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Borciani G, Montalbano G, Baldini N, Cerqueni G, Vitale-Brovarone C, Ciapetti G. Co-culture systems of osteoblasts and osteoclasts: Simulating in vitro bone remodeling in regenerative approaches. Acta Biomater 2020; 108:22-45. [PMID: 32251782 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone is an extremely dynamic tissue, undergoing continuous remodeling for its whole lifetime, but its regeneration or augmentation due to bone loss or defects are not always easy to obtain. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising approach, and its success often relies on a "smart" scaffold, as a support to host and guide bone formation through bone cell precursors. Bone homeostasis is maintained by osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs) within the basic multicellular unit, in a consecutive cycle of resorption and formation. Therefore, a functional scaffold should allow the best possible OB/OC cooperation for bone remodeling, as happens within the bone extracellular matrix in the body. In the present work OB/OC co-culture models, with and without scaffolds, are reviewed. These experimental systems are intended for different targets, including bone remodeling simulation, drug testing and the assessment of biomaterials and 3D scaffolds for BTE. As a consequence, several parameters, such as cell type, cell ratio, culture medium and inducers, culture times and setpoints, assay methods, etc. vary greatly. This review identifies and systematically reports the in vitro methods explored up to now, which, as they allow cellular communication, more closely resemble bone remodeling and/or the regeneration process in the framework of BTE. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bone is a dynamic tissue under continuous remodeling, but spontaneous healing may fail in the case of excessive bone loss which often requires valid alternatives to conventional treatments to restore bone integrity, like bone tissue engineering (BTE). Pre-clinical evaluation of scaffolds for BTE requires in vitro testing where co-cultures combining innovative materials with osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs) closely mimic the in vivo repair process. This review considers the direct and indirect OB/OC co-cultures relevant to BTE, from the early mouse-cell models to the recent bone regenerative systems. The co-culture modeling of bone microenvironment provides reliable information on bone cell cross-talk. Starting from improved knowledge on bone remodeling, bone disease mechanisms may be understood and new BTE solutions are designed.
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Song Y, Wu H, Gao Y, Li J, Lin K, Liu B, Lei X, Cheng P, Zhang S, Wang Y, Sun J, Bi L, Pei G. Zinc Silicate/Nano-Hydroxyapatite/Collagen Scaffolds Promote Angiogenesis and Bone Regeneration via the p38 MAPK Pathway in Activated Monocytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:16058-16075. [PMID: 32182418 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that biomaterials are capable of regulating immune responses to induce a favorable osteogenic microenvironment and promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of zinc silicate/nanohydroxyapatite/collagen (ZS/HA/Col) scaffolds on bone regeneration and angiogenesis and explored the related mechanism. We demonstrate that 10ZS/HA/Col scaffolds significantly enhanced bone regeneration and angiogenesis in vivo compared with HA/Col scaffolds. ZS/HA/Col scaffolds increased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells, nestin-positive bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and CD31-positive neovessels, and expression of osteogenesis (Bmp-2 and Osterix) and angiogenesis-related (Vegf-α and Cd31) genes increased in nascent bone. ZS/HA/Col scaffolds with 10 wt % ZS activated the p38 signaling pathway in monocytes. The monocytes subsequently differentiated into TRAP+ cells and expressed higher levels of the cytokines SDF-1, TGF-β1, VEGF-α, and PDGF-BB, which recruited BMSCs and endothelial cells (ECs) to the defect areas. Blocking the p38 pathway in monocytes reduced TRAP+ differentiation and cytokine secretion and resulted in a decrease in BMSC and EC homing and angiogenesis. Overall, these findings demonstrate that 10ZS/HA/Col scaffolds modulate monocytes and, thereby, create a favorable osteogenic microenvironment that promotes BMSC migration and differentiation and vessel formation by activating the p38 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Junqin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Kaifeng Lin
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, 900th Hospital of PLA, Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Xing Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276002, P. R. China
| | - Pengzhen Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Yixiao Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Sun
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, P. R. China
| | - Long Bi
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Guoxian Pei
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
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3
