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Mota MSSD, Ulguim HB, Jansen K, Cardoso TDA, Souza LDDM. Are big five personality traits associated to suicidal behaviour in adolescents? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 347:115-123. [PMID: 37956831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicidal behaviour is one of the main causes of death worldwide, especially among teenagers, and its development is potentially associated with the development of personality. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to describe the association between the Big Five Personality Traits and suicidal behaviour in adolescents. METHODS Seven databases were systematically searched between June 2022 and July 2022 with no language or year restrictions. We searched for a combination of the following search items (suicid* OR suicidal behaviour OR suicidal ideation OR suicide attempts OR self injury OR self-destructive behaviour OR self-harm OR suicidal risk) AND (personality OR personality traits OR temperament OR neuroticism OR extraversion OR agreeableness OR openness to experience OR conscientiousness) AND (adolescents OR youth OR teenagers OR young adults). Meta-analysis procedures were performed using the R software. A random-effect-model was performed for the models through the incorporation of τ2, based on the DerSimonion Lard method. RESULTS Seven studies met all inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Our meta-analysis showed that higher neuroticism are both associated and a risk factor for suicidal behaviour. Higher levels of openness to experience and agreeableness, and lower levels of extraversion and conscientiousness, were linked to suicidal behaviour, especially self-harm. LIMITATIONS Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, we were only able to perform meta-analysis regarding neuroticism. CONCLUSION The present study may help professionals to identify adolescents in higher risk for suicidal behaviour, enabling the development of early interventions to prevent suicidality in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Silva Silveira da Mota
- Program of Graduate Studies in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Chronobiology and Sleep Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helena Bohm Ulguim
- Program of Graduate Studies in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen Jansen
- Program of Graduate Studies in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Taiane de Azevedo Cardoso
- Program of Graduate Studies in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
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Buelens T, Luyckx K, Bogaerts A, Raymaekers K, Claes L. Longitudinal development of non-suicidal self-injury disorder in adolescence: Prospective prediction of stability and change by identity development, depression, trauma, and resilience. J Affect Disord 2023; 342:210-217. [PMID: 37690540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the introduction of non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSI-D) in DSM-5, the field obtained a standardised set of criteria to study those engaging in more severe and chronic NSSI. To date, no previous research has studied the development of NSSI-D longitudinally, leaving questions on its stability and potential prospective predictors unanswered. METHODS 2162 community adolescents (M = 15.00 years, SD = 1.88, 53.9 % girls at T1) completed a set of self-report questionnaires for three consecutive years and were classified into three severity-based NSSI subgroups (no-NSSI, subthreshold-NSSI, NSSI-D). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to prospectively predict subgroup membership by age, gender, identity development, depressive symptoms, traumatic experiences, and resilience. RESULTS At baseline, the sample was distributed over the no-NSSI group (88 %), the subthreshold-NSSI (6 %) and NSSI-D (6 %) groups. These groups respectively showed high (93.5 %), low (25 %) and moderate (47.5 %) stability over one-year intervals. Longitudinally, higher levels of identity confusion and trauma significantly increased the likelihood of transitioning to subthreshold-NSSI. Moreover, boys had a higher likelihood of transitioning from NSSI-D to no-NSSI over the course of one year. CONCLUSIONS This three-year study provides the first indication of the longitudinal course of NSSI-D with the current set of DSM-5 criteria. Clinically, the results suggest the particular potential of identity confusion and trauma as prevention targets in community adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinne Buelens
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Koen Luyckx
- School Psychology and Development in Context, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; UNIBS, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Annabel Bogaerts
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Koen Raymaekers
- School Psychology and Development in Context, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurence Claes
- Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Gyori D, Farkas BF, Komaromy D, Horvath LO, Kollarovics N, Garas P, Balazs J. The Association between Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Perfectionism in Adolescence: The Role of Mental Disorders. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:2299-2327. [PMID: 37998053 PMCID: PMC10670610 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous evidence has drawn attention to the fact that maladaptive perfectionism is a risk factor for engagement in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Until now, few studies have examined this topic, especially among community adolescents. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between perfectionism dimensions and NSSI functions to examine the potential mediating effect of mental disorders. Altogether, 146 Hungarian community adolescents (ages 13-18 years) were involved. All participants completed the Hungarian adaptation of the Inventory of Statements about Self-Injury (ISAS), the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid. To analyse the interrelationships among NSSI, perfectionism, and mental disorders, we conducted regression and network analysis. Of the 146 adolescents, 90 (61.64%, girls: 71.11%) engaged in NSSI. The Concern over Mistakes and Doubts about Action scales of the FMPS significantly and positively predicted both NSSI intrapersonal and interpersonal motivation, with comparable effect sizes, and this association was fully mediated by anxiety disorders. There was a significant direct negative relationship between the FMPS Organisation dimension and both main NSSI functions. This study draws attention to an increasing trend and the extremely high NSSI prevalence rate among community adolescents. Adolescents with perfectionistic concerns are at heightened risk for anxiety disorders, which can increase their vulnerability to NSSI engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Gyori
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (L.O.H.)
| | - Bernadett Frida Farkas
- Mental Health Sciences Doctoral School, Semmelweis University Doctoral School, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (B.F.F.); (N.K.); (P.G.)
| | - Daniel Komaromy
- Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (L.O.H.)
