Postoperative Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid surgery

Diseases of the thyroid are common and surgical treatment is often the preferred option. Thyroid surgery is becoming subspecialised and falls within the repertoire of maxillofacial, and head and neck surgeons. Multidisciplinary management of most patients with diseases of the thyroid is key to providing the best care particularly for those with malignancies and retrosternal extension. To reduce postoperative complications a meticulous search for, and protection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid glands, with an incision along the skin crease in the lower neck, which can be extended for neck dissection, are paramount. Recent advances in thyroid surgery include ultrasound-guided cervical plexus block, use of the Harmonic Scalpel(®) (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., USA), intraoperative nerve stimulation to monitor the recurrent laryngeal nerve, use of TissuePatch™ 3 (Tissuemed Ltd., Leeds, UK) adhesive sealant, and minimal access surgery.

Well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas: management of the central lymph node compartment and emerging biochemical markers

Well-differentiated thyroid cancers (WDTCs) are generally indolent cancers that are associated with a low mortality. Although the incidence of these tumors is increasing, there has not been an associated increase in the mortality rates. As we gain a greater understanding and more experience with these good prognosis cancers, the way in which we treat these tumors is evolving. The definition of persistent or recurrent disease has seen a shift from being a clinical and/or radiological diagnosis to now one based on a biochemical blood marker, thyroglobulin. Central lymph node metastases are a very common problem in WDTC, being present in up to 90% of patients. The optimal surgical management of the central lymph node compartment remains a hotly debated topic. This paper identifies these controversies and presents available data surrounding these issues. Biochemical tumor markers are gaining wider use in practice and in time hopefully provide more specific information with which surgical decision-making can be based. A summary of the clinically available markers is presented.