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Steiger RL, Henry PJ. The Relationship Between Gender and Sexual Orientation in Academia. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:2764-2793. [PMID: 37815853 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2263800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
To date, there has been no prior systematic analysis of where LGB research gets published and where LGB studies programs are housed within universities. LGB research could have a disciplinary home in any number of areas of study because of its relevance across many disciplines. Nevertheless, drawing upon the theory of sexuality-as-gendered, we predicted that LGB research and programs of study would be found predominantly within gender studies. We examine the extent to which sexual orientation research (Study 1) and U.S. university LGBTQ-related academic programming (Studies 2 and 3) has found their home in the gender studies discipline. Study 1 results showed gender studies have been the primary home of published sexual orientation research in top-ranked peer-reviewed journals over the past three decades. In Study 2, university LGBTQ academic programming was housed within gender studies departments more frequently than any other department-including standalone LGBTQ studies departments. In Study 3, Google searches for university "LGBT studies" frequently led to that university's gender studies department website as the top search result-including universities whose gender studies department offered zero LGBTQ-related courses. Combined, these results demonstrate far-reaching manifestations of the fact that gender and sexuality are inextricably intertwined constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P J Henry
- Psychology Department, New York University Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Rengiiyiler S, Teközel M. Social Categorization of Sexual Orientation via Verbal Cues: Evidence From a "Who Said What?" Study. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:498-511. [PMID: 36137265 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2022.2122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Even though an abundant amount of research has demonstrated the ability to identify others' sexual orientation via minimal nonverbal cues, few studies, if any, have investigated the role of verbal information sources on the social cognition of sexual orientation. Herein, we aimed to explore whether verbal cues (gendered names) are adequate for triggering social categorization processes. Additionally, whether participant gender, target gender, and attributions toward homosexual targets differentiate sexual orientation-based categorization was examined. Our data showed that (1) participants categorized targets based on sexual orientation via semantic information, (2) female participants' categorization tendencies were marginally stronger than the males', and (3) negative attributions toward homosexual targets did not influence the categorization levels. Accordingly, the results contribute to the existing literature indicating the automatic detection of sexual orientation and clarify that perceivers not only use numerous nonverbal sources to extract categorical information about sexual orientation but also verbal cues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mert Teközel
- Department of Psychology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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3
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Painter D, Fasoli F, Sulpizio S. The Impact of Stimuli Length and Analytic Method on Auditory 'Gaydar' Research. J Voice 2024; 38:246.e1-246.e14. [PMID: 34763997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This research investigates voice-based categorization of speakers' sexual orientation, the so-called 'auditory gaydar', while considering stimuli length and the type of measures assessing gaydar judgments. In Study 1 (N = 80), heterosexual individuals listened to gay and heterosexual male speakers in short (single word), medium (single sentence), or long (two sentences) recordings. Next, they guess the speakers' sexual orientation on a Kinsey-like and binary choice. Participants were overall inaccurate in recognizing gay speakers when gaydar judgments were provided on a binary choice. Gay speakers were rated as more gay on a Kinsey-like scale than their heterosexual counterparts, but only when short and medium recordings were listened to. Study 2 (N = 149) examined gaydar accuracy for both male and female speakers by using the same procedure. Gaydar judgments were overall inaccurate for gay and lesbian speakers. For male speakers, a difference between the perceived sexual orientation of gay and heterosexual speakers emerged when stimuli were long. For female speakers, such a difference occurred only in the short and medium recording conditions. Study 3 (N = 137) examined gaydar judgments for male and female speakers when stimuli length was manipulated as the number of words progressively presented in a sentence: short (article), medium (article + first word), long (sentence) stimulus. Overall, gaydar judgments were inaccurate. Gay and lesbian (vs. heterosexual) speakers tended to be rated as more gay on the Kinsey-like scale in the medium stimulus condition. These findings suggest that gaydar judgments can be influenced by the type of measure and stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Painter
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Fasoli
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
| | - Simone Sulpizio
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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4
