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Gehrke T, Scherzad A, Hagen R, Hackenberg S. Deep neck infections with and without mediastinal involvement: treatment and outcome in 218 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 279:1585-1592. [PMID: 34160666 PMCID: PMC8897324 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Infections of the deep neck, although becoming scarcer due to the widespread use of antibiotics, still represent a dangerous and possibly deadly disease, especially when descending into the mediastinum. Due to the different specialities involved in the treatment and the heterogenous presentation of the disease, therapeutic standard is still controversial. This study analyzes treatment and outcome in these patients based on a large retrospective review and proposes a therapeutic algorithm. Methods The cases of 218 adult patients treated with deep neck abscesses over a 10-year period at a tertiary university hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Clinical, radiological, microbiological and laboratory findings were compared between patients with and without mediastinal involvement. Results Forty-five patients (20.64%) presented with abscess formation descending into the mediastinum. Those patients had significantly (all items p < 0.0001) higher rates of surgical interventions (4.27 vs. 1.11) and tracheotomies (82% vs. 3.4%), higher markers of inflammation (CRP 26.09 vs. 10.41 mg/dl), required more CT-scans (3.58 vs. 0.85), longer hospitalization (39.78 vs 9.79 days) and more frequently needed a change in antibiotic therapy (44.44% vs. 6.40%). Multi-resistant pathogens were found in 6.67% vs. 1.16%. Overall mortality rate was low with 1.83%. Conclusion Despite of the high percentage of mediastinal involvement in the present patient collective, the proposed therapeutic algorithm resulted in a low mortality rate. Frequent CT-scans, regular planned surgical revisions with local drainage and lavage, as well as an early tracheotomy seem to be most beneficial regarding the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gehrke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
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Tamir SO, Marom T, Len A, Gluck O, Goldfarb A, Roth Y. Deep neck infections in cervical injection drug users. Laryngoscope 2014; 125:1336-9. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.25015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon O. Tamir
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine; Holon Israel
| | - Tal Marom
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine; Holon Israel
| | - Assaf Len
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine; Holon Israel
| | - Ofer Gluck
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine; Holon Israel
| | - Abraham Goldfarb
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine; Holon Israel
| | - Yehudah Roth
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine; Holon Israel
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Chen PN, Shih CK, Li YH, Cheng WC, Hsu HT, Cheng KI. Gastric perforation after accidental esophageal intubation in a patient with deep neck infection. ACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA TAIWANICA : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE TAIWAN SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGISTS 2014; 52:143-145. [PMID: 25085018 DOI: 10.1016/j.aat.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Deep neck infection with airway obstruction may complicate endotracheal intubation with limited neck motion, pharyngeal swelling, and prominent secretion. Unrecognized esophageal intubation (EI) may unduly overinflate the stomach to inhibit effective ventilation, increase the incidence of hypoxia, and produce a ruptured visceral organ. We report an 81-year-old female patient with deep neck infection and impending respiratory failure who suffered gastric perforation after accidental EI in the intensive care unit. After failed attempts of intubation, EI was recognized rapidly as the culprit, although roughly audible bilateral breathing sounds were present but not gastric bubble sounds. A catastrophic complication of gastric rupture occurred due to ambu-bagging and mechanical ventilation. Surgical intervention was performed immediately. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Nien Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kai Shih
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ching Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Te Hsu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-I Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Hidaka H, Yamaguchi T, Hasegawa J, Yano H, Kakuta R, Ozawa D, Nomura K, Katori Y. Clinical and bacteriological influence of diabetes mellitus on deep neck infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Head Neck 2014; 37:1536-46. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hidaka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Takuhiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Biostatistics; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Jun Hasegawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Hisakazu Yano
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Diagnostics; Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Risako Kakuta
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Diagnostics; Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Daiki Ozawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Diagnostics; Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nomura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Yukio Katori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
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Singh M, Kambalimath DH, Gupta KC. Management of odontogenic space infection with microbiology study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2014; 13:133-9. [PMID: 24822004 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-012-0463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental infection has plagued humankind for as long as our civilization has been a fight against microorganisms by man dates back to ancient civilization. The discoveries of antibiotics are encouraging trends towards conquest of the microbial infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study emphasizes the detection of pathogenic microorganisms by microbiological examination and culture of specimens representative of the infection, importance of early and correct diagnosis of infections, prompt treatment and supportive care. RESULTS The age group most commonly involved was in the third and fourth decades of life. Extraction followed by incision and drainage was done. The most commonly involved space was submandibular followed by buccal space. Thirty isolates were obtained. 43 % of the strains were strict anaerobes and 39 % were aerobes, with mixed growth was seen in 18.52 %. Amongst aerobes alpha hemolytic Streptococcus aureus and Peptostreptococcus as anaerobes were the most predominant followed by Bacteroides and Prevotella. Mixed aerobic and anaerobic isolates were obtained from 18.52 % of total cases. Overall resistance to Penicillin was 22 %, amongst aerobes. CONCLUSION Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid combination performed better, as 100 % strains were sensitive to it. The results of this study saw a changing trend in terms of predominance of anaerobic bacteria over aerobic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Singh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Modern Dental College and Research Centre, Residence No. 2, Collector Bungalow Residency Area, Indore, 452001 MP India
