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Garvey EA, Jamil TL, Levi JR, Cohen MB. Demographic disparities in children with retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscesses. Am J Otolaryngol 2024; 45:104140. [PMID: 38070379 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.104140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the impact that demographic and socioeconomic factors such as age, gender, race, and insurance status have on the diagnosis of retropharyngeal (RPA) and parapharyngeal abscesses (PPA) in the pediatric population. METHODS The 2016 HCUP KID was searched for all RPA/PPA discharges using the joint ICD-10 code J39.0. Descriptive statistics, univariate, and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the relationship between demographic factors and their impact on RPA/PPA diagnosis. Results were reported with their corresponding odds ratio with a 95 % confidence interval and p-value. RESULTS 56.4 per 100,000 weighted discharges were discharged with a diagnosis of a RPA/PPA, the average age was 5.7 years old, with a male predominance. Pediatric discharges diagnosed with a RPA/PPA were less likely to identify as Hispanic or Asian/Island Pacific. They were also less likely to be insured by Medicaid and reside in zip codes with a lower median income. CONCLUSION The analysis of this national pediatric database demonstrated significant demographic differences in children diagnosed with RPA/PPAs. Following the multivariate analysis, children from a higher socioeconomic background and those with private insurance were more likely to be diagnosed with a RPA/PPAs. However, disparities in children's overall hospital course and complications is a potential area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Garvey
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Taylor L Jamil
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado, 12631 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jessica R Levi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boston Medical Center, 830 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michael B Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boston Medical Center, 830 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Trott S, Burruss CP, Weltzer M, Iverson K, Azbell C, Bush ML. Perioperative factors influencing hospitalization duration for pediatric neck abscesses. Am J Otolaryngol 2023; 44:103967. [PMID: 37454430 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.103967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pediatric neck abscesses are a common pathology seen in an ambulatory setting. Although some pediatric neck abscesses are managed medically with antibiotics, surgical intervention is often required. Given the often non-emergent presentation of many abscesses, a variety of logistical and perioperative factors may delay time to care and subsequently prolong hospital stay. The objective of this study was to examine factors that influence the overall time to surgery (TTS) and hospital length of stay (LOS) in a pediatric population with neck abscesses who ultimately require surgical drainage. MATERIALS AND METHODS 161 pediatric patients who underwent incision and drainage of a neck abscess over a ten-year period at a tertiary referral children's center were reviewed. Demographic information, radiographic studies, and surgical information were extracted from patient charts. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U tests, and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS The most common subcategory location was deep neck abscesses (33.1 %). Computed tomography (CT) was the most common pre-operative imaging modality (54.1 %) followed by ultrasound (US) (49.1 %) and magnetic resonance imaging (2.6 %). US and a combination of multiple preoperative imaging modalities were associated with increased LOS and TTS. Repeat surgery was associated with increased LOS. Pre-admission antibiotic use was associated with increased LOS and TTS. Younger patients were more likely to have a longer LOS. CONCLUSIONS A variety of factors can influence TTS, LOS, and time from surgery to discharge including patient age, abscess location, a non-optimized utilization of imaging modalities, the utilization of pre-admission antibiotics, and the need for repeat operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar Trott
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth Iverson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chris Azbell
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Matthew L Bush
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Fadel MA, McCoy JL, Obuekwe F, Kitsko D. COVID-19 Impact on Operative Management of Pediatric Neck Abscesses. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 27:e152-e157. [PMID: 36714909 PMCID: PMC9879651 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction For multiple reasons, elective pediatric otolaryngology surgical procedures have declined during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective The purpose of the present study was to assess whether the prevalence of pediatric neck abscesses managed with operative drainage decreased compared with previous years. Methods Medical records of all pediatric cases at a tertiary care children's hospital diagnosed with abscess of the neck and treated with incision and drainage were evaluated between the dates of April 1 and November 30 from 2015 to 2020. Outcomes were compared for each year from 2015 to 2019 to 2020, which included location, abscess size, duration of antibiotic treatment, microbiology, and the number of cases per year. Results A total of 201 cases were included. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) presenting age in the 2015 to 2019 group was 5.05 ± 5.03 years old and 2.24 ± 1.91 years old in the 2020 group. The mean number of cases between 2015 and 2019 was 35.6 ± 4.2, whereas the number of cases in 2020 was 23 ( p = 0.002). Of those patients who underwent IV antibiotic therapy prior to presentation ( n = 43), the mean number of days before admission was 1.98 ± 2.95 ( n = 40) from 2015 to 2019 and 12.00 ± 10.39 ( n = 3) in 2020 ( p = 0.008). The percent of cases with multiple strains cultured between 2015 and 2019 was 13.4% versus 18.2% in 2020 ( p = 0.007). Conclusion There was a decrease in the number of operative neck abscesses in 2020 compared with the mean number per year from 2015 to 2019. COVID-19 mitigation strategies leading to reduced transmission of other viral and bacterial illnesses and a tendency toward prolonged medical management to avoid surgery are two possible explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Fadel
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jennifer L. McCoy
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Fendi Obuekwe
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Dennis Kitsko
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States,Address for correspondence Dennis Kitsko, DO Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center4401 Penn Ave, Faculty Pavilion, 7123 Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2583United States
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Ramazani F, Yunker WK, Liu CC. Sensitivity and Specificity of US and CT as Diagnostic Tools for Pediatric Lateral Neck Abscesses. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 168:1529-1534. [PMID: 36939468 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) are commonly used in the diagnosis of pediatric neck abscesses. The objective of this study is to determine the sensitivity and specificity of US and CT in the diagnosis of pediatric lateral neck abscesses, with a secondary objective of evaluating the association of specific clinical features with a positive US or CT scan. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review of pediatric patients admitted to a tertiary care center from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2020, with neck abscesses. SETTING Tertiary care center. METHODS The sensitivity and specificity of US and CT were calculated by comparing imaging performed within 24 h of incision and drainage (I&D). Multiple regression was used to evaluate the association of clinical features with a true positive US or CT. RESULTS There were 171 patients included in this study, with a median age of 1.5 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 1-5 years). I&D was done in 156 patients (91.2%), while 15 (8.8%) were treated with antibiotics. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of US were 69.5%, 80%, 96.6%, and 24.2%. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of neck CT were 95.5%, 80%, 95.5%, and 57.1%. Length of symptoms, skin erythema, and fluctuance were not significantly associated with a positive US (F(3, 82) = 0.24, p = .9, R2 = 0.01) or CT scan (F(3, 30) = 0.84, p = .5, R2 = 0.08). CONCLUSION Neck US has a low sensitivity for diagnosing pediatric neck abscesses, when compared to CT, but remains a useful initial investigation given its high PPV. Clinicians should have a low threshold for pursuing CT if there is a high suspicion of abscess formation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ramazani
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Warren K Yunker
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Che Carrie Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tuscon, Arizona, USA
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Tecle NE, Hackenberg S, Scheich M, Scherzad A, Hagen R, Gehrke T. Surgical management of lateral neck abscesses in children: a retrospective analysis of 100 cases. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:431-438. [PMID: 36378330 PMCID: PMC9829626 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04676-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cervical abscesses are relatively common infections in pediatric patients. There is an ongoing debate about the necessity and time point of surgical drainage. The identification of a focus of infection might play an important role in facilitating a therapeutic decision. In a retrospective study, 100 pediatric patients aged 1-18 years who underwent incision and drainage of a lateral cervical abscess at our institution were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether a focus of infection could be identified or not. Data collection included patient characteristics, microbiological results, antibiotic regimen, and clinical course. A focus of infection was found in 29% (29/100) of the patients, most frequently in the tonsils. A causative microorganism was found in 75% (75/100) of all patients, with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes being the most common pathogens. All patients received an empiric antibiotic therapy in addition to surgery. Antibiotic medication was changed in 31% in both groups (9/29 with a focus of infection and 22/71 without a focus of infection) during therapy. Children without an identified focus of infection generally were younger and had more comorbidities reducing immune response while also showing differences in the pathogens involved. There were no complications associated to surgery or antibiotic therapy in any of the patients involved. CONCLUSION Children with an identified focus of infection show several differences compared to those with isolated lateral abscesses, especially regarding the microorganisms involved. But the focus of infection seems not to have an impact on patient's outcome. WHAT IS KNOWN • Neck abscesses are a relatively common disease in the pediatric population and may cause serious complications. • Therapy in general consists of intravenous antibiotics with or without surgery. WHAT IS NEW • The focus identification has no impact on patient's outcome. • Children with an identified focus of infection show several differences compared to those with isolated lateral abscesses, especially regarding their medical history, age, and the microorganisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyat-Eyob Tecle
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Scheich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gehrke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Engebretsen S, Afify O, Ahluwalia J, Siegel B. Failure factors in pediatric deep neck space abscess surgical management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 164:111413. [PMID: 36516534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deep neck space infections (DNSI) in pediatric otolaryngology are a common occurrence in the inpatient setting. A subset of DNSI patients will fail medical and surgical management. It is difficult to predict which patients will fail. There are no studies that effectively evaluate variables associated with readmission and reoperation for DNSI abscesses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the specific perioperative decisions that may lead to combined therapy failure and necessitate reoperation. METHODS A case-control study was performed at a single center academic tertiary care hospital. Patients <18 years old treated from January 2015 to April 2020 with a surgically treated DNSI were reviewed. The single incision and drainage group (SOp) and reoperation group (ReOp) were evaluated with reoperation performed within a 30-day period. Intravenous antibiotic administration timing, drain management and type (gauze or latex), diagnostic, and postoperative factors were evaluated. RESULTS The SOp group consisted of 275 patients and the ReOp group of 21 patients. The average preoperative intravenous antibiotic time showed no statistical difference (p = 0.884) and no increased risk for reoperation (p = 0.470; OR = 0.993). Timing of drain removal showed a significant difference (p < 0.005; 41.1 SOp vs 46.5 h ReOp). Abscess location (p = 0.855) and complications rate did not vary (p = 0.450). Gauze drains were used in 131 (44.3%), latex in 80 (27%), and no drain in 84 (28.4%) with no difference regarding reoperation (p = 0.124). Length of stay was longer in the ReOp group (8 vs 4 days; p < 0.001). The average measured dimension for each group did not significantly vary (p = 0.633). CONCLUSIONS The duration of antibiotics in the preoperative period showed no statistical role in the need for reoperation in DNSI abscess patients. Drain type and duration also had a potentially clinically relevant association with the need for reoperation. Extensive unknown abscess pockets or inadequate technique may be the main contributors to the need for reoperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Engebretsen
