical dynamometer. RESULTS The extensor's strength was greater than the flexors, with a CR of 0.41 ± 0.10 to 0.44 ± 0.10. Muscle quality was higher in eccentric contraction and high velocity for flexors and extensors. The functional flexor ratio (FFR) ranged between 0.41 ± 0.09 and 0.92 ± 0.27. The functional extensor ratio (FER) ranged between 2.53 ± 0.65 and 4.92 ± 1.26. The FFR and FER showed significant differences between velocities when considering the peak strength (p = 0.001) and mean strength (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Trunk extensors were stronger than the flexors; thus, the CR was less than one. Muscle quality was higher at a high velocity. Unlike CR, FFR and FER behaved differently at distinct velocities. This finding highlights the need to explore the behavior of the functional ratio in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska Reyes-Ferrada
- Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - Ángela Rodríguez-Perea
- Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Chirosa-Ríos
- Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Darío Martínez-García
- Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Jerez-Mayorga
- Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
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Yook JS, Kim DY, Choi DH, Ha MS, Hwang YY. Effectiveness of Pilates Training on Body Composition and Isokinetic Muscular Strength in Adolescent Baseball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12085. [PMID: 36231384 PMCID: PMC9566218 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Body composition and muscular strength are important for baseball skills and successful performance. Conditioning training programs have the potential to enhance athletic performance via physiological changes. In this single-group interventional study, we investigated the effect of 8 weeks of Pilates training (PT) on contralateral and regional body composition, and isokinetic muscular strength in knee and trunk flexion/extension in adolescent baseball players. In our results, PT increased both right- and left-sided lean mass in the trunk. Following PT, work per repetition and average power showed significant increases in the flexion and extension of the left knee only. PT significantly decreased the peak torque of the trunk flexor and increased the average power of the trunk extensor. In addition, the ratio of the trunk flexion/extension strength of peak torque showed a decreasing trend, whereas that of work and average power did not change significantly following PT. In conclusion, PT evenly improved lean mass on both the right and left sides of the body. Knee and trunk strength increased after PT. Our findings suggest that PT may be a useful strategy for enhancing athletic performance in regard to the muscular strength of adolescent baseball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Soo Yook
- Brain Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Da Yoon Kim
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Dong Hun Choi
- Department of Sport Medicine, Konyang University, 121 Daehak-ro, Chungcheongnam-do, Nonsan-si 32992, Korea
| | - Min-Seong Ha
- Department of Sports Culture, College of the Arts, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Yoon Young Hwang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, 1239 Yangjae-daero, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05541, Korea
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García-Vaquero MP, Barbado D, Juan-Recio C, López-Valenciano A, Vera-Garcia FJ. Isokinetic trunk flexion-extension protocol to assess trunk muscle strength and endurance: Reliability, learning effect, and sex differences. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:692-701. [PMID: 33308821 PMCID: PMC7749212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and the learning effect of an isokinetic trunk flexion-extension protocol designed to simultaneously assess trunk muscle strength and endurance. In addition, the effect of the participants' sex on the reliability data was examined. METHODS Fifty-seven healthy and physically active young men (n = 28) and women (n = 29) performed the isokinetic protocol 5 times, separated by a week between each of the first 4 sessions and by a month between the last 2 sessions. The protocol consisted of performing 4 trials of 15 maximum flexion-extension concentric exertions at 120°/s (range of trunk motion = 50°). The absolute and relative peak torque and total work were calculated to assess trunk flexion and extension strength. In addition, endurance ratio, modified endurance ratio, fatigue final ratio, recovery ratio, and modified recovery ratio variables were used for the assessment of trunk muscle endurance in both directions. RESULTS Regarding the absolute reliability, no relevant changes were found between paired-comparison sessions for most strength and endurance variables, except for total work and relative total work variables in the flexion movement in both sexes. In addition, the typical error of the isokinetic variables was lower than 10% in both males and females, and minimum detectable changes ranged from 7% to 20%, with a tendency to be higher in females and in endurance variables. The strength variables showed high-to-excellent intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs; >0.74); however, for the endurance variables only the endurance ratio and the modified endurance ratio obtained moderate-to-high ICC values (0.57 < ICC < 0.82). In addition, the analysis of the variance reported no significant differences between consecutive pairs of sessions for most variables in both sexes. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings provide clinicians, trainers, and researchers with a 10-min single-session protocol to perform a reliable muscle strength and endurance evaluation of trunk flexor and extensor muscles, all within the same protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Barbado
