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Stefanczyk MM, Lizak K, Kowal M, Sorokowska A. “May I present you: my disgust!” – Declared disgust sensitivity in the presence of attractive models. Br J Psychol 2022; 113:739-757. [DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Lizak
- Faculty of Medical Sciences Medical University of Silesia Zabrze Poland
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It's not you, it's me - disgust sensitivity towards body odor in deaf and blind individuals. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 82:3728-3736. [PMID: 32529574 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Disgust might be elicited by various sensory channels, including the sense of smell. It has been previously demonstrated that unpleasant odors emitted by an external source are more disgusting than those emitted by oneself (the source effect). As disgust's main purpose is to help organisms avoid potentially dangerous, contaminating objects, individuals with visual or hearing sensory impairment (thus, with an impeded ability to detect cues indicating pathogen threat) might have developed an increased levels of olfactory disgust sensitivity (modality compensation in disgust sensitivity). We set out to investigate disgust sensitivity in olfaction using the Body Odor Disgust Scale (BODS) on a large sample of 74 deaf and 98 blind participants, with comparison to control groups without sensory impairment (N = 199 in total). The results did not support the hypothesis of modality compensation in disgust sensitivity. Contrary to previous research, neither sex nor age influenced the outcomes. Evidence for the source effect was found. Acquired data are interpreted in the light of social desirability. The emphasis put on the olfaction by blind and deaf individuals is discussed.
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Olatunji BO, Taylor S, Zald D. Sex differences in the etiology of disgust sensitivity: A preliminary behavioral genetic analysis. J Anxiety Disord 2019; 65:41-46. [PMID: 31158648 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that Disgust Sensitivity (DS) is a personality trait that may confer risk for the development of some anxiety-related disorders. To examine the origins of this trait we administered the DS subscale of the Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale-Revised to 90 monozygotic and 90 dizygotic twin pairs, of which 55% were women. The DS subscale consists of two dimensions; Somatic Disgust and Ruminative Disgust. Biometrical modeling techniques were used to estimate heritability of the DS dimensions by sex. For women, each dimension was influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. More specifically, 40.1% of the variance in DS was observed to be due to additive genetic factors and the remaining variance due to non-shared environment. Correlations among DS dimensions for women could be explained by genetic and environmental factors influencing the two dimensions. For men, the two dimensions were influenced by environmental but not genetic factors. These findings suggest that the etiology of DS is complex and arises as a function of dimension-specific and non-specific etiologic factors that vary as a function of sex. The implication of these findings for the sex differences in the etiology of some anxiety-related disorders are discussed.
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Olatunji BO, Armstrong T, Elwood L. Is Disgust Proneness Associated With Anxiety and Related Disorders? A Qualitative Review and Meta-Analysis of Group Comparison and Correlational Studies. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691616688879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that disgust may be linked to the etiology of some anxiety-related disorders. The present investigation reviews this literature and employs separate meta-analyses of clinical group comparison and correlational studies to examine the association between disgust proneness and anxiety-related disorder symptoms. Meta-analysis of 43 group comparison studies revealed those high in anxiety disorder symptoms reported significantly more disgust proneness than those low in anxiety symptoms. Although this effect was not moderated by clinical versus analogue studies or type of disorder, larger group differences were observed for those high in anxiety symptoms associated with contagion concerns compared to those high in anxiety symptoms not associated with contagion concerns. Similarly, meta-analysis of correlational data across 83 samples revealed moderate associations between disgust proneness and anxiety-related disorder symptoms. Moderator analysis revealed that the association between disgust proneness and anxiety-related disorder symptoms was especially robust for anxiety symptoms associated with contagion concerns. After controlling for measures of negative affect, disgust proneness continued to be moderately correlated with anxiety-related disorder symptoms. However, negative affect was no longer significantly associated with symptoms of anxiety-related disorders when controlling for disgust proneness. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of a novel transdiagnostic model.