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 3901 Beaubien, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Michigan State University, 3901 Beaubien, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Omar Afify
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 3901 Beaubien, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Wayne State University, 3901 Beaubien, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Jatin Ahluwalia
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 3901 Beaubien, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Michigan State University, 3901 Beaubien, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Bianca Siegel
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 3901 Beaubien, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Michigan State University, 3901 Beaubien, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Wayne State University, 3901 Beaubien, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Retropharyngeal, Parapharyngeal and Peritonsillar Abscesses. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9050618. [PMID: 35626793 PMCID: PMC9139861 DOI: 10.3390/children9050618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deep neck infections (DNIs) include all the infections sited in the potential spaces and fascial planes of the neck within the limits of the deep layer of the cervical fascia. Parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal infections leading to parapharyngeal abscess (PPA) and retropharyngeal abscess (RPA) are the most common. DNIs remain an important health problem, especially in children. The aim of this narrative review is to describe the management of peritonsillar, retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscesses in pediatric age. Despite relatively uncommon, pediatric DNIs deserve particular attention as they can have a very severe course and lead to hospitalization, admission to the intensive care unit and, although very rarely, death. They generally follow a mild upper respiratory infection and can initially present with signs and symptoms that could be underestimated. A definite diagnosis can be made using imaging techniques. Pus collection from the site of infection, when possible, is strongly recommended for definition of diseases etiology. Blood tests that measure the inflammatory response of the patient may contribute to monitor disease evolution. The therapeutic approach should be targeted toward the individual patient. Regardless of the surgical treatment, antibiotics are critical for pediatric DNI prognosis. The diagnostic-therapeutic procedure to be followed in the individual patient is not universally shared because it has not been established which is the most valid radiological approach and which are the criteria to be followed for the differentiation of cases to be treated only with antibiotics and those in which surgery is mandatory. Further studies are needed to ensure the best possible care for all children with DNIs, especially in this era of increased antimicrobial resistance.
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Easter J, Petruzella F. Updates in pediatric emergency medicine for 2021. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 56:244-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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The changing microbiology of neck abscesses in children: implications for antibiotic therapy. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2022; 136:1245-1248. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022215122000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To provide an update on the microbiology, sensitivity rates and antibiotic prescribing patterns for superficial neck lymph node abscesses at Scotland's largest paediatric tertiary centre. Findings were compared to historical data from our institution.
Methods
A retrospective case series was conducted of paediatric patients undergoing incision and drainage of a superficial neck lymph node abscess at the Royal Hospital for Children in Glasgow, from 2018 to 2021.
Results
Thirty-nine abscesses were identified. Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest micro-organism (28 per cent), followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (13 per cent). Eighty-two per cent of patients were administered a drug regimen containing co-amoxiclav. Only three children required a change in their antibiotics.
Conclusion
There was a significant change in causative micro-organisms, including a decrease in S aureus and an increase in the Streptococcus anginosus group. Empirical use of co-amoxiclav is recommended. In abscesses showing no clinical improvement, second-line options such as clindamycin, cefotaxime and vancomycin should be considered.
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Variability in advanced imaging of pediatric neck infections in US emergency departments. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 53:140-143. [PMID: 35051700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the use of computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) imaging for the evaluation of neck infections in pediatric patients in United States emergency departments (EDs). METHODS This is a cross-sectional analysis, using the National Emergency Department Sample database, of pediatric patients evaluated for common neck infections between 2012 and 2018. We used bivariable analysis to assess for differences in US and CT use by ED type. We performed multivariable logistic regression to adjust for potential confounding factors including patient characteristics (sex, age, insurance status, discharge diagnosis) and ED characteristics (metropolitan statistical area, pediatric center). Results are reported as odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS There were 19,363 ED visits for pediatric neck infections in the database over the study period, representing 84,439 national visits. Of those imaged, 80.8% were imaged with CT and 19.2% were imaged with US. Pediatric patients evaluated in general EDs as compared to pediatric EDs (aOR 5.32, 95% CI 3.06, 9.24) and patients with a diagnosis of peritonsillar abscess (aOR 2.11, 95% CI 1.34, 3.33) and retropharyngeal abscess (aOR 6.12, 95% CI 2.14, 17.53) were more likely to be imaged with CT scan. CONCLUSIONS Children with neck infections evaluated in general EDs are significantly more likely to undergo CT scans when compared to those evaluated in pediatric EDs. To reduce exposure to radiation in children, we propose the dissemination of US-first protocols in general EDs for the evaluation of pediatric neck infections.
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Goenka PK, Hall M, Shah SS, Florin TA, Leone N, Narayanan S, Ishman S, Gill P, Liewehr S, Palumbo N, McGeechan S, Mestre M, Parikh K. Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Pediatric Retropharyngeal and Parapharyngeal Abscesses. Pediatrics 2021; 148:peds.2020-037010. [PMID: 34697219 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-037010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Treatment of retropharyngeal abscesses (RPAs) and parapharyngeal abscesses (PPAs) includes antibiotics, with possible surgical drainage. Although corticosteroids may decrease inflammation, their role in the management of RPAs and PPAs is unclear. We evaluated the association of corticosteroid administration as part of initial medical management on drainage rates and length of stay for children admitted with RPAs and PPAs. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study using administrative data of children aged 2 months to 8 years discharged with RPAs and PPAs from 2016 to 2019. Exposure was defined as systemic corticosteroids administered as part of initial management. Primary outcome was surgical drainage. Bivariate comparisons were made between patients in the corticosteroid and noncorticosteroid groups by using Wilcoxon rank or χ2 tests. Outcomes were modeled by using generalized linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS Of the 2259 patients with RPAs and PPAs, 1677 (74.2%) were in the noncorticosteroid group and 582 (25.8%) were in the corticosteroid group. There were no significant differences in age, sex, or insurance status. There was a lower rate of drainage in the corticosteroid cohort (odds ratio: 0.28; confidence interval: 0.22-0.36). Patients in this group were more likely to have repeat computed tomography imaging performed, had lower hospital costs, and were less likely to have opioid medications administered. The corticosteroid cohort had a higher 7-day emergency department revisit rate, but there was no difference in length of stay (rate ratio 0.97; confidence interval: 0.92-1.02). CONCLUSIONS Corticosteroids were associated with lower odds of surgical drainage among children with RPAs and PPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratichi K Goenka
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center-Northwell Health and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Matthew Hall
- Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, Kansas
| | - Samir S Shah
- Division of Hospital Medicine and Department of Pediatrics
| | - Todd A Florin
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicole Leone
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center-Northwell Health and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Sridaran Narayanan
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Medical Center and School of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Stacey Ishman
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Peter Gill
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Sheila Liewehr
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center-Northwell Health and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Nancy Palumbo
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center-Northwell Health and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Stacy McGeechan
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center-Northwell Health and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Marcos Mestre
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Kavita Parikh
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Medical Center and School of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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Patel C, Bhoojhawon G, Weiner L, Wilson D, Zhorne D, Kinn P. Evaluating the Role of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal PCR in Pediatric Head and Neck Infections. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2021; 26:734-739. [PMID: 34588938 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-26.7.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vancomycin is often empirically used in the management of head and neck infections (HNIs) in children. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) nasal PCR to facilitate de-escalation of vancomycin for pediatric HNIs. METHODS This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients who received empiric intravenous vancomycin for a diagnosis of HNIs between January 2010 and December 2019. Subjects were excluded if they met any of the following: confirmed/suspected coinfection of another site, dialysis, immunocompromised status, admission to the NICU, alternative diagnosis that did not require antibiotics, or readmission for HNIs within 30 days of previous admission. The primary outcome was time to de-escalation of vancomycin. Total duration of antibiotics, treatment failure, hospital length of stay (LOS), and incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) were also assessed. RESULTS Of the 575 patients identified, 124 patients received an SA nasal PCR. The median time to de-escalation was 39.5 hours in those patients compared with 53.7 hours in patients who did not have a SA nasal PCR (p = 0.002). No difference was noted in total duration of all methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus antibiotics, hospital LOS, treatment failure, and AKI. CONCLUSIONS In a large cohort of pediatric patients with HNIs, those who underwent testing with an SA nasal PCR spent less time receiving intravenous vancomycin, although their LOS was not significantly reduced. Further investigation is needed to better define the role of SA nasal PCRs in determining antibiotic therapy for HNIs.