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, 03202, Spain
| | - Casto Juan-Recio
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, 03202, Spain
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Estrázulas JA, Estrázulas JA, de Jesus K, de Jesus K, da Silva RA, Libardoni Dos Santos JO. Evaluation isometric and isokinetic of trunk flexor and extensor muscles with isokinetic dynamometer: A systematic review. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 45:93-102. [PMID: 32726732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the literature analyzing the reliability and characteristics of the protocols of isokinetic and isometric evaluation of the trunk flexor and extensor muscles with isokinetic dynamometer. METHODS This is a systematic review using PubMed, CENTRAL, LILACS, PEDro and SCOPUS databases, searching the oldest records up to December 2019. The risk of bias, the methodological quality and the level of evidence were evaluated using the COSMIN checklist. RESULTS Fourteen articles have met the criteria and have been included in this study. All the articles performed an isometric or isokinetic evaluation of the trunk muscles with the isokinetic dynamometer and presented an analysis of the protocol's reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Five articles had excellent reliability (0.93-0.98). Most of the studies presented doubtful and inconsistent psychometric values for reliability, because they used a short period between tests. The level of evidence to the fourteen selected articles for reliability was moderate. CONCLUSIONS Although the studies present limitations in methodological quality, it was possible to identify highly reliable patterns in the parameters employed and to present recommendations for the assessment of trunk flexor and extensor muscles in the isokinetic dynamometer, both for assessment in the sitting position and orthostatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisson Agne Estrázulas
- Master Student of the Postgraduate Program in Health, Society and Endemic Diseases in the Amazon, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Member of the Human Performance Study Laboratory -LEDEHU, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | | | - Kelly de Jesus
- Member of the Human Performance Study Laboratory -LEDEHU, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Professor of the Postgraduate Program in Health, Society and Endemic Diseases in the Amazon, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Karla de Jesus
- Member of the Human Performance Study Laboratory -LEDEHU, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Professor of the Postgraduate Program in Health, Society and Endemic Diseases in the Amazon, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Rubens A da Silva
- Department of Health Sciences, Université Du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC, Canada; Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, UEL/UNOPAR, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - João Otacílio Libardoni Dos Santos
- Member of the Human Performance Study Laboratory -LEDEHU, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Professor of the Postgraduate Program in Health, Society and Endemic Diseases in the Amazon, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Stability Training and Effectiveness of Playing Basketball. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2020.2-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Mueller S, Stoll J, Cassel M, Engel T, Mueller J, Mayer F. Trunk peak torque, muscle activation pattern and sudden loading compensation in adolescent athletes with back pain. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2019; 32:379-388. [PMID: 30452395 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-181215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate trunk peak torque and muscle activation pattern during isokinetic and sudden trunk loading (STL) between adolescent athletes with/without back pain. METHODS Nine adolescent athletes with back pain (BP) (m/f 2/7; 15.6 ± 1.2 y; 177 ± 9 cm; 67 ± 13 kg; 22.5 ± 9.8 h/week) and nine matched controls (m/f 2/7; 15.7 ± 1.4 y; 177 ± 12 cm; 65 ± 9 kg; 16.5 ± 8.0 h/week training) were included. Trunk strength in rotation and flexion/extension was assessed. Sudden trunk loading was measured during eccentric extension and rotation (30∘/s) with additional perturbation. Trunk muscle activity was measured using a 12 lead-EMG (electromyography). Main outcome measures were peak torque [Nm] and MVC normalized EMG-amplitudes (RMS [%]) for each muscle. Additionally, the mean EMG-RMS for four areas of the trunk was calculated (right/left ventral, right/left dorsal). RESULTS Back pain showed lower trunk peak torque for all conditions in extension/flexion, but not for rotation. EMG amplitudes were increased for BP athletes with statistical significant differences for dorsal muscles in rotation and extension (p< 0.0042), not for ventral muscles in flexion. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of strength and muscle activity in isokinetic and sudden trunk loading presents altered trunk function in adolescent back pain athletes. Training interventions focusing on trunk strength and muscular activation pattern appears reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Mueller
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Computer Science/Therapy Science, Trier University of Applied Science, Trier, Germany
| | - Josefine Stoll
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Cassel
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tilman Engel
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Juliane Mueller
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Computer Science/Therapy Science, Trier University of Applied Science, Trier, Germany