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Zhao D, Liu Y, Ma C, Gu G, Han DF. A Mini Review: Stem Cell Therapy for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head and Pharmacological Aspects. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:1099-1104. [PMID: 31131747 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190527092948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a common disease that occurs frequently. Due to various etiologies, the blood supply directed to the femoral head is interrupted in patients with ONFH. This disease can result in degeneration and necrosis of the subchondral bone of the femoral head, which ultimately cause a collapse of the femoral head. Of note, ONFH can extremely affect the quality of living of patients with a high disability rate. Also, this disease often includes middle-aged and younger people. However, effective treatments of ONFH are still challenging in clinics. In recent years, stem cells have been profoundly studied and a relevant new technology has been developed rapidly and applied for regenerative medicine. A number of reports have demonstrated successful results of the treatment of ONFH by using stem cell transplantation. By the combination of minimally invasive hip decompression and injection of mesenchymal stem cells into the necrotic lesion, the retrospective analysis of patients treated revealed that significant pain relief was observed in 86% patients and they had no major complications after treatment. Thus, stem cell transplantation is anticipated to be applied as an innovative approach in the treatment of ONFH. This review will summarize results obtained from recent human and animal studies, which include the pathophysiological process of ONFH, current techniques and effects of using stem cells on the treatment of ONFH together with pharmacological aspects. Overall, the current evidence reveals the treatment of ONFH using stem cell technology as promising. Nonetheless, additional in-depth studies are necessary to better explore the application of this technology and seek more ideal approaches to minimize difficulties related to stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guishan Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong-Feng Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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4
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Zhou Y, Liu C, He J, Dong L, Zhu H, Zhang B, Feng X, Weng W, Cheng K, Yu M, Wang H. KLF2 + stemness maintains human mesenchymal stem cells in bone regeneration. Stem Cells 2019; 38:395-409. [PMID: 31721356 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are undifferentiated stem cells with the property of stemness and the potential to differentiate into multiple lineages, including osteoblasts, have attracted a great deal of attention in bone tissue engineering. Consistent with the heterogeneity of MSCs, various surface markers have been used. However, it is still unclear which markers of MSCs are best for cell amplification in vitro and later bone regeneration in vivo. Krüppel-like Factor 2 (KLF2) is an important indicator of the stemness of human MSCs (hMSCs) and as early vascularization is also critical for bone regeneration, we used KLF2 as a novel in vitro marker for MSCs and investigated the angiogenesis and osteogenesis between KLF2+ MSCs and endothelial cells (ECs). We found a synergistic interaction between hMSCs and human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) in that KLF2+ stemness-maintained hMSCs initially promoted the angiogenesis of HUVECs, which in turn more efficiently stimulated the osteogenesis of hMSCs. In fact, KLF2+ hMSCs secreted angiogenic factors initially, with some of the cells then differentiating into pericytes through the PDGF-BB/PDGFR-β signaling pathway, which improved blood vessel formation. The matured HUVECs in turn synergistically enhanced the osteogenesis of KLF2+ hMSCs through upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor. A three-dimensional coculture model using cell-laden gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel further confirmed these results. This study provides insight into the stemness-directed synergistic interaction between hMSCs and HUVECs, and our results will have a profound impact on further strategies involving the application of KLF2+ hMSC/HUVEC-laden GelMA hydrogel in vascular network bioengineering and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiang He
- The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingqing Dong
- The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyong Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Feng
- The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengfei Yu
- The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiming Wang
- The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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5
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Lin HT, Chen SK, Guo JW, Su IC, Huang CJ, Chien CC, Chang CJ. Dynamic expression of SMAD3 is critical in osteoblast differentiation of PDMCs. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:1085-1093. [PMID: 30483761 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells have the potential assist in the identification of genes involved in mammalian development. The human placenta is considered a repository of stem cells, termed placenta‑derived multipotent cells (PDMCs), which are able to differentiate into cells with an osteoblastic phenotype. This plasticity of PDMCs maybe applied clinically to the understanding of osteogenesis and osteoporosis. In the presentstudy, osteoblasts were generated by culturing PDMCs in osteogenic medium. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reactionand the degree of osteoblast calcification were used to evaluate the efficacy of osteogenesis. The results suggestedthat the expression of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (SMAD3) increased in the initial stages of osteogenic differentiation but decreased in the later stages. However, osteogenesis was inhibitedwhen the PDMCs overexpressed SMAD3 throughout the differentiation period. In addition, the rate of osteogenic differentiation was decreased when SMAD3 signaling was impaired. In conclusion, SMAD3 serves an important role in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation in a time‑dependent manner. The data from the present study indicate that arapid increase in SMAD3 expression is crucial for osteogenesis and suggest a role for PDMCs in the treatment of patients with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Ting Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shao-Kuan Chen