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Pediatric Head and Neck Infections at a Tertiary Care Center. Indian Pediatr 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-021-2318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Velhonoja J, Lääveri M, Soukka T, Hirvonen J, Kinnunen I, Irjala H. Early surgical intervention enhances recovery of severe pediatric deep neck infection patients. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 144:110694. [PMID: 33799100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pediatric deep neck space infection (DNI) is a relatively rare but potentially life-threatening condition and requires prompt and accurate management. This study retrospectively reviews our experience in a tertiary referral hospital from 2004 to 2019. METHODS Systematic data collection from medical records using ICD10 codes between 2004 and 2019. INCLUSION CRITERIA age ≤16 years, DNI requiring hospitalization and/or surgery. EXCLUSION: peritonsillar abscess without complications. RESULTS We identified 42 patients, 21 boys and 21 girls, with a median age of 4.9 years. Most of the patients had severe symptoms, the most common of which were neck swelling (n = 39; 92.9%), neck pain (n = 39; 92.9%) and fever (n = 32; 76.2%). Twenty-two (52.4%) had torticollis, and the mean duration of symptoms before hospitalization was 4.95 days. Diagnosis was confirmed by MRI (n = 24), contrast-enhanced CT (n = 11) or ultrasonography (n = 6), except in one case. Twenty-three (54.8%) required an open neck incision, ten (23.8%) patients had intraoral surgery and nine were treated conservatively. Twelve (28.6%) patients were admitted to the pediatric ICU. Median hospitalization duration was six days. The infection most commonly had tonsillopharyngeal etiology (n = 18) and a retropharyngeal location (n = 17). Staphylococcus Aureus (n = 7) and Streptococcus pyogenes (n = 7) were the most frequent pathogens. We compared the early surgical intervention group (<2 days of intravenous antibiotics; n = 18; 42.9%) to the late surgery group (n = 15; 35.7%) and the conservatively treated groups (n = 9; 21.4%). The overall length of stay (LOS) was lower in the shorter preoperative medication group (mean 4.4 vs. 7.2; p = 0.009). The size of the abscess did not differ between the groups (mean 28 mm; 30 mm; 21 mm; p = 0.075) and the neck incision rate was similar in the operated groups. CONCLUSION Early surgical intervention is associated with decreased LOS among severe pediatric DNI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarno Velhonoja
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinanmyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Meira Lääveri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Tero Soukka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Jussi Hirvonen
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinanmyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Ilpo Kinnunen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinanmyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Heikki Irjala
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinanmyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Stevens C, Ladd P, Ghadersohi S, Gitomer SA. Minimally invasive transoral image-guided drainage of a retropharyngeal abscess with mediastinal extension. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 138:110288. [PMID: 32836140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retropharyngeal abscess (RPA) in children is a serious deep neck space infection that rarely is complicated by extension into the mediastinum. RPA with mediastinal abscess requires prompt surgical management, generally via external or transoral approach. We present the case of a 3-year-old boy with RPA with mediastinal extension who was managed with a unique multidisciplinary surgical approach with otolaryngology and interventional radiology. A transoral approach was utilized to pass a transnasal drain with image guidance into the mediastinal fluid collection. This report reviews the presentation and surgical management of RPA with mediastinal extension and describes a unique minimally invasive approach to drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Ladd
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Saied Ghadersohi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah A Gitomer
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Utility of Soft Tissue Lateral Neck Radiographs in the Emergency Department: The 5-Year Experience of a Large Tertiary Care Pediatric Hospital. Pediatr Emerg Care 2020; 36:e254-e257. [PMID: 29084070 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although retropharyngeal infection (RPI) may present with voice change, drooling, fever, and a toxic appearance, diagnosis based on symptoms alone is unreliable. As incidence is increasing in children and drug-resistant bacterial strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are becoming more common, we decided to assess the clinical utility of lateral neck radiography. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the experience of a large tertiary care pediatric emergency department (ED) in using lateral soft tissue neck radiographs in the diagnosis of suspected RPI. METHODS A retrospective analysis of all lateral soft tissue neck radiograph reports from 2011 to 2015 in conjunction with a review of patients' charts to describe clinical and laboratory findings, disposition, and final diagnosis was performed. Patients aged 31 days to 18 years who presented to the ED with suspicion of RPI were included. RESULTS Review of 366 radiographic reports revealed that 46 were positive for RPI, 286 were negative, and 34 indeterminate. A final discharge diagnosis of RPI was made in 38 patients. Lateral neck radiographs had a sensitivity of 84.3% and a specificity of 93.7% for diagnosing RPI. In triage, most patients had no fever (264, 72.1%), stridor (356, 97%), drooling (348, 95%), or voice change (342, 93%). Surgical intervention occurred in 15 patients (39.5%) with a final diagnosis of RPI. CONCLUSIONS Lateral neck radiography is useful for diagnosis of RPI in the ED with good sensitivity and specificity. Additional imaging is to be considered at the behest of physician's clinical judgment.