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Semenyna SW, Rule NO, Vasey PL. Fertility Status Does Not Facilitate Women's Judgment of Male Sexual Orientation. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:3351-3360. [PMID: 35704144 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that women can correctly distinguish between gay and heterosexual men's faces significantly better than chance. This ability appears to be heightened during the most fertile portion of their ovulatory cycle. Here, we sought to replicate and extend these findings in a large sample of undergraduate women (N = 1960). Although women correctly identified men's sexual orientation significantly better than chance (62% average accuracy), a subsample of naturally cycling women (n = 426) did not judge men's sexual orientation from faces more accurately when in the fertile phase of their ovulatory cycle. These results further replicate the visibility of male sexual orientation, but do not show that this ability has strong links to estimated fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Semenyna
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, SA8394, Science and Academic Building, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Nicholas O Rule
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul L Vasey
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, SA8394, Science and Academic Building, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
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5
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Henry PJ, Steiger RL. Sexual Orientation as Gendered to the Everyday Perceiver. SEX ROLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-022-01313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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6
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Mattavelli S, Brambilla M, Kret ME. It Is Written in the Eyes: Inferences From Pupil Size and Gaze Orientation Shape Interpersonal Liking. SOCIAL COGNITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2022.40.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that pupil size shapes interpersonal impressions: Individuals with dilated pupils tend to be perceived more positively than those with constricted pupils. Untested so far is the role of cognitive processes in shaping the effects of pupil size. Two preregistered studies investigated whether the effect of pupil size was qualified by partner's attention allocation inferred from gaze orientation. In Experiment 1 (N = 50) partners with dilated pupils were more liked when gazing toward the participant, but less liked when gazing toward a disliked other. Experiment 2 (N = 50) unveiled the underlying mechanism of the pupil-gaze interplay. Pupillary changes led to inferences about the feelings held by the partner toward the gazed target: Larger pupils signaled positive feelings. Crucially, target identity moderated the response of the participants (i.e., liking toward the partner). This work shows the importance of considering the interplay of affective and cognitive eye-signals when studying person perception.
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Masi M, Mattavelli S, Fasoli F, Brambilla M. Cross-modal impression updating: Dynamic impression updating from face to voice and the other way around. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 61:808-825. [PMID: 34878186 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that faces and voices shape impression formation. Most studies have examined either the impact of faces and voices in isolation or the relative contribution of each source when presented simultaneously. However, only a few studies have questioned whether and how impressions formed via one source can be updated due to incremental information gathered from the alternative source. Yet, cross-modal impression updating is key to shed light on person perception. Thus, we tested whether positive and negative face- and voice-based impressions could be updated by inconsistent cross-modal information. In Experiment 1 (N = 130), we tested whether face-based impressions could be updated by (in)consistent voices. In Experiment 2 (N = 262), we compared face-to-voice and voice-to-face impression updating. In Experiment 3 (N = 242), we favoured a more direct comparison of the two types of stimuli (i.e., the co-occurrence of both cue types when the new information is revealed). Results showed that voices have the greatest updating impact and that the updating effect of faces was halved when voices co-occurred for a second time. We discussed these results as evidence of the dynamical evolution of cross-modal impressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Masi
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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8
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All that meets the eye: The contribution of reward processing and pupil mimicry on pupillary reactions to facial trustworthiness. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02486-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Bjornsdottir RT, Cheso D, Rule NO. Beyond categories: Perceiving sexual attraction from faces. Br J Psychol 2021; 113:226-247. [PMID: 34296765 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although people can categorize others' sexual orientation (e.g., gay/lesbian vs. straight) from their facial appearance, not everyone defines their sexual orientation categorically. Indeed, many individuals within the same sexual orientation category experience different degrees of own- and other-gender attraction. Moving beyond sexual orientation categories, we found that perceivers' judgments of individuals' sexual attraction correlated with those individuals' self-reported degrees of attraction to women and men. Similar to past work on sexual orientation categories, facial affect cued sexual attraction in men whereas gender typicality cued sexual attraction in women. Moreover, asking participants to categorize the targets as 'not straight' versus 'straight' revealed a linear pattern distinct from the discrete category thresholds typical of other social groups (e.g., race). Facial appearance thus reveals nuances in sexual attraction that support sexual orientation categorizations. These findings refine understanding of social categorization more broadly.