- Department of Urology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City 22174, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jiun-Wen Guo
- Ph.D. Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - I-Chang Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City 22174, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Jung Huang
- Ph.D. Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Cheng Chien
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Ju Chang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
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6
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Wang GS, Shen YS, Chou WY, Tang CH, Yeh HI, Wang LY, Yen JY, Huang TY, Liu SC, Yang CY, Lin TY, Chen C, Wang SW. Senescence Induces Dysfunctions in Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Osteoblasts by Interfering Translational Machinery and Bioenergetic Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071997. [PMID: 29987212 PMCID: PMC6073720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related bone diseases are partly caused by impaired bone integrity, which are closely related to osteoblasts’ activity and angiogenesis. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are the initiators of angiogenesis and found to have senescent-induced dysfunctions. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of senescence in EPCs on osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Human primary EPCs and a murine osteoblast cell line (MC3T3-E1) are utilized in this study. The senescence of EPCs are induced by serial passages. When co-cultured with senescent EPCs, the osteoblasts demonstrate weakened alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineral deposition. On the other hand, osteoblast-induced migration decreases in senescent EPCs. As for the intracellular alterations of senescent EPCs, the activation of Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway, MnSOD and catalase are diminished. In contrast, the level of reactive oxygen species are significantly higher in senescent EPCs. Furthermore, senescent EPCs has decreased level intracellular ATP level and coupling efficiency for oxidative phosphorylation while the non-mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis are elevated. The senescence of EPCs impairs the functions of both osteoblasts and EPCs, suggesting EPCs’ role in the pathophysiology of age-related bone diseases. Targeting the alterations found in this study could be potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Shou Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10491, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Shuen Shen
- Holistic Education Center, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Yi Chou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Medical Center, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-I Yeh
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10491, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Yu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
| | - Juei-Yu Yen
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
| | - Te-Yang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10491, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chia Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10491, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Yu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10491, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Yi Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10491, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Boraldi F, Burns JS, Bartolomeo A, Dominici M, Quaglino D. Mineralization by mesenchymal stromal cells is variously modulated depending on commercial platelet lysate preparations. Cytotherapy 2017; 20:335-342. [PMID: 29289444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Numerous cellular models have been developed to investigate calcification for regenerative medicine applications and for the identification of therapeutic targets in various complications associated with age-related diseases. However, results have often been contradictory due to specific culture conditions, cell type ontogeny and aging status. Human platelet lysate (hPL) has been recently investigated as valuable alternative to fetal bovine serum (FBS) in cell culture and bone regeneration. A parallel comparison of how all these multiple factors may converge to influence mineralization has yet to be reported. METHODS To compare mineralization of human mesenchymal cell types known to differ in extracellular matrix calcification potency, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and dermal fibroblasts from neonatal and adult donors, at both low and high passages, were investigated in an ex vivo experimental model by supplementing the osteogenic induction medium with FBS or with hPL. Four commercial hPL preparations were profiled by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight spectrometry, and mineralization was visualized by von Kossa staining and quantified by morphometric evaluations after 9, 14 and 21 days of culture. RESULTS Data demonstrate that (i) commercial hPL preparations differ according to mass spectra profiles, (ii) hPL variously influences mineral deposition depending on cell line and possibly on platelet product preparation methods, (iii) donor age modifies mineral deposition in the presence of the same hPL and (iv) reduced in vitro proliferative capacity affects osteogenic induction and response to hPL. CONCLUSION Despite the standardized procedures applied to obtain commercial hPL, this study highlights the divergent effects of different preparations and emphasizes the importance of cellular ontology, donor age and cell proliferative capacity to optimize the osteogenic induction capabilities of mesenchymal stromal cells and design more effective cell-based therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jorge S Burns