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Patel VA, Ramadan J, Roberts CA, Carr MM. Lateral cervical abscesses: NSQIP-P perspective on length of stay, readmission, and reoperation. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 131:109889. [PMID: 31981920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identify risk factors and determine perioperative sequelae of children undergoing lateral cervical abscess incision and drainage. METHODS Pediatric patients who underwent lateral cervical abscess incision and drainage aged 1-18 years were retrospectively queried via ACS-NSQIP-P (2012-2016) utilizing CPT code 21501. Analyzed outcomes include age, time to surgery, operative time, total length of stay, readmission, and reoperation. RESULTS A total of 1917 children were identified, with a mean age at time of surgery of 4.05 years (95% CI 3.86-4.25). The mean number of days from hospital admission to operative intervention was 1.24 days (95% CI 1.16-1.31), with a mean total length of stay of 3.64 days (95% CI 3.46-3.82). The mean number of days from hospital admission to surgery was significantly lengthened in younger children (P = .0001) and pediatric patients of non-Caucasian origin (P < 0.001). Children with positive septic parameters not only had a prolonged time to surgery but also a significantly prolonged total length of stay (P < 0.001). Finally, a persistent requirement for postoperative mechanical ventilation and prolonged operative time (P = 0.003) was found to be related to reoperation. CONCLUSION Younger children are more likely to have delays from hospital admission to definitive surgical intervention, but this does not appear to affect total length of stay. Recognition of pertinent clinical factors may assist in optimizing perioperative risk assessment and promote timely procedural planning in the pediatric subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay A Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Jad Ramadan
- West Virginia University Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Christopher A Roberts
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michele M Carr
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Tansey JB, Hamblin J, Mamidala M, Thompson J, Mclevy J, Wood J, Sheyn A. Dexamethasone Use in the Treatment of Pediatric Deep Neck Space Infections. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2019; 129:376-379. [DOI: 10.1177/0003489419890349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Assess the outcome of Intravenous (IV) dexamethasone in the treatment of pediatric deep neck space infections (DNSI) in combination with IV antibiotics. Methods: Retrospective chart review of pediatric patients admitted for a DNSI from March 2014 to June 2016. Patient characteristics including demographics, abscess type, antibiotic, dexamethasone, surgery, culture, and length of stay (LOS) were obtained. Patients treated with antibiotics alone versus antibiotics and dexamethasone were compared. Primary outcome measures were rate of surgical drainage and LOS. Results: Overall 153 patients with DNSI were identified, including 62 lateral neck, 18 parapharyngeal, 40 peritonsillar, 32 retropharyngeal, and 1 submandibular. All patients received antibiotics. Dexamethasone was used in 35% of patients. The rate of surgical drainage in the dexamethasone and non-dexamethasone group was 36% and 53% respectively ( P = .043). LOS was shorter for the dexamethasone group (2.9 days) compared to the non-dexamethasone group (3.8 days) but was non-significant, P-value-.09. The most common microorganisms cultured were MRSA (25), MSSA (11), and Streptococcus pyogenes (10). Conclusion: Dexamethasone use was associated with a decreased rate of surgical drainage in pediatric patients with DNSI. Further prospective study is needed to determine the role of dexamethasone in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B. Tansey
- Department of Otolaryngology, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Hamblin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Madhu Mamidala
- Department of Otolaryngology, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jerome Thompson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer Mclevy
- Department of Otolaryngology, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua Wood
- Department of Otolaryngology, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anthony Sheyn
- Department of Otolaryngology, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Sousa Menezes A, Ribeiro DC, Guimarães JR, Lima AF, Dias L. Management of pediatric peritonsillar and deep neck infections- cross- sectional retrospective analysis. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 5:207-214. [PMID: 32083248 PMCID: PMC7015866 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Deep neck infections (DNI) are responsible for significant morbidity in children and healthcare expenditures. Few studies exist specifically addressing the clinical and epidemiologic characterization and management of DNI's in the pediatric population. Our goal was to analyse the demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of peritonsillar and DNI in pediatric patients. Methods The medical records of patients, aged up to 18 years, admitted for peritonsillar and DNI at our department, from 2011 to 2016, were retrospectively reviewed and compared with the literature available. Ninety-eight patients were enrolled. Results The mean age was higher in patients with peritonsillar abscess and lower in patients with retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal infections. Admissions have significantly increased from 2011. There was a seasonal variation for DNI incidence, with a peak incidence in Summer and Spring. All patients included were treated as inpatient and received empirical intravenous antibiotic therapy and steroids regardless of drainage procedures. Incision and drainage was performed in 72 patients. The hospital length of stay was higher among patients with retropharyngeal abscess and in the group with complications. Only 2 patients developed complications during hospital stay. The most common microbiological pattern was monomicrobial and the most commonly isolated pathogens were Streptococcus Pyogenes, Streptococcus Mitis and anaerobic bacteria. Conclusions Surgical incision and drainage followed by intravenous antibiotic and steroids proved to be successfull with low morbidity related to surgical approach. However, in selected cases, medical therapy may be an alternative to surgical management in uncomplicated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sousa Menezes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital De Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Joana Rocha Guimarães
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Instituto Português de Oncologia Francisco Gentil do Porto, Portugal
| | - António Fontes Lima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital De Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís Dias
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital De Braga, Portugal
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Impending Rupture of Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm Mimicking Peritonsillar Abscess. Indian J Pediatr 2018. [PMID: 29542067 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-018-2655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracranial carotid artery aneurysms are rare but important entity. Impending rupture of such aneurysms can lead to catastrophic hemorrhage, airway compromise and may prove fatal. The authors report a case of true aneurysm of cervical internal carotid artery in a four-year-old girl who presented with fever and swelling of neck and oropharynx. High clinical suspicion is required to differentiate aneurysm from peritonsillar and parapharyngeal abscess as incision and drainage can prove fatal. Securing airway beforehand and timely embolization has led to the favorable outcome in the present case.
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Angajala V, Hur K, Jacobson L, Hochstim C. Geographic health disparities in the Los Angeles pediatric neck abscess population. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 113:134-139. [PMID: 30173972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess geographical sociodemographic differences in neck abscesses that require surgical drainage in Los Angeles. STUDY DESIGN retrospective review. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of 119 consecutive pediatric patients at Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) from 2014 to 2017 with a diagnosis of a neck abscess requiring incision and drainage. Sociodemographic information including zip code of residence was extracted and analyzed with Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The average age of patients with a neck abscess in this study was 3.4 years old, 53.8% were female, 54.6% were Hispanic, and 82.5% had public health insurance. 79% of patients had an abscess located in the superficial neck, and 10.1% had an abscess located in the retropharyngeal space. There were no significant differences in gender, race, type of health insurance, or income between patients that lived within 10 miles of CHLA versus those that lived farther than 10 miles. On multivariate analysis, zip codes with a high volume of neck abscesses were more likely to be lower income neighborhoods. Gender, race, type of health insurance, and distance from CHLA were not associated with zip codes with a high volume of neck abscesses. CONCLUSION Geographic areas in the greater Los Angeles community with a high volume of neck abscesses requiring incision and drainage at our institution were associated with lower income neighborhoods. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Angajala
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Hur
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lia Jacobson
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Hochstim
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Infants Are More Likely Than Older Children to Have Surgery for Cervical Infections. Int J Otolaryngol 2018; 2018:7824380. [PMID: 29997652 PMCID: PMC5994566 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7824380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To identify differences in cervical infection management in infants versus older children. Methods Charts of patients 0–18 years, diagnosed with a cervical infection at our institution between 2004 and 2015, were included. Age, gender, presenting symptoms, comorbidities, CT scan findings and management including admission, procedures, antibiotics, cultures, length of stay, readmission rates, and complications were included. Results 239 patients were included: mean age was 4.6 years, with 55.6% boys and 44.4% girls. Mean length of stay was 3.2 days, with no significant difference between age categories. 12.55% were readmitted within 30 days with no significant difference when stratified for age (p = 0.268). The most common presenting symptoms were fever (74.3%), swelling (71.4%), and neck pain (48.2%). Infants had fewer symptoms documented than older children. 51% has lateral neck infections, and these were more common in younger children (p < 0.001). The most common antibiotic used was amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in 53.96% of inpatients and 48.05% of outpatients. Infants were most likely to have MRSA isolates (29.2% versus 11.7% of older children, p = 0.011). 70.0% went to the operating room for incision and drainage procedures. Younger children were more likely to undergo surgery, with an odds ratio of 2.38 for children under 1 year. (p = 0.029). 90.9% of infants underwent surgery with radiolucencies of at least 1 cm diameter in contrast to 50% of children over 8 years old. Conclusions This study emphasizes the importance of considering early operative treatment of cervical abscesses in infants despite fewer symptoms and smaller radiolucencies on CT.
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Quinn NA, Olson JA, Meier JD, Baskin H, Schunk JE, Thorell EA, Hodo LN. Pediatric lateral neck infections - Computed tomography vs ultrasound on initial evaluation. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 109:149-153. [PMID: 29728170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Review the evaluation of children with a deep lateral neck infection and define the impact of initial imaging modality on outcomes and costs. METHOD Case series, pediatric patients <18 years of age admitted to a tertiary care hospital with lateral neck infection between 01/01/14-05/31/16 as identified by ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes: 289.3 (lymphadenitis, unspecified), 682.1 (cellulitis and abscess of neck), 683 (acute lymphadenitis), I88.9 (nonspecific lymphadenitis, unspecified), L02.11 (cutaneous abscess of neck), L03.221 (cellulitis of neck), and L03.222 (acute lymphangitis of neck). Patients were divided into two groups based on initial imaging modality: primary ultrasound or primary computed tomography. Differences in length of stay, type and total number of imaging studies obtained, number of procedures, hospital readmission, and hospital cost were compared between cohorts. RESULTS There were 40 (31%) primary ultrasound and 88 (69%) primary computed tomography patients (128 total). Median length of stay was 46 (IQR: 25,90) hours (1.9 days) for primary ultrasound and 63 (IQR: 39,88) hours (2.6 days) for primary computed tomography patients (p = 0.33). Drainage was performed in 48% of both groups. Additional imaging occurred in 17 (43%) primary ultrasound and 18 (20%) primary computed tomography patients (p = 0.02). Readmission occurred in 8 patients (6.3%). Retropharyngeal infection was encountered in 13 patients (10%); this was only discovered in patients who had a computed tomography performed. Median cost per primary ultrasound patients was $5363 (IQR: 3011, 7920) and $5992 (IQR: 3450, 8060) for primary computed tomography patients. CONCLUSIONS The primary imaging modality (ultrasound or computed tomography) used to work-up children with a lateral neck infection did not impact length of stay or hospital cost. However, a significant subset had a coexisting retropharyngeal infection that was only identified on computed tomography. Future studies are needed to identify appropriate criteria for imaging in the work-up of lateral neck infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Quinn
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, 50 N Medical Drive, University of Utah, Salt Lake City UT 84132, USA; Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA.