| | - Frank Mayer
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Mueller J, Stoll J, Mueller S, Mayer F. Dose-response relationship of core-specific sensorimotor interventions in healthy, well-trained participants: study protocol for a (MiSpEx) randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:424. [PMID: 30081948 PMCID: PMC6090836 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Core-specific sensorimotor exercises are proven to enhance neuromuscular activity of the trunk, improve athletic performance and prevent back pain. However, the dose-response relationship and, therefore, the dose required to improve trunk function is still under debate. The purpose of the present trial will be to compare four different intervention strategies of sensorimotor exercises that will result in improved trunk function. METHODS/DESIGN A single-blind, four-armed, randomized controlled trial with a 3-week (home-based) intervention phase and two measurement days pre and post intervention (M1/M2) is designed. Experimental procedures on both measurement days will include evaluation of maximum isokinetic and isometric trunk strength (extension/flexion, rotation) including perturbations, as well as neuromuscular trunk activity while performing strength testing. The primary outcome is trunk strength (peak torque). Neuromuscular activity (amplitude, latencies as a response to perturbation) serves as secondary outcome. The control group will perform a standardized exercise program of four sensorimotor exercises (three sets of 10 repetitions) in each of six training sessions (30 min duration) over 3 weeks. The intervention groups' programs differ in the number of exercises, sets per exercise and, therefore, overall training amount (group I: six sessions, three exercises, two sets; group II: six sessions, two exercises, two sets; group III: six sessions, one exercise, three sets). The intervention programs of groups I, II and III include additional perturbations for all exercises to increase both the difficulty and the efficacy of the exercises performed. Statistical analysis will be performed after examining the underlying assumptions for parametric and non-parametric testing. DISCUSSION The results of the study will be clinically relevant, not only for researchers but also for (sports) therapists, physicians, coaches, athletes and the general population who have the aim of improving trunk function. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register, ID: DRKS00012917 . Registered on 22 August 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Mueller
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, House 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Josefine Stoll
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, House 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Steffen Mueller
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, House 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.,Professorship for Physiotherapy: Exercise Science and Applied Biomechanics, Trier University of Applied Sciences, Trier, Germany
| | - Frank Mayer
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, House 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
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Mueller J, Hadzic M, Mugele H, Stoll J, Mueller S, Mayer F. Effect of high-intensity perturbations during core-specific sensorimotor exercises on trunk muscle activation. J Biomech 2018; 70:212-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Juan-Recio C, López-Plaza D, Barbado Murillo D, García-Vaquero MP, Vera-García FJ. Reliability assessment and correlation analysis of 3 protocols to measure trunk muscle strength and endurance. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:357-364. [PMID: 28357922 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1307439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Different methods have been developed to quantify trunk muscle strength and endurance. However, some important protocol characteristics are still unclear, hindering the selection of the most suitable tests in each specific situation. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and the relationship between 3 representative tests of the most common type of protocols used to assess trunk muscle strength and endurance. Twenty-seven healthy men performed each test twice spaced 1 month apart.Trunk strength and endurance were evaluated with an isokinetic dynamometer and 2 field tests including Biering-Sørensen test and Flexion-rotation trunk test. All tests showed a good relative consistency (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]> 0.75), except for the isokinetic endurance variables which had low-moderate reliability (0.37 < ICC > 0.65). Absolute reliability seemed slightly better in the isokinetic protocol than in the field tests, which showed about 12% of test-retest score increase. No significant correlations were found between test scores. After a familiarisation period for the field tests, the 3 protocols can be used to obtain reliable measures of trunk muscle strength and endurance. Based on the correlation analysis, these measures are not related, which highlights the importance of selecting the most suitable trunk test for each situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casto Juan-Recio
- a Sport Research Centre , Miguel Hernández University of Elche , Elche (Alicante) , Spain
| | - Diego López-Plaza
- a Sport Research Centre , Miguel Hernández University of Elche , Elche (Alicante) , Spain
| | - David Barbado Murillo
- a Sport Research Centre , Miguel Hernández University of Elche , Elche (Alicante) , Spain
| | - M Pilar García-Vaquero
- a Sport Research Centre , Miguel Hernández University of Elche , Elche (Alicante) , Spain
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