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van Overveld M, Borg C. Brief Emotion Regulation Training Facilitates Arousal Control During Sexual Stimuli. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2014; 52:996-1005. [PMID: 25258109 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2014.948111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Disgust, a negative emotion which evokes strong behavioral avoidance tendencies, has been associated with sexual dysfunction. Recently, it was postulated that healthy sexual functioning requires a balance between excitatory (increased sexual arousal) and inhibitory processes (lowered disgust levels). This suggests that amplification of excitatory processes (like sexual arousal) could be a valuable addition to treatments for affect-based sexual dysfunctions. The major aim of the present study was to establish whether up-regulation could effectively enhance arousal levels during sexual stimuli, and whether such a training would simultaneously reduce disgust. Students (N = 163, mean age = 20.73 years, SD = 2.35) were trained in up-regulation of affect using either a sexual arousal film (i.e., female-friendly erotic movie) or a threat arousal film clip (i.e., horror movie), while control groups viewed the films without training instructions. Following this, participants viewed and rated state emotions during a series of pictures (sexual, disgusting, or neutral). Up-regulation of mood successfully enhanced general arousal in both groups, yet these arousal levels were not paralleled by reductions in disgust. Overall, the findings indicate that emotion regulation training by maximizing positive affect and general arousal could be an effective instrument to facilitate affect-related disturbances in sexual dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charmaine Borg
- b Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology , University of Groningen
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Kimura A, Magariyama Y, Miyanoshita A, Imamura T, Shichiri K, Masuda T, Wada Y. Effect of risk information exposure on consumers' responses to foods with insect contamination. J Food Sci 2014; 79:S246-50. [PMID: 24446825 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the impact that scientific information about insect contamination of food has on consumer perceptions. Participants (n = 320, Japanese consumers) were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 information-type conditions: (1) information about insect type, (2) information about contamination processes, (3) information about the safety of contaminated food, (4, 5, 6) combinations of 2 of (1), (2), and (3) above, (7) all information, and (8) no-information, and asked to rate their valuation, behavioral intention, and attitude toward food with insect contamination. Results demonstrated that some combinations of scientific information that include the safety of the contaminated food are effective to reduce consumers' compulsive rejection of insect contamination in food, whereas the single presentation of information about insect type increases consumers' explicit rejection of both the contaminated product and the manufacturer. These findings have implications for the coordination of risk communication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kimura
- Dept. of Information Environment, Tokyo Denki Univ, Chiba, Japan
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Consedine NS, Yu TC, Windsor JA. Nursing, pharmacy, or medicine? Disgust sensitivity predicts career interest among trainee health professionals. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2013; 18:997-1008. [PMID: 23297059 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-012-9439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Given global demand on health workforces, understanding student enrollment motivations are critical. Prior studies have concentrated on variation in career and lifestyle values; the current work evaluated the importance of disgust sensitivity in the prediction of health career interests. We argue that emotional proclivities may be important and that disgust sensitivity may help explain differential student interest in nursing, pharmacy, or medical careers. 303 first year students attending a required course in human behavior provided consent before completing questionnaires assessing: (1) demographics, (2) career intentions/interests, (3) traditional determinants of career intention/interest, and (4) dispositional disgust sensitivity. As expected, disgust sensitivity varied across the three majors, with those targeting medical careers being less sensitive than those interested in either nursing or pharmacy. As importantly, even when controlling for demographics and traditional career determinants, analyses showed that greater disgust sensitivity was associated with reduced odds of intended enrolment in pharmacy versus medicine or nursing but did not predict the distinction between nursing and medicine. The impact of disgust sensitivity on career interest was substantial and equivalent to established predictors of career intention. Disgust sensitivity may represent an important factor impacting the specific choices students make within the health professions, particular when students are choosing between careers involving greater and lesser degrees of exposure to the normative elicitors of disgust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Consedine
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Level 12, Support Building, Room 12.003, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand,
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Skolnick AJ, Bascom KL, Wilson DT. Gender Role Expectations of Disgust: Men are Low and Women are High. SEX ROLES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-013-0279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Goetz AR, Lee HJ, Cougle JR. The association between health anxiety and disgust reactions in a contamination-based behavioral approach task. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2012; 26:431-46. [PMID: 22607189 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2012.684241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Existing evidence suggests that disgust is an important affective process related to health anxiety. The present study sought to determine the contribution of health anxiety symptoms in the prediction of disgust and behavioral avoidance in a large, nonclinical sample (N=156). Regression analyses showed that overall health anxiety symptoms predicted disgust on a behavioral approach task independent of gender, negative affect, and fear of contamination. Particularly, health anxiety-related reassurance seeking was found to be uniquely associated with disgust and behavioral avoidance after controlling for the aforementioned covariates. In addition, the interaction between health anxiety and contamination fear was tested, and remained significant when controlling for gender and negative affect. These results suggest that heightened contamination fear is associated with elevated disgust reactions such that high levels of health anxiety leads even those low in contamination fear to be disgusted during a behavioral task. These results are in line with previous research on the role of disgust in health anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Goetz