| | - Jared A Olson
- Department of Pharmacy, Primary Children's Hospital, 100 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jeremy D Meier
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, 50 N Medical Drive, University of Utah, Salt Lake City UT 84132, USA; Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
| | - Hank Baskin
- Intermountain Pediatric Imaging, Intermountain Healthcare, 100 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA; Department of Radiology, 50 N. Medical Drive, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jeff E Schunk
- Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, 50 N Medical Drive, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Emily A Thorell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, 50 N Medical Drive, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
| | - Laura N Hodo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Inpatient Medicine, 50 N Medical Drive, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
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Jain A, Singh I, Meher R, Raj A, Rajpurohit P, Prasad P. Deep neck space abscesses in children below 5 years of age and their complications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 109:40-43. [PMID: 29728182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the outcomes and complications of deep neck space abscesses in children less than 5 years of age over a period of 15 years. METHODS A retrospective analysis of children less than 5 years of age with deep neck space abscesses over a 15-year period was conducted at a tertiary care centre in India. Patients were evaluated with respect to the clinical, radiological and laboratory findings. All patients underwent surgical incision and drainage of the abscess and pus cultures were obtained. The incidence of complications was recorded. The collected data was tabulated and statistical analysis was done. RESULTS A total of 510 children less than 5 years of age were identified who were admitted for deep neck space abscess over a 15-year period. The mean age was 23.6 months. The most common organism isolated in the pus was Staphylococcus aureus (21%). The incidence of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was 9%. Complications were reported in 10% patients. CONCLUSION Paediatric deep neck abscesses can be managed with prompt surgical management and intravenous antibiotics. Children less than 2 years of age, and those with multiple abscesses or retropharyngeal abscess were more prone to complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avani Jain
- Department of ENT, MAMC, New Delhi, India.
| | | | - Ravi Meher
- Department of ENT, MAMC, New Delhi, India
| | - Anoop Raj
- Department of ENT, MAMC, New Delhi, India
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Hah YM, Jung AR, Lee YC, Eun YG. Risk factors for transcervical incision and drainage of pediatric deep neck infections. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53:666-670. [PMID: 28688792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for transcervical approaches in the treatment of pediatric deep neck infections (DNIs). METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of data from patients who were diagnosed with DNIs. All medical records were reviewed for demographic characteristics, presenting signs and symptoms, duration of symptoms, size of abscess, laboratory results, duration of intravenous (IV) antibiotic administration, duration of hospitalization, medical treatment, and type of surgical drainage (oral or transcervical approach). We divided 126 patients into three groups according to the approach used to treat the DNI: non-surgical, intraoral surgical and external transcervical surgical. RESULTS The average ages of the non-surgical, intraoral, and transcervical groups were 10.46±5.27, 12.75±4.82 and 5.54±5.15years, respectively. The transcervical approach was used to treat younger patients (p<0.001). Abscess size was significantly larger for the transcervical group compared to the other groups (5.72±8.93, 13.51±14.74, 18.36±16.05mm, non-surgical, intraoral, and transcervical group, respectively, p=0.009). The average duration of IV antibiotic administration for the transcervical group was 9.77±3.27days, which was significantly higher than those for the other groups (5.49±3.28 for non-surgical and 6.13±2.85 for intraoral, p<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that submandibular abscesses (Exp (B)=5.254, p=0.012) were the only significant risk factor for the transcervical approach in surgical treatment of DNIs. CONCLUSION Submandibular space abscesses were the only significant risk factor for the transcervical approach in the treatment of pediatric DNI patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Hah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Ra Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chan Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Gyu Eun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Khudan A, Jugmohansingh G, Islam S, Medford S, Naraynsingh V. The effectiveness of conservative management for retropharyngeal abscesses greater than 2 cm. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2016; 11:62-65. [PMID: 27761237 PMCID: PMC5065001 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Conservative management for retropharyngeal abscesses <2 cm is now a first line option. It is unclear if conservative management can be used to manage larger abscesses without increased morbidity and mortality. Study design A prospective case series was performed from 2012 to 2015 by the Otolaryngology department of the San Fernando General Hospital involving pediatric patients who presented with retropharyngeal abscesses. All patients were initially treated with antibiotics alone. Methods Patients with clinical features and CT scan confirmation of a retropharyngeal abscess were included in the study. Those who improved clinically and biochemically within 48 h continued to be treated conservatively and those who deteriorated had surgical intervention. Results Sixteen patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Most patients were Afro Trinidadian males between the ages of two and five who were also found to be iron deficient. Drooling was a sensitive predictor for the presence of an abscess but did not indicate the need for drainage. Hoarseness was the clinical feature that prompted surgical intervention. Sixty three percent of patients had an abscess >2 cm of which 90% improved within 48 h. One patient required surgical drainage with no increase in morbidity or mortality. Conclusion Conservative management of retropharyngeal abscesses >2 cm can be offered to patients during the first 48 h. If the patient demonstrates clinical and biochemical improvement, antibiotics alone can be continued. If the patient deteriorates, surgical drainage can be subsequently performed with no increase in morbidity and mortality. The retropharyngeal abscess is a deep neck space infection commonly seen in the pediatric population. Drainage of these abscesses is associated with multiple complications. Patient presenting with hoarseness requires surgical intervention. Conservative management can be successfully performed in patients who have abscesses that are greater than 2 cm. Patients treated with antibiotic alone need to be closely followed up for lack of improvement or deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khudan
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, San Fernando General Hospital, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - G Jugmohansingh
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, San Fernando General Hospital, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - S Islam
- Department of General Surgery, San Fernando General Hospital, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - S Medford
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, San Fernando General Hospital, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - V Naraynsingh
- Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Woods CR, Cash ED, Smith AM, Smith MJ, Myers JA, Espinosa CM, Chandran SK. Retropharyngeal and Parapharyngeal Abscesses Among Children and Adolescents in the United States: Epidemiology and Management Trends, 2003-2012. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2016; 5:259-68. [PMID: 26407249 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piv010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The epidemiology and hospital course of children with retropharyngeal abscess (RPA) or parapharyngeal abscess (PPA) have not been fully described at the national level in the United States. METHODS Pediatric discharges for PPA and RPA were evaluated by using the Kids' Inpatient Database from 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012. Cases were identified by using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes 478.22 and 478.24 for PPA and RPA, respectively. Nationally representative incidence data were calculated by using weighted case estimates and US census data. Demographic and cost analyses were conducted by using unweighted analyses. RESULTS There were 2685 hospital discharges for PPA and 6233 hospital discharges for RPA during the 4 study years combined. The incidence of RPA increased from 2.98 per 100 000 population among children <20 years old in 2003 to 4.10 per 100 000 in 2012. The incidence of PPA peaked at 1.49 per 100 000 in 2006. Incidences were highest among children <5 years old and boys in all age groups for PPA and RPA. Winter-to-spring seasonality also was evident for both. PPA was managed surgically in 58.1% of the cases, and RPA was managed surgically in 46.7%. Surgery was performed most often on the day of admission or the following day, was more frequent at teaching hospitals, and was associated with higher hospital charges. The mean hospital length of stay was longer for children who had surgery versus those who did not (4.4 vs 3.1 days [for PPA] and 4.8 vs 3.2 days [for RPA], respectively; both P < .001). The median charges for RPA and PPA were similar. The proportions of children with RPA or PPA covered by Medicaid increased during the study period. CONCLUSION PPA and RPA represent relatively common male-predominant childhood infections with similar epidemiologies. The incidence of hospital discharges with a diagnosis of RPA increased during the study period. Substantial proportions of children with PPA or RPA are now managed without surgery. Surgical drainage was associated with higher hospital charges and longer lengths of stay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth D Cash
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS and Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky
| | - Aaron M Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | | | - John A Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | | | - Swapna K Chandran
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS and Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Pediatric neck masses comprise a wide spectrum of entities, benign and malignant. The role of imaging is to characterize these lesions, in order to better determine which can be expectantly managed and which require immediate intervention. An important consideration in the pediatric population is ionizing radiation; while X-ray and CT can be useful, radiation can have harmful effects, particularly in children. In this article, we review imaging feature of common pediatric neck masses, with emphasis on radiation sparing modalities (ultrasound and MRI) when possible.
How to cite this article
Sajedi P, Shet N. Imaging of Pediatric Neck Masses. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):89-96.