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapies, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Fondazione Democenter-Sipe, Tecnopolo Mirandola-TPM, Science and Technology Park for Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Angelica Bartolomeo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapies, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Fondazione Democenter-Sipe, Tecnopolo Mirandola-TPM, Science and Technology Park for Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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8
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Liao H, Zhong Z, Liu Z, Li L, Ling Z, Zou X. Bone mesenchymal stem cells co-expressing VEGF and BMP-6 genes to combat avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:954-962. [PMID: 29399103 PMCID: PMC5772743 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) treated with a combination of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) genes for the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH). Rat BMSCs were isolated and purified using a density gradient centrifugation method. The purity and characteristics of the BMSCs were detected by cell surface antigens identification using flow cytometry. The experimental groups were administered with one of the following adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector constructs: AAV-green fluorescent protein (AAV-GFP), AAV-BMP-6, AAV-VEGF or AAV-VEGF-BMP-6. The expression of VEGF and BMP-6 was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and ELISA assays. The effects of VEGF and BMP-6 on BMSCs were evaluated by angiogenic and osteogenic assays. The transfected BMSCs were combined with a biomimetic synthetic scaffold poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLAGA) and they were then subcutaneously implanted into nude mice. After four weeks, the implants were analyzed with histology and subsequent immunostaining to evaluate the effects of BMSCs on blood vessel and bone formation in vivo. In the AAV-VEGF-BMP-6 group, the expression levels of VEGF and BMP-6 were significantly increased and human umbilical vein endothelial cells tube formation was significantly enhanced compared with other groups. Capillaries and bone formation in the AAV-VEGF-BMP-6 group was significantly higher compared with the other groups. The results of the present study suggest that BMSCs expressing both VEGF and BMP-6 induce an increase in blood vessels and bone formation, which provides theoretical support for ANFH gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong 514000, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zhixiong Zhong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong 514000, P.R. China
| | - Zhanliang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong 514000, P.R. China
| | - Liangping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zemin Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xuenong Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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9
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Friedrich CC, Lin Y, Krannich A, Wu Y, Vacanti JP, Neville CM. Enhancing engineered vascular networks in vitro and in vivo: The effects of IGF1 on vascular development and durability. Cell Prolif 2017; 51. [PMID: 29110360 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Creation of functional, durable vasculature remains an important goal within the field of regenerative medicine. Engineered biological vasculature has the potential to restore or improve human tissue function. We hypothesized that the pleotropic effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) would enhance the engineering of capillary-like vasculature. MATERIALS AND METHODS The impact of IGF1 upon vasculogenesis was examined in in vitro cultures for a period of up to 40 days and as subcutaneous implants within immunodeficient mice. Co-cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in collagen-fibronectin hydrogels were supplemented with either recombinant IGF1 protein or genetically engineered cells to provide sustained IGF1. Morphometric analysis was performed on the vascular networks that formed in four concentrations of IGF1. RESULTS IGF1 supplementation significantly enhanced de novo vasculogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Effects were long-term as they lasted the duration of the study period, and included network density, vessel length, and diameter. Bifurcation density was not affected. However, the highest concentrations of IGF1 tested were either ineffective or even deleterious. Sustained IGF1 delivery was required in vivo as the inclusion of recombinant IGF1 protein had minimal impact. CONCLUSION IGF1 supplementation can be used to produce neovasculature with significantly enhanced network density and durability. Its use is a promising methodology for engineering de novo vasculature to support regeneration of functional tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Friedrich
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Alexander Krannich
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yinan Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Unit, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph P Vacanti
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig M Neville