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Lloyd EP, Hugenberg K. Beyond bias: response bias and interpersonal (in)sensitivity as a contributors to race disparities. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1820699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Paige Lloyd
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver 80210, USA
| | - Kurt Hugenberg
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA
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11
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Fasoli F, Hegarty P, Frost DM. Stigmatization of 'gay-sounding' voices: The role of heterosexual, lesbian, and gay individuals' essentialist beliefs. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 60:826-850. [PMID: 33469995 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Voice-based sexual orientation (SO) judgements can prompt group-based discrimination. However, the relationships between stigmatization and essentialist beliefs about vocal cues to SO have not been researched. Two studies examined heterosexuals' and gay men's and lesbian women's essentialist beliefs about voice as a cue of SO to uncover essentialist beliefs' role in the perpetration and experience of stigma. In Study 1 (N = 363), heterosexual participants believed voice was a better cue to SO for men than for women, and participants' belief in the discreteness, immutability, and controllability of 'gay-sounding' voices was correlated with higher avoidant discrimination towards gay-sounding men. In Study 2 (N = 147), endorsement of essentialist beliefs about voice as a SO cue was associated with self-perceptions of sounding gay amongst gay men and lesbians. Sexual minority participants, especially gay men, who believed that they sounded gay reported more anticipation of rejection and engaged in vigilance in response. Essentialist beliefs about vocal cues to SO are relevant to explaining both the perpetration of stigma by heterosexuals and the experience of stigma for lesbians and gay men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fasoli
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Peter Hegarty
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - David M Frost
- Social Research Institute, University College London, UK
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12
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Rule NO, Johnson KL, Freeman JB. Evidence for the Absence of Stimulus Quality Differences in Tests of the Accuracy of Sexual Orientation Judgments: A Reply to Cox, Devine, Bischmann, and Hyde (2016). JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2017; 54:813-819. [PMID: 27485535 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1205547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An article recently published in this journal (Cox, Devine, Bischmann, & Hyde, 2016) questioned the validity of existing research on the accurate judgment of sexual orientation from photographs of faces. Specifically, those authors reported a confound in their stimuli whereby the photos of sexual minorities (gay men and lesbians) were of higher quality than the photos of heterosexuals. Based on this finding, they concluded that the accuracy in judging sexual orientation from faces demonstrated in the broader literature is an artifact of stimulus quality differences. Here, we addressed this claim by systematically testing the numerous photo sets that we have used in 61 studies documenting accurate judgments of sexual orientation from facial cues published since 2007. Contrary to their claim, the overwhelming majority of studies (93%) showed no significant differences in photo quality according to sexual orientation. Of those that did show differences, most revealed that heterosexual targets' photos were actually of higher quality than sexual minority targets' photos - opposite of what Cox et al. found. In addition, we highlight additional research using stimuli equated for quality differences overlooked in the recent article by Cox et al., lending further support to the conclusion that sexual orientation is legible from multiple sensory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerri L Johnson
- b Departments of Psychology and Communication Studies , University of California-Los Angeles
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13
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Tskhay KO, Rule NO. Internalized Homophobia Influences Perceptions of Men's Sexual Orientation from Photos of Their Faces. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:755-761. [PMID: 26525570 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although researchers have explored the perceiver characteristics that make people accurate at identifying others' sexual orientations, characteristics of the targets remain largely unexplored. In the current study, we examined how individual differences in internalized homophobia among gay men can affect perceptions of their sexual orientation by asking 49 individuals to judge the sexual orientations of 78 gay men from photos of their faces. We found that gay men reporting higher levels of internalized homophobia were less likely to have come out of the closet and were, in turn, less likely to be perceived as gay. Thus, internalized homophobia and the concealment of one's sexual minority status can impact perceptions of sexual orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin O Tskhay
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | - Nicholas O Rule
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
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14
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Rule NO. Perceptions of Sexual Orientation From Minimal Cues. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:129-139. [PMID: 27527876 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
People derive considerable amounts of information about each other from minimal nonverbal cues. Apart from characteristics typically regarded as obvious when encountering another person (e.g., age, race, and sex), perceivers can identify many other qualities about a person that are typically rather subtle. One such feature is sexual orientation. Here, I review the literature documenting the accurate perception of sexual orientation from nonverbal cues related to one's adornment, acoustics, actions, and appearance. In addition to chronicling studies that have demonstrated how people express and extract sexual orientation in each of these domains, I discuss some of the basic cognitive and perceptual processes that support these judgments, including how cues to sexual orientation manifest in behavioral (e.g., clothing choices) and structural (e.g., facial morphology) signals. Finally, I attend to boundary conditions in the accurate perception of sexual orientation, such as the states, traits, and group memberships that moderate individuals' ability to reliably decipher others' sexual orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Rule
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada.