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Jakubowski LA, Shariat-Madar B, McCormick ME, Sulman CG, Chun RH. Recurrence patterns of cervical infections in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79:2134-6. [PMID: 26476784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) Elucidate the recurrence rate of pediatric cervical cellulitis and abscess (2) Evaluate the impact of pre-procedural imaging, length of stay, culture results, age and gender on readmission rate. METHODS A retrospective review of all admissions to a tertiary pediatric hospital for cellulitis and abscess of the neck (ICD-9 682.1) from 2007 to 2013 including all readmissions within 91 days. RESULTS There were a total of 178 admissions (171 patients) with the diagnosis of cellulitis and abscess of the neck between 2007 and 2013. The rate of surgical intervention was 74% (n=128). The overall readmission rate within 91 days was 3.5% (n=6). All patients requiring readmission had undergone a procedure during the initial admission and a second procedure during readmission. The readmission rate for patient who initially required a procedural intervention was 4.6%. There was no statistically significant effect of pre-procedural imaging, length of stay, culture results, age or gender on readmission rate. Patients with abscess >20mm in diameter had a significantly longer LOS than patient with smaller abscesses (4.265 days vs 3.667 days, p<0.001). Furthermore, in patients 3 years old or greater, the patients with a larger diameter (>20mm) and larger total size were more likely to need surgical drainage. CONCLUSIONS This retrospective review of patients admitted with neck cellulitis and abscess at a tertiary care pediatric hospital shows an overall readmission rate of 3.5%. All readmissions required a surgical procedure. Older children with larger abscess are more likely to require surgical drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Jakubowski
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | | | - Michael E McCormick
- Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Department of Otolaryngology/Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital Clinics Building, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 540, PO Box 1997, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
| | - Cecille G Sulman
- Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Department of Otolaryngology/Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital Clinics Building, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 540, PO Box 1997, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
| | - Robert H Chun
- Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Department of Otolaryngology/Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital Clinics Building, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 540, PO Box 1997, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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Shanti RM, Hastings ML, Patel S, Yeoh MS. A Case of a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Retropharyngeal Abscess With Mediastinal Extension in an 11-Month-Old Girl. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 74:747-53. [PMID: 26541226 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We present the case of an 11-month-old girl with Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated pneumonia who was subsequently diagnosed with a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus retropharyngeal abscess with mediastinal extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabie M Shanti
- Fellow in Oral, Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Mary L Hastings
- Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Stavan Patel
- Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Melvyn S Yeoh
- Assistant Professor and Residency Program Director, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA.
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Abstract
The differential diagnosis in pediatric lymphadenopathy includes bacterial, viral, fungal, and idiopathic causes. A systematic approach to patient evaluation is necessary because the differential diagnosis, presentation, and work up must consider infectious, immunologic, neoplastic, and idiopathic disorders. A thorough history and examination are vital to determining the diagnosis and ruling out a malignant process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Penn
- Department of Otolaryngology, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Children's Way, DOT 7, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Steven L Goudy
- Department of Otolaryngology, Monroe Carell Jr Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Children's Way, DOT 7, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Qureshi HA, Ference EH, Tan BK, Chandra RK, Kern RC, Smith SS. National Trends in Retropharyngeal Abscess among Adult Inpatients with Peritonsillar Abscess. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 152:661-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599814568286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To describe national trends in retropharyngeal abscess (RPA) complicating peritonsillar abscess (PTA) and to determine factors associated with RPA in patients with PTA. Study Design Cross-sectional analysis. Setting Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2003-2010. Subjects and Methods PTA patients ≥18 years old, with or without RPA, were extracted according to ICD-9-CM codes. The cohort was analyzed with descriptive statistics and multivariate regression modeling to identify factors associated with RPA. Results Of the 91,647 (95% CI: 86,433-95,449) patients identified with PTA, 885 (1.0%) also had a concurrently coded RPA. The annual rate of concomitant RPA increased from 0.5% (95% CI: 0.3%-0.8%) to 1.4% (95% CI: 1.0%-2.0%) between 2003 and 2010 ( P < .001). PTA patients with RPA more frequently underwent tonsillectomy (23.5% vs 11.1%), endotracheal intubation (7.1% vs 1.5%), and mechanical ventilation (13.2% vs 2.0%) than those without RPA (all P < .001). PTA patients with RPA were significantly older (41 vs 34 years old), had a longer hospital stay (6.4 vs 2.5 days), and had more procedures (2.5 vs 0.9) when compared to patients without RPA (all P < .001). Upon multivariate regression analysis, factors associated with RPA included the age groups of 40 to 64 years (odds ratio, 2.256; P < .001) and 65 and older (odds ratio, 2.086; P = .045). Median total charges for PTA inpatients with concomitant RPA were approximately $8700 greater ( P < .001) when compared to patients with PTA alone. Conclusions The incidence of RPA among adult inpatients with PTA is increasing, and patients with RPA have higher in-hospital resource utilization. Further studies may help validate factors predictive of RPA to enable prevention or earlier identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannan A. Qureshi
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elisabeth H. Ference
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bruce K. Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rakesh K. Chandra
- Vanderbilt Department of Otolaryngology, Bill Wilkerson Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert C. Kern
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephanie Shintani Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Demeslay J, De Bonnecaze G, Vairel B, Chaput B, Pessey JJ, Serrano E, Vergez S. Possible role of anti-inflammatory drugs in complications of pharyngitis. A retrospective analysis of 163 cases. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2014; 131:299-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Van Brusselen D, Vlieghe E, Schelstraete P, De Meulder F, Vandeputte C, Garmyn K, Laffut W, Van de Voorde P. Streptococcal pharyngitis in children: to treat or not to treat? Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:1275-83. [PMID: 25113742 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Controversy remains about the need for antibiotic therapy of group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis in high-resource settings. Guidelines on the management of GAS pharyngitis differ considerably, especially in children. We performed a literature search on the diagnosis and treatment of GAS pharyngitis in children and compared different guidelines with current epidemiology and the available evidence on management. Some European guidelines only recommend antibiotic treatment in certain high-risk patients, while many other, including all American, still advise antimicrobial treatment for all children with GAS pharyngitis, given the severity and re-emerging incidence of complications. Empirical antimicrobial treatment in children with sore throat and a high clinical suspicion of GAS pharyngitis will still result in significant overtreatment of nonstreptococcal pharyngitis. This is costly and leads to emerging antibiotic resistance. Early differential diagnosis between viral and GAS pharyngitis, by means of a 'rapid antigen detection test' (RADT) and/or a throat culture, is therefore needed if 'pro treatment' guidelines are used. CONCLUSION Large scale randomized controlled trials are necessary to assess the value of antibiotics for GAS pharyngitis in high-resource countries, in order to achieve uniform and evidence-based guidelines. The severity and the possibly increasing incidence of complications in school-aged children suggests that testing and treating proven GAS pharyngitis can still be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Van Brusselen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium,
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Georget E, Gauthier A, Brugel L, Verlhac S, Remus N, Epaud R, Madhi F. Acute cervical lymphadenitis and infections of the retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal spaces in children. BMC EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT DISORDERS 2014; 14:8. [PMID: 25206314 PMCID: PMC4158388 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6815-14-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute cervical adenitis can evolve into suppurative cervical lymphadenitis and may sometimes be associated with infection of the retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal spaces (i.e., retropharyngeal and poststyloid parapharyngeal abscesses). This study aimed to describe the clinical presentation of acute cervical lymphadenitis and infections of the retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal spaces in children and examine the management of these conditions. Methods This was a retrospective study including children from 3 months to 18 years old who were hospitalized in the Pediatric Department of the Centre-Intercommunal-de-Créteil between January 2003 and May 2010. Selected cases were based on the diagnosis of acute cervical lymphadenitis, suppurative cervical lymphadenitis, or infections of the retropharyngeal or parapharyngeal spaces. Case history, clinical signs, laboratory tests, imaging, treatment and clinical course were collected from patient charts. Results We included 75 children (54 males [72%]); 62 (83%) were < 6 years old. Diagnoses were acute cervical lymphadenitis in 43 patients (57%), suppurative cervical lymphadenitis in 13 (17%), retropharyngeal or poststyloid parapharyngeal abscess in 18 (24%) and cervical necrotizing fasciitis in 1 (1%). In total, 72 patients (96%) presented fever and 34 (45%) had torticollis. Suppurative cervical lymphadenitis or abscesses of the retropharyngeal or poststyloid parapharyngeal spaces was significantly higher for children with than without torticollis (52.9% vs. 4.8%, p < 0.001). In all, 21 patients among the 44 > 3 years old (48%) underwent a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) for group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes; results for 10 were positive (48%). Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the neck in children with torticollis (n = 31) demonstrated an abscess in 21 (68%). Fine-needle aspiration was performed in 8 patients (11%) and 8 (11%) required surgical drainage. Bacteriology was positive in 8 patients (11%), with a predominance of Staphylococcus aureus and S. pyogenes. All patients received intravenous antibiotics and the outcome was favorable regardless of surgery. Recurrence was observed in only 1 case among the 34 patients with a follow-up visit after discharge. Conclusion Our data suggest that presentation with cervical lymphadenitis associated with fever and torticollis requires evaluation by contrast-enhanced CT scan. Furthermore, abscess drainage should be restricted to the most severely affected patients who do not respond to antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Georget
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, 40, allée de la source, 94195 Villeneuve Saint Georges, France
| | - Anne Gauthier
- Service d'ORL, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 40 avenue de Verdun, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Lydia Brugel
- Service d'ORL, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 40 avenue de Verdun, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Suzanne Verlhac
- Service de Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 40 avenue de Verdun, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Natacha Remus
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 40 avenue de Verdun, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Ralph Epaud
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 40 avenue de Verdun, 94000 Créteil, France ; Inserm U955, Equipe 11, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Fouad Madhi
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 40 avenue de Verdun, 94000 Créteil, France
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Characteristics of deep neck infection in children according to weight percentile. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 7:133-7. [PMID: 24917911 PMCID: PMC4050086 DOI: 10.3342/ceo.2014.7.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the effect of weight percentile on deep neck infections in children. Methods A retrospective evaluation of 79 patients who were treated for deep neck infections. The patients were divided into six groups according to weight percentile. Patients who had systemic and/or congenital disease were excluded. Their demographics, etiology, localization, laboratory, and treatment results were reviewed. Results In total, 79 pediatric patients were recorded: 48.1% were females and 51.9% were males, with a mean age of 7.3 years. In total, 60 patients were under the 50th percentile according to their weight versus all children. The anteroposterior triangle (29.1%) and submandibular (26.5%) spaces were most commonly involved with deep neck infection. However, the anteroposterior triangle space was the highest in the group below the 3rd percentile (44.4%). In the blood analysis, white blood cell levels in patients with at percentile values of 75-50 were higher than other groups (P<0.05). Significant differences were found between C-reactive protein and hemoglobin levels and diameter of abscesses. The need for surgical drainage in patients in lower percentiles was higher. The patients who needed surgical drainage consisted of 56 patients (93.3%) below the 50th percentile and 9 patients (100%) below the 3rd percentile. Conclusion Deep neck infection is more insidious and dangerous in low-weight-percentile children, especially those having low white blood cell counts, low hemoglobin levels, and high C-reactive protein in laboratory results.