- Department of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lili Olga Horvath
- Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (L.O.H.)
- Pedagogical Services, 1141 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nora Kollarovics
- Mental Health Sciences Doctoral School, Semmelweis University Doctoral School, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (B.F.F.); (N.K.); (P.G.)
| | - Peter Garas
- Mental Health Sciences Doctoral School, Semmelweis University Doctoral School, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (B.F.F.); (N.K.); (P.G.)
| | - Judit Balazs
- Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (L.O.H.)
- Department of Psychology, Oslo New University College, 0456 Oslo, Norway
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Farkas BF, Takacs ZK, Kollárovics N, Balázs J. The prevalence of self-injury in adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023:10.1007/s00787-023-02264-y. [PMID: 37486387 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
In the past 10 years, there has been a growing interest in self-injurious behavior (SIB) among adolescents. The lifetime prevalence of SIB is between 16 and 22% in community sample with females more likely to engage in SIB. There are conflicting results about the global distribution of the prevalence of SIB and whether the SIB has increased in the 21st century. Our aim in the current study was to conduct a systematic search of and meta-analysis on the prevalence of SIB in adolescents over the past 5 years' worth of published papers and to examine gender, continental, and year differences. We conducted a systematic search in June 2020 of six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, OVID Medline, PsycINFO, EBSCO) with three main search terms: "self-injurious behavior," "prevalence," and "adolescence." Article inclusion criteria were (a) written in English; (b) published between January 1, 2015, and June 18, 2020; and (c) focused on a community sample. Titles and abstracts of the articles were screened first. Then, the relevant full texts were read, and those that met the inclusion criteria were collected. We used Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software was used to conduct the analyses. After the screening process 97, articles were included in the meta-analysis. The age of the samples ranged from 11.00 to 18.53 years. The overall average prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in the studies was 16%. There was a significant gender difference: females reported a higher prevalence than males (19.4% and 12.9%, respectively). A significantly higher prevalence was found among Asian articles than those from other continents (19.5% and 14.7%, respectively). The prevalence of SIB did not change significantly between 2013 and 2018. The current research draws attention to the high prevalence of SIB among adolescents, especially among females and those living in Asia. It is important to address this behavior, both in terms of prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zsofia K Takacs
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Institute of Education, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- School of Health in Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nóra Kollárovics
- Mental Health Sciences Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Balázs
- Department of Developmental and Clinical Child Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Oslo New University College, Oslo, Norway
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Tonta KE, Boyes M, Howell J, McEvoy P, Johnson A, Hasking P. Modeling pathways to non‐suicidal self‐injury: The roles of perfectionism, negative affect, rumination, and attention control. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:1463-1477. [PMID: 35050517 PMCID: PMC9302694 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective Using the Emotional Cascade Model as a theoretical framework, this study tested whether the relationship between perfectionism and non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) operates through rumination and negative affect. Additionally, we tested whether the associations between perfectionism and both rumination and negative affect are moderated by attention control. Methods Using a correlational cross‐sectional design, adults aged 18–25 with (N = 197) and without (N = 271) a history of NSSI completed measures of perfectionism, rumination, negative affect, attention control, and NSSI. Results Perfectionism was directly associated with increased odds of NSSI, and indirectly associated with odds of NSSI through rumination and negative affect. The relationship between perfectionism and rumination was moderated by attention focusing, such that the relationship was stronger for individuals who were higher in attention focusing. Conclusion Integrating perfectionism and attention with existing models of NSSI may improve understanding of the factors contributing to NSSI and offers insights into future clinical directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E. Tonta
- School of Population Health Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
| | - Mark Boyes
- School of Population Health Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
- Curtin Enable Institute Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
| | - Joel Howell
- School of Population Health Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
| | - Peter McEvoy
- School of Population Health Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
- Curtin Enable Institute Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
- Centre for Clinical Interventions Northbridge Western Australia Australia
| | - Andrew Johnson
- School of Population Health Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
| | - Penelope Hasking
- School of Population Health Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
- Curtin Enable Institute Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
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Gu H, Hu C, Wang L. Maladaptive perfectionism and adolescent NSSI: A moderated mediation model of psychological distress and mindfulness. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:1137-1150. [PMID: 34993958 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maladaptive perfectionism has been shown to be associated with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents. Based on the functional model of self-injury, we predicted that this association is due to the mediating effect of psychological distress. We also tested the assumption that being mindful-that is, being able to accept rather than escape the psychological distress-would be a protective factor in this process. METHODS Eight hundred and forty-one Chinese adolescents completed online questionnaires concerning maladaptive perfectionism, psychological distress, mindfulness, and NSSI. RESULTS Regression-based analyses showed that maladaptive perfectionism predicted adolescents' NSSI through the indirect effect of psychological distress. Mindfulness weakened the indirect effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that self-injury serves a function in emotion regulation and the communication of distress. The results also have implications for practice: Maladaptive perfectionism should be assessed as a risk factor for NSSI, and teaching mindfulness may be an effective intervention for adolescents who engage in this