| | - Deepashri H Kambalimath
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Modern Dental College and Research Centre, Residence No. 2, Collector Bungalow Residency Area, Indore, 452001 MP India
| | - K C Gupta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Modern Dental College and Research Centre, Residence No. 2, Collector Bungalow Residency Area, Indore, 452001 MP India
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AIUM practice guideline for the performance of ultrasound examinations of the head and neck. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2014; 33:366-382. [PMID: 24449746 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.33.2.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Maroldi R, Farina D, Ravanelli M, Lombardi D, Nicolai P. Emergency imaging assessment of deep neck space infections. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2013; 33:432-42. [PMID: 22964409 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Deep neck space infection may lead to severe and potentially life-threatening complications, such as airway obstruction, mediastinitis, septic embolization, dural sinus thrombosis, and intracranial abscess. The clinical presentation is widely variable, and often early symptoms do not reflect the disease severity. The complication risk depends on the extent and anatomical site: diseases that transgress fascial boundaries and spread along vertically oriented spaces (parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal, and paravertebral space) have a higher risk of complications and require a more aggressive treatment compared with those confined within a nonvertically oriented space (peritonsillar, sublingual, submandibular, parotid, and masticator space). Imaging has 5 crucial roles: (1) confirm the suspected clinical diagnosis, (2) define the precise extent of the disease, (3) identify complications, (4) distinguish between drainable abscesses and cellulitis, and (5) monitor deep neck space infection progression. Ultrasonography is the gold standard to differentiate abscesses from cellulitis, for the diagnosis of lymphadenitis. and to identify internal jugular thrombophlebitis in the infrahyoid neck. However, field-of-view limitation and poor anatomical information confine the use of ultrasonography to the evaluation of superficial lesions and to image-guided aspiration or drainage. Computed tomography (CT) combines fast image acquisition and precise anatomical information without field-of-view limitations. For these reasons, it is the most reliable technique for the evaluation of deep and multicompartment lesions and for the identification of mediastinal and intracranial complications. Contrast agent administration enhances the capability to differentiate fluid collections from cellulitis and allows the detection of vascular complications. Magnetic resonance imaging is more time-consuming than CT, limiting its use to selected indications. It is the technique of choice for assessing the epidural space involvement in pre- and paravertebral space infections and complements CT in the evaluation of the infections reaching the skull base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Maroldi
- Department of Radiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Lloyd-Smith E, Wood E, Zhang R, Tyndall MW, Montaner JS, Kerr T. Determinants of cutaneous injection-related infection care at a supervised injecting facility. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:404-9. [PMID: 19364660 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the factors associated with receiving cutaneous injection-related infection (CIRI) care among a representative cohort of supervised injecting facility (SIF) users. METHODS Data were collected biannually as part of a prospective cohort, the Scientific Evaluation of Supervised Injection study. Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards regression with recurrent events were used to examine incidence and factors associated with CIRI care, respectively. RESULTS One thousand eighty individuals were recruited between December 1, 2003 and January 31, 2008. The incidence density of participants receiving CIRI care was 22.0 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.6-24.6). In the adjusted Cox proportional hazard model, female sex (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]=1.87 [95% CI: 1.32-2.64]), unstable housing (AHR=1.39 [95% CI: 1.02-1.88]), and daily heroin injection (AHR=1.52 [95% CI: 1.13-2.04]) were independently associated with receiving CIRI care at the SIF. CONCLUSIONS These results describe who is more likely to receive CIRI care, which is of use to those engaged with policy and practice of treatment regimens involving this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lloyd-Smith
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Karkos PD, Leong SC, Beer H, Apostolidou MT, Panarese A. Challenging airways in deep neck space infections. Am J Otolaryngol 2007; 28:415-8. [PMID: 17980775 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 10/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Skilful airway management is critical in deep neck space infections. Although relatively uncommon, this spectrum of disease presents a clinical challenge for otolaryngologists and anesthetists. There is currently no universal agreement on the ideal method of airway control for these patients because this depends on various factors including available local expertise and equipment. We review the literature and discuss the available options of airway management in these head and neck emergencies. Special consideration is given to awake fiberoptic intubation and tracheotomy under local anesthesia. Relevant anatomy, route of spread and microbiology of deep neck space infections are also briefly discussed.
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