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Novis SJ, Pritchett CV, Thorne MC, Sun GH. Pediatric deep space neck infections in U.S. children, 2000-2009. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:832-6. [PMID: 24636748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deep space neck infections (DNI) are common pediatric illnesses, which can lead to significant morbidity and healthcare expenditures. Recent studies suggest that the incidence of pediatric DNI in the United States is increasing, but no nationally representative studies exist. This study sought to characterize pediatric DNI at the national level over the past decade and to determine whether U.S. incidence of pediatric DNI and associated resource utilization changed from 2000 to 2009. METHODS The Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) was used to evaluate pediatric DNI incidence, demographics, and outcomes from 2000 to 2009. Cases were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnostic codes for peritonsillar abscess (475), parapharyngeal abscess (478.22), and retropharyngeal abscess (478.24). Regression analyses within each year and across the entire study period were performed on variables of interest including performance of imaging studies, operative intervention, length of hospital stay and total hospital charges. RESULTS The incidence of retropharyngeal abscess increased significantly from 0.10 cases per 10,000 in 2000 to 0.22 in 2009 (p=0.02). There was no significant change during this time period in the incidence of combined DNI (1.07-1.37 cases per 10,000, p=0.07), peritonsillar abscess (0.82-0.94 cases per 10,000, p=0.12) or parapharyngeal abscess (0.08-0.14 cases per 10,000, p=0.13). The percentage of retropharyngeal abscess patients managed surgically decreased (48-38%, p=0.04) and the average length of hospital stay also decreased during this time (4.6-3.9 days, p=0.03). There was a marked increase in the total inflation-corrected hospital charges per case for all DNI ($9,486-16,348, p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of pediatric retropharyngeal abscess has increased significantly from 2000 to 2009, without concurrent increases in the incidence of combined DNI, peritonsillar, or parapharyngeal abscesses. There has been a change in management of retropharyngeal abscesses during this time with a decrease in operative intervention and a decrease in the length of hospital stay. Hospital charges associated with all pediatric DNI have nearly doubled during this timeframe, warranting future epidemiologic resource utilization studies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Novis
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, United States.
| | - Cedric V Pritchett
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Marc C Thorne
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Gordon H Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, United States; Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars, University of Michigan, United States; VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, United States
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Collins B, Stoner JA, Digoy GP. Benefits of ultrasound vs. computed tomography in the diagnosis of pediatric lateral neck abscesses. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:423-6. [PMID: 24485972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are no studies comparing the accuracy of ultrasound and computed tomography in the same population of pediatric patients with lateral neck abscesses. This case series assesses the accuracy of the two imaging techniques. METHODS One hundred and forty imaging studies (ultrasound n=39 or CT n=101) that were performed from 2005 to 2011 prior to incision and drainage of a lateral neck mass at a tertiary care academic institution were retrospectively reviewed. All children 0-18 years of age with lateral neck abscesses who underwent CT or ultrasound imaging prior to drainage were included. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of ultrasound and CT were determined as compared to the gold standard, incision and drainage of the suspected abscess. RESULTS In children undergoing incision and drainage, the prevalence of an abscess was 89%. Ultrasound has a high specificity (100%) but a low sensitivity (53%). The positive predictive value (96%) is high while the negative predictive value is low (16%), assuming a positive abscess prevalence of 0.9. In contrast, CT has low specificity (18%) but slightly higher sensitivity (68%) compared to ultrasound. Similar to ultrasound, CT had low negative (6%) and high positive (88%) predictive values. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that ultrasound may be an equivalently sensitive and more specific diagnostic tool when compared to CT in the work-up of lateral neck abscesses in children. It is safe and effective in diagnosis when there is an undetermined probability of an abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Collins
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 26901 WP 1290, Oklahoma City, OK 73126-0901, United States.
| | - Julie A Stoner
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, United States.
| | - G Paul Digoy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 26901 WP 1290, Oklahoma City, OK 73126-0901, United States.
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Antibiothérapie des infections ORL sévères du nourrisson et de l’enfant : Infections péripharyngées. Arch Pediatr 2013; 20 Suppl 3:e1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(13)71419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liu CF, Weng SF, Lin YS, Lin CS, Lien CF, Wang JJ. Increased risk of deep neck infection among HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy--a population-based follow-up study. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:183. [PMID: 23607461 PMCID: PMC3637331 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep neck infections (DNIs) in HIV-infected patients often produce severe complications, even death. Data on the incidence rates and risks of DNI among HIV-infected patients are scarce, particularly with the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We evaluated the incidence rates and risks for DNI among HIV-infected patients and observed the long-term trends. METHODS A total of 9888 new HIV-infected patients diagnosed in 2001-2007 were included and matched with 49440 randomly selected subjects. The HIV-infected subjects were offered free access to HAART. All subjects were traced until December 2009. A Kaplan-Meier analysis generated the cumulative DNI incidence rate. The adjusted hazard ratio was computed using Cox proportional hazard regressions. RESULTS From the HIV-infected and comparison cohorts, 222 individuals (57.01 cases per 10000 person-years) and 735 individuals (35.54 cases per 10000 person-years) developed DNI, respectively. The log rank test indicated that patients with HIV had a significantly higher 8-year incidence rate of DNI than the control group (P < 0.0001). The adjusted hazard ratio for developing DNI after an HIV attack during the mean 3.94 years follow-up period was 1.59. The incidence rate and relative risk of DNI were 74.58 (per 10000 person-years) and 2.05 (P < 0.0001). Both figures were highest in the first follow-up year and decreased year-by-year thereafter. CONCLUSION The risk of developing DNI is significantly elevated among HIV-infected patients, even with free access to HAART. Additional research is needed to examine the role of HAART in reducing the risk.
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Carbone PN, Capra GG, Brigger MT. Antibiotic therapy for pediatric deep neck abscesses: a systematic review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76:1647-53. [PMID: 22921604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the current evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of medical management for deep neck abscesses in children. DATA SOURCES Pubmed and Embase databases accessed 3/27/2012. REVIEW METHODS An a priori protocol defining inclusion and exclusion criteria was developed to identify all articles addressing medical therapy of pediatric deep neck abscesses where details regarding diagnostic criteria, specifics of medical therapy and definitions of failure were presented. The search included electronic databases to identify candidate articles as well as a manual crosscheck of references. The level of evidence was assessed and data extracted by three authors independently. Data were pooled using a random effects model due to significant study heterogeneity. RESULTS Eight articles met inclusion criteria. The overall level of evidence was grade C. There was significant heterogeneity among the studies (I(2)=98.8%; p<.001). However, each article uniformly presented cases suggesting that medical therapy may be a viable alternative to surgical drainage in some patients. The pooled success rate of medical therapy in avoiding surgical drainage in children with deep neck infections was 0.517 (95%CI: 0.335, 0.700). When patients taken immediately to surgery were excluded and patients were placed on author defined medical protocols, the success rate increased to 0.951 (95%CI: 0.851, 1.051). Subgroup analysis by duration of intravenous antibiotic trial greater than 48h demonstrated a pooled success rate of 0.740 (95%CI: 0.527, 0.953). CONCLUSION The current literature suggests medical management may be a safe alternative to surgical drainage of deep neck abscesses in children. However, the level of evidence lacks strength and further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Carbone
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, Department of Anatomic Pathology, San Diego, CA 92134, United States
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Rapidly progressing subperiosteal orbital abscess: an unexpected complication of a group-A streptococcal pharyngitis in a healthy young patient. Head Face Med 2012; 8:28. [PMID: 23067784 PMCID: PMC3517307 DOI: 10.1186/1746-160x-8-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Complications associated to group-A streptococcal pharyingitis include non-suppurative complications such as acute rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis and suppurative complications such as peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abscess, sinusitis, mastoiditis, otitis media, meningitis, brain abscess, or thrombosis of the intracranial venous sinuses. Case presentation We described a case of a 15-year-old patient with a history of acute pharyngodinia early followed by improvise fever and a progressive formation of a diffuse orbital edema, corneal hyperaemia, diplopia and severe decrease of visual acuity. The patient was surgically treated with functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) after the response of a maxillofacial computed tomography scans that showed a pansinusitis complicated by a left orbital cellulites. Numerous colonies of Streptococcus pyogenes were found in the samples of pus and an antibiotic therapy with meropenem was initiated on the basis of the sensitivity test to antibiotics. The patient was finally discharged with diagnosis of left orbital cellulites with periorbital abscess, endophtalmitis and acute pansinusitis as a consequence of streptococcal pharyngitis. Conclusion The case highlights the possible unusual complication of a group-A streptococcal pharyingitis in a immunocompetent child and the needing of a prompt surgical and medical approach toward the maxillofacial complications associated to the infection.