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Joensuu K, Uusitalo-Kylmälä L, Hentunen TA, Heino TJ. Angiogenic potential of human mesenchymal stromal cell and circulating mononuclear cell cocultures is reflected in the expression profiles of proangiogenic factors leading to endothelial cell and pericyte differentiation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:775-783. [PMID: 28593699 DOI: 10.1002/term.2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitors found among the peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells (MNCs) are interesting cells for their angiogenic properties. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in turn can produce proangiogenic factors as well as differentiate into mural pericytes, making MSCs and MNCs an attractive coculture setup for regenerative medicine. In this study, human bone marrow-derived MSCs and PB-derived MNCs were cocultured in basal or osteoblastic medium without exogenously supplied growth factors to demonstrate endothelial cell, pericyte and osteoblastic differentiation. The expression levels of various proangiogenic factors, as well as endothelial cell, pericyte and osteoblast markers in cocultures were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Immunocytochemistry for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 and α-smooth muscle actin as well as staining for alkaline phosphatase were performed after 10 and 14 days. Messenger ribonucleic acid expression of endothelial cell markers was highly upregulated in both basal and osteoblastic conditions after 5 days of coculture, indicating an endothelial cell differentiation, which was supported by immunocytochemistry for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. Stromal derived factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor were highly expressed in MSC-MNC coculture in basal medium but not in osteoblastic medium. On the contrary, the expression levels of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and angiopoietin-1 were significantly higher in osteoblastic medium. Pericyte markers were highly expressed in both cocultures after 5 days. In conclusion, it was demonstrated endothelial cell and pericyte differentiation in MSC-MNC cocultures both in basal and osteoblastic medium indicating a potential for neovascularization for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katriina Joensuu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Liina Uusitalo-Kylmälä
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Teuvo A Hentunen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi J Heino
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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11
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Shui YM, Lv GY, Shan LT, Fan CL, Tian N, Zhang L, He TC, Gao JL. Epimedin C Promotes Vascularization during BMP2-Induced Osteogenesis and Tumor-Associated Angiogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:1093-1111. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epimedin C is one of the chemical markers and major flavonoids in Herba Epimedii (Yinyanghuo), which is traditionally used to treat bone diseases and gonadal dysfunction in China. Our previous study indicated that epimedin C could induce endothelial-like, but not osteogenic differentiation of C3H/10T1/2 cells in vitro. As vasculogenesis plays a pivotal role in bone formation, this study used the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) induced ectopic bone formation model and mice 4T1 breast cancer cells co-implanted with luciferase labeled C3H/10T1/2 cells (4T1 [Formula: see text] C3H/10T1/2-Luc) model to examine the in vivo effects of Epimedin C on vasculogenesis. As a result, Epimedin C significantly increased the bone weight and blood perfusion of mice in the BMP2 induced ectopic osteogenesis model, and the bone in Epimedin C [Formula: see text] BMP2 group was more mature than that in BMP2 group. In addition, the tumor weight, blood perfusion and tumor-associated angiogenesis were also significantly increased in the Epimedin C treated 4T1 tumor bearing mice. The mRNA levels of endothelial markers, such as the platelet endothelial adhesive factor-1(CD31), the endothelial cell specific molecule-1(ESM-1), and the vascular von Willebrand factor (vWF) in mouse 4T1 mammary tumor tissue, were commonly found to occur alongside the luciferase (labeled in C3H/10T1/2 cells) expression and significantly increased after Epimedin C treatment. Taken together, Epimedin C can effectively promote vascularization both in the BMP2-depended bone formation model and in the 4T1 mammary tumor-bearing model by inducing an endothelial-like differentiation of C3H/10T1/2 in BALB/c nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Shui
- Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Yuan Lv
- Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P. R. China
| | - Le-Tian Shan
- Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Lei Fan
- Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P. R. China
| | - Nan Tian
- Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jian-Li Gao
- Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P. R. China
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12
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Liu G, Li L, Huo D, Li Y, Wu Y, Zeng L, Cheng P, Xing M, Zeng W, Zhu C. A VEGF delivery system targeting MI improves angiogenesis and cardiac function based on the tropism of MSCs and layer-by-layer self-assembly. Biomaterials 2017; 127:117-131. [PMID: 28284103 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a serious ischemic condition affecting many individuals around the world. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered a promising factor for enhancing cardiac function by promoting angiogenesis. However, the lack of a suitable method of VEGF delivery to the MI area is a serious challenge. In this study, we screened a suitable delivery carrier with favorable biocompatibility that targeted the MI area using the strategy of an inherent structure derived from the body and that was based on characteristics of the MI. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are important infiltrating cells that are derived from blood and have an inherent tropism for the MI zone. We hypothesized that VEGF-encapsulated MSCs targeting MI tissue could improve cardiac function by angiogenesis based on the tropism of the MSCs to the MI area. We first developed VEGF-encapsulated MSCs using self-assembled gelatin and alginate polyelectrolytes to improve angiogenesis and cardiac function. In vitro, the results showed that VEGF-encapsulated MSCs had a sustained release of VEGF and tropism to SDF-1. In vivo, VEGF-encapsulated MSCs migrated to the MI area, enhanced cardiac function, perfused the infarcted area and promoted angiogenesis. These preclinical findings suggest that VEGF-loaded layer-by-layer self-assembled encapsulated MSCs may be a promising and minimally invasive therapy for treating MI. Furthermore, other drugs loaded to layer-by-layer self-assembled encapsulated MSCs may be promising therapies for treating other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Liu