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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Hirai M, Vernon L. The role of disgust propensity in blood-injection-injury phobia: Comparisons between Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans. Cogn Emot 2011; 25:1500-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2010.547564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Viar MA, Etzel EN, Ciesielski BG, Olatunji BO. Disgust, anxiety, and vasovagal syncope sensations: a comparison of injection-fearful and nonfearful blood donors. J Anxiety Disord 2010; 24:941-5. [PMID: 20667690 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although research has implicated disgust in the fainting response observed in blood-injection-injury (BII) phobia, this finding has not been consistently observed in the literature. The present study further examines the relationship between disgust and fainting symptoms among injection-fearful (n=108) and nonfearful (n=338) blood donors. Volunteers from community blood drives provided pre-donation levels of anxiety and disgust towards giving blood and completed a standardized measure of vasovagal reactions (fainting) to blood donation after giving blood. As predicted, injection-fearful participants reported significantly more pre-donation anxiety and disgust compared to nonfearful participants. Injection-fearful donors also reported experiencing more fainting symptoms during blood donation and found the donation experience more unpleasant than did nonfearful participants. Although pre-donation disgust and anxiety levels each uniquely predicted fainting symptoms among nonfearful donors, only pre-donation anxiety uniquely predicted fainting symptoms among injection-fearful donors. Implications of these findings for conceptualizing the disgust-faint relationship in BII phobia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Viar
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 312 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
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Olatunji BO, Babson KA, Smith RC, Feldner MT, Connolly KM. Gender as a moderator of the relation between PTSD and disgust: a laboratory test employing individualized script-driven imagery. J Anxiety Disord 2009; 23:1091-7. [PMID: 19647980 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines anxiety and disgust responding during exposure to trauma cues as a function of gender and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Trauma exposed adults without PTSD were compared to adults with PTSD during a script-driven imagery procedure that exposed each participant to individualized traumatic event cues. Anxiety responding during exposure to an individualized traumatic event script was not associated with gender, PTSD, or interaction of gender and PTSD in the present study. However, gender did moderate the relation between disgust responding and PTSD, such that females with PTSD reported more disgust during the script in comparison to females without PTSD and males with and without PTSD. Heart rate during the individualized trauma script was significantly higher among males with PTSD compared to males without PTSD and females with PTSD. Implications of these findings for conceptualizing how gender differences in emotional and physiological responding contribute to development and course of PTSD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunmi O Olatunji
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
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McLean CP, Anderson ER. Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clin Psychol Rev 2009; 29:496-505. [PMID: 19541399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that women report greater fear and are more likely to develop anxiety disorders than men. Women's greater vulnerability for anxiety disorders can be partly understood by examining gender differences in the etiological factors known to contribute to anxiety. This review examines evidence for gender differences across a broad range of relevant factors, including biological influences, temperamental factors, stress and trauma, cognitive factors, and environmental factors. Gender differences are observed with increasing consistency as the scope of analysis broadens to molar levels of functioning. Socialization processes cultivate and promote processes related to anxiety, and moderate gender differences across levels of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen P McLean
- National Center for PTSD, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA.
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Characteristics of Blood-Injection-Injury Fears in People Receiving Intravenous Chemotherapy. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-009-9048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Connolly KM, Lohr JM, Olatunji BO, Hahn KS, Williams NL. Information processing in contamination fear: a covariation bias examination of fear and disgust. J Anxiety Disord 2009; 23:60-8. [PMID: 18472392 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study represents the first examination of covariation biases in contamination fear. Using an undergraduate sample we examined covariation bias for specific emotion outcomes (fear specific and disgust specific) associated with contamination stimuli in high contamination fear (HCF; n=32) and low contamination fear (LCF; n=30) individuals. Following random stimulus-outcome presentation participants provided estimations on the proportion of each presented stimulus-expression pairing. Analyses revealed a specific bias for the over-estimation of fear and disgust contingencies among the HCF group, but not the LCF group. The current study also revealed a specific covariation bias among HCF, not LCF, participants to over-estimate the contingency between contamination stimuli and fear outcomes, not disgust outcomes. Further, results indicate that HCF individuals significantly under-estimate the covariation among contamination stimuli and safety outcomes compared to LCF participants. These findings are discussed in terms of theoretical implications for information processing biases in anxiety disorders.