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Retropharyngeal abscess in children: the rising incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:696-9. [PMID: 22481424 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e318256fff0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of a recent upsurge in retropharyngeal abscess (RPA) cases due to community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), we reevaluated the microbiology, clinical manifestations and treatment outcome of RPA over the past 6 years (2004 to 2010). Findings were compared with those of a previous 11-year study (1993 to 2003) period. METHODS A retrospective review of medical records of children with RPA. RESULTS One hundred fourteen children (61 males) with RPA were identified representing a 2.8-fold increase in incidence (per 10,000 admissions) over the previous 11-year period. Abscess drainage was performed in 74 (65%). A total of 116 isolates (93 aerobes, 23 anaerobes) were recovered from 66 specimens. S. aureus was recovered from 25 (38%) of the 66 specimens compared with 2 (4.9%) of 41 in the previous 11 years; 16 (64%) of 25 were MRSA compared with none in the previous 11 years. Children whose abscess grew MRSA were younger (mean 11 months) than the others (mean 62 months) (P<0.001) and required longer duration of hospitalization (mean 8.8 days) than the rest (mean 4.5 days) (P=0.002). Five children had mediastinitis; all caused by MRSA. All MRSA isolates were susceptible to clindamycin. Ceftriaxone plus clindamycin was the most common treatment regimen. All patients had resolution of their abscesses. CONCLUSIONS RPA has increased in frequency in our pediatric population with an associated increase of Staphylococcus aureus, mainly community-associated MRSA. This is likely due to the overall increase in community-associated MRSA infections in our pediatric patients. Treatment with ceftriaxone and clindamycin in addition to surgical drainage was effective.
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Management of Acute Pharyngitis in Children: Summary of the Italian National Institute of Health Guidelines. Clin Ther 2012; 34:1442-1458.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Croche Santander B, Prieto Del Prado A, Madrid Castillo M, Neth O, Obando Santaella I. Abscesos retrofaríngeo y parafaríngeo: experiencia en hospital terciario de Sevilla durante la última década. An Pediatr (Barc) 2011; 75:266-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
Objectives. To determine the incidence and demographic profile of children who develop complications from deep neck space abscess. Study Design. Case series. Setting. Tertiary children’s hospital. Subjects and Methods. One hundred thirty-eight patients admitted for deep neck space abscesses between 1998 and 2008. Inclusion criteria were age younger than 18 years and computed tomography scan demonstrating an abscess in the retropharyngeal, parapharyngeal, or peritonsillar spaces. Children were diagnosed with abscess if purulence was encountered on operative incision and drainage. Results. In the first 5 years of the study, 45 children met the inclusion criteria, whereas in the latter 5 years, 93 children were treated for abscesses. There were no differences between these cohorts in terms of age ( P = .70), gender ( P = .08), abscess site ( P = .23), or rate of surgical intervention ( P = .83). The total major complication rate was 9.4% (n = 13) with mediastinitis being the most frequent (n = 9) complication. The number of complications between the first (n = 3) and second (n = 10) groups was not significantly different ( P = .55). The factors that predisposed patients to develop complications were younger age at presentation and retropharyngeal abscess location. Children with complications were more likely to have Staphylococcus aureus identified as the causative organism ( P = .007). Only 1 of 4 children with methicillin-resistant S aureus had a complicated clinical course. Conclusions. Deep neck space abscesses continue to cause significant morbidity in children. Factors that predict complications include young age, retropharyngeal location, and S aureus. Providers must maintain a high index of suspicion to promptly diagnose and treat these complications.
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Shachor-Meyouhas Y, Bar-Joseph G, Guilburd JN, Lorber A, Hadash A, Kassis I. Brain abscess in children - epidemiology, predisposing factors and management in the modern medicine era. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99:1163-7. [PMID: 20222876 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Brain abscess is rare in children. Predisposing factors are found in almost 85% of cases. Overall, 25% of brain abscesses develop in children, mostly in the 4-7 years age group. Our study aimed to characterize children with brain abscesses treated in our hospital, identify risk factors, pathogens and short-term outcome. METHODS A retrospective cohort of 20 years period, (1989-2009) included 27 children (0-18 years). Medical records were analysed for age, gender, presenting symptoms and signs, predisposing factors, laboratory tests, imaging, microbiology results, treatment and outcome. RESULTS Of all the children, 63% (17/27) were male patients; mean age was 7.9 years and 52% were referred from other hospitals. Predisposing factors were identified in 81%, congenital heart disease and otitis were rare and sinusitis was found in 22% of the children. Main symptoms and signs included headaches, fever, neurological signs convulsions, (41%, 81%, 78% and 41% respectively). In 30% of cases, cultures were sterile. All patients were operated in addition to antibiotic treatment. Outcome was good with low mortality rate (3.7%). CONCLUSIONS Manifestations of brain abscess may be subtle. A high index of suspicion and early imaging are warranted, different predisposing factors may reflect early intervention for congenital heart diseases. Mortality is rare in the modern medicine era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shachor-Meyouhas
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus and the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Marom T, Cinamon U, Itskoviz D, Roth Y. Changing trends of peritonsillar abscess. Am J Otolaryngol 2010; 31:162-7. [PMID: 20015734 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This retrospective, cohort study aims to assess the changing characteristics of peritonsillar abscess (PTA). METHOD Data were obtained from PTA patient records admitted to a secondary hospital over a 10-year period. RESULTS A total of 427 patients, aged 31.6 +/- 15.2 years (range, 3-91), were treated for PTA, reflecting an incidence of 0.9/10 000/y. Forty-seven (11%) patients had more than one episode. There was no sex, seasonal, or side predominance. Thirteen (3%) patients developed complications. One hundred four (24.4%) patients were 40 years or older, had a longer hospital stay, and were prone to complications. One hundred two (23.8%) patients did not have an anteceding pharyngotonsillitis. Smoking was more common among patients with PTA as compared with the general population and was associated with more complications. A total of 283 (66.2%) patients developed PTA in spite of prior antibiotic therapy; 51.1% of smokers that received prior antibiotics had a higher incidence of Streptococcus viridans isolates. CONCLUSION Peritonsillar abscess may have changed its characteristics: affecting more older patients having a worse and longer course and PTA evolvement without anteceding tonsillitis or in spite of a prior adequate antibiotic therapy. Smoking may be a predisposing factor.
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Amat F. [Complications of bacterial rhino-sinusitis in children: a case report and a review of the literature]. Arch Pediatr 2010; 17:258-62. [PMID: 20133116 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute sinusitis in children is a controversial issue in terms of its diagnostic criteria, classification and therapeutic management. A therapeutic delay can lead to complications if the cause is bacterial. Guidelines have been set, but they are not consensual in pediatrics. Complications of acute bacterial sinusitis are uncommon in children, but they can be extremely severe and cause high morbidity and mortality. Because of their rarity, they often are not identified early, exposing the patient to an unfavorable outcome. We report on a case of acute bacterial pan-sinusitis complicated with thrombophlebitis of the cavernous sinuses and meningitis in a 9-year-old child, in spite of early and adapted antibiotic therapy. The bacterial agent was Staphylococcus aureus, which had no resistance or toxin profile. The progression was favorable under intravenous antibiotic therapy and after bilateral sphenoidectomy. This case raises the question of the best therapy for acute bacterial sinusitis in pediatrics and the management of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Amat
- Service des urgences pédiatriques, hôpital d'enfants Armand-Trousseau, 75012 Paris, France.
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