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, burn and Combined injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, burn and Combined injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Da Huo
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, burn and Combined injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yanzhao Li
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, burn and Combined injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yangxiao Wu
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, burn and Combined injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lingqing Zeng
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, burn and Combined injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Panke Cheng
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, burn and Combined injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 75A Chancellors Circle, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 715 McDermot Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E3P4, Canada
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, burn and Combined injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chuhong Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, National & Regional Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering of Chongqing, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, burn and Combined injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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13
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Microengineered platforms for co-cultured mesenchymal stem cells towards vascularized bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 13:465-474. [PMID: 30603428 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-016-9080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone defects are common disease requiring thorough treatments since the bone is a complex vascularized tissue that is composed of multiple cell types embedded within an intricate extracellular matrix (ECM). For past decades, tissue engineering using cells, proteins, and scaffolds has been suggested as one of the promising approaches for effective bone regeneration. Recently, many researchers have been interested in designing effective platform for tissue regeneration by orchestrating factors involved in microenvironment around tissues. Among factors affecting bone formation, vascularization during bone development and after minor insults via endochondral and intramembranous ossification is especially critical for the long-term support for functional bone. In order to create vascularized bone constructs, the interactions between human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) have been investigated using both direct and indirect co-culture studies. Recently, various culture methods including micropatterning techniques, three dimensional scaffolds, and microfluidics have been developed to create micro-engineered platforms that mimic the nature of vascularized bone formation, leading to the creation of functional bone structures. This review focuses on MSCs co-cultured with endothelial cells and microengineered platforms to determine the underlying interplay between co-cultured MSCs and vascularized bone constructs, which is ultimately necessary for adequate regeneration of bone defects.
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14
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Correia CR, Pirraco RP, Cerqueira MT, Marques AP, Reis RL, Mano JF. Semipermeable Capsules Wrapping a Multifunctional and Self-regulated Co-culture Microenvironment for Osteogenic Differentiation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21883. [PMID: 26905619 PMCID: PMC4764811 DOI: 10.1038/srep21883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A new concept of semipermeable reservoirs containing co-cultures of cells and supporting microparticles is presented, inspired by the multi-phenotypic cellular environment of bone. Based on the deconstruction of the "stem cell niche", the developed capsules are designed to drive a self-regulated osteogenesis. PLLA microparticles functionalized with collagen I, and a co-culture of adipose stem (ASCs) and endothelial (ECs) cells are immobilized in spherical liquified capsules. The capsules are coated with multilayers of poly(L-lysine), alginate, and chitosan nano-assembled through layer-by-layer. Capsules encapsulating ASCs alone or in a co-culture with ECs are cultured in endothelial medium with or without osteogenic differentiation factors. Results show that osteogenesis is enhanced by the co-encapsulation, which occurs even in the absence of differentiation factors. These findings are supported by an increased ALP activity and matrix mineralization, osteopontin detection, and the up regulation of BMP-2, RUNX2 and BSP. The liquified co-capsules also act as a VEGF and BMP-2 cytokines release system. The proposed liquified capsules might be a valuable injectable self-regulated system for bone regeneration employing highly translational cell sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara R Correia
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rogério P Pirraco
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mariana T Cerqueira
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Alexandra P Marques
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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