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Olatunji BO, Haidt J, McKay D, David B. Core, animal reminder, and contamination disgust: Three kinds of disgust with distinct personality, behavioral, physiological, and clinical correlates. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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van Overveld M, de Jong PJ, Peters ML, van Hout WJPJ, Bouman TK. An internet-based study on the relation between disgust sensitivity and emetophobia. J Anxiety Disord 2008; 22:524-31. [PMID: 17517487 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the etiology of disgust-relevant psychopathology, such as emetophobia (fear of vomiting), two factors may be important: disgust propensity, i.e., how quickly the individual experiences disgust, and disgust sensitivity, i.e., how negatively does the individual evaluate this disgust experience [van Overveld, W. J. M., de Jong, P. J., Peters, M. L., Cavanagh, K., & Davey, G. C. L. (2006). Disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity: separate constructs that are differentially related to specific fears. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 1241-1252]. Hence, the current study examines whether emetophobic participants display elevated levels of disgust propensity and sensitivity, and whether these factors are differentially related to emetophobia. A group of emetophobic members of a Dutch website on emetophobia (n=172), and a control group (n=39) completed an internet survey containing the Emetophobia Questionnaire, Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale-Revised, Disgust Scale, and Disgust Questionnaire. Results showed that the emetophobic group displayed significantly elevated levels of both disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity compared to the control group. Most importantly, disgust sensitivity consistently was the best predictor of emetophobic complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van Overveld
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Cisler JM, Olatunji BO, Sawchuk CN, Lohr JM. Specificity of emotional maintenance processes among contamination fears and blood-injection-injury fears. J Anxiety Disord 2008; 22:915-23. [PMID: 17961975 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Research evidence consistently demonstrates a relation between disgust and anxiety-related pathology. Despite ample evidence implicating a functional role of disgust in anxiety, limited research has focused on the process by which disgust influences anxiety. Recent evidence indicates that fear of responding with disgust predicts contamination fears, thus elucidating a process by which disgust contributes to contamination fears. In the current study, we tested whether fear of responding with disgust is specific to contamination fears or generalizes to blood-injection-injury (BII) fears. Undergraduate psychology students (N=259) completed measures of anxiety sensitivity (AS), trait anxiety, disgust, contamination fears, and BII fears. Data analysis revealed main effects of both AS and disgust in predicting both contamination and BII fears. The interaction between AS and disgust (i.e., being fearful of responding with disgust), however, predicted only contamination fears and not BII fears. The results suggest that fear of responding with disgust is a unique maintenance process specific to contamination fears. Theoretical and clinical implications for both contamination and BII fears are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh M Cisler
- Psychology Department, University of Arkansas, AR 72701, USA.
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Olatunji BO, Connolly KM, David B. Behavioral avoidance and self-reported fainting symptoms in blood/injury fearful individuals: an experimental test of disgust domain specificity. J Anxiety Disord 2008; 22:837-48. [PMID: 17920808 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the specificity of disgust in predicting avoidance in blood/injury (BI) phobia. Participants high (n=38) and low (n=46) in BI fear completed measures of disgust across multiple domains and severity of BI-related fear. They then completed three randomly presented behavioral avoidance tasks (BATs) that consisted of exposure to a 15'' severed deer leg (BI task), a live spider (spider task), and a 'contaminated' cookie (cookie task). Fainting symptoms associated with each BAT were recorded as well. When controlling for gender and BI fear group membership, mutilation disgust contributed unique variance to avoidance on the BI task and animal disgust contributed unique variance to avoidance on the spider task. None of the disgust domains contributed unique variance to avoidance on the cookie task. For the high BI fear group, self-reported fainting symptoms were more pronounced during the BI and spider BAT than during the cookie BAT. Although mutilation disgust was significantly associated with self-reported fainting symptoms on the BI task among the high BI fear group, this relationship became nonsignificant when controlling for BI-related fear severity. Implications of the domain specificity of disgust and its relevance for understanding fainting responses in BI phobia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunmi O Olatunji
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
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Connolly KM, Olatunji BO, Lohr JM. Evidence for disgust sensitivity mediating the sex differences found in blood-injection-injury phobia and spider phobia. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Connolly KM, Katherine O'Neill H, Flessner CA, Olatunji BO. Fear, disgust, and fainting in blood–injection–injury fears: a multi-method approach. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10615800601055956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Olatunji BO, Sawchuk CN, de Jong PJ, Lohr JM. Disgust Sensitivity and Anxiety Disorder Symptoms: Psychometric Properties of the Disgust Emotion Scale. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-006-9027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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