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15
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Abstract
Though many of people’s impressions about each other stem from qualities that are obvious or apparent, social perceptions also rely on a variety of subtle cues that guide judgment and behavior. For example, emerging work has increasingly elucidated the conditions and means by which individuals’ accuracy in judging others’ sexual orientation is better than chance. We discuss these here, focusing on four domains from which people draw cues to accurately perceive sexual orientation: how people adorn themselves (adornment), how they move (actions), how they sound (acoustics), and how they look (appearance). Moreover, we describe how certain factors, such as one’s own sexual orientation, can constrain or facilitate this accuracy and describe the various negative social and occupational consequences that may result from cues that someone is gay or straight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravin Alaei
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
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16
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Brewer G, Lyons M. Is Gaydar Affected by Attitudes Toward Homosexuality? Confidence, Labeling Bias, and Accuracy. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2016; 64:1241-1252. [PMID: 27691840 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2016.1244443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has largely ignored the relationship between sexual orientation judgement accuracy, confidence, and attitudes toward homosexuality. In an online study, participants (N = 269) judged the sexual orientation of homosexual and heterosexual targets presented via a series of facial photographs. Participants also indicated their confidence in each judgment and completed the Modern Homonegativity Scale (Morrison & Morrison, 2002). We found that (1) homosexual men and heterosexual women were more accurate when judging photographs of women as opposed to photographs of men, and (2) in heterosexual men, negative attitudes toward homosexual men predicted confidence and bias when rating men's photographs. Findings indicate that homosexual men and heterosexual women are similar in terms of accuracy in judging women's sexuality. Further, especially in men, homophobia is associated with cognitive biases in labeling other men but does not have a relationship with increased accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle Brewer
- a School of Psychology , University of Central Lancashire , Preston , UK
| | - Minna Lyons
- b School of Psychology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
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Goh JX, Hall JA, Rosenthal R. Mini Meta-Analysis of Your Own Studies: Some Arguments on Why and a Primer on How. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Tskhay KO, Krendl AC, Rule NO. Age-Related Physical Changes Interfere With Judgments of Male Sexual Orientation From Faces. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 42:1217-26. [PMID: 27340151 DOI: 10.1177/0146167216653585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although studies have shown that sexual orientation can be judged from faces, this research has not considered how age-related differences in perceivers or targets affect such judgments. In the current work, we evaluated whether accuracy differed among young adults (YA) and older adults (OA) for young and old men's faces by recruiting a sample of YA and OA in the lab, a community sample of sexual minority men, and a sample of online participants. We found that OA and YA judged sexual orientation with similar accuracy. Perceptions of gender atypicality mediated the difference in judging older and younger targets' sexual orientation. Although participants used positive affect to correctly discern sexual orientation regardless of target age, perceptions of masculinity were valid only for judgments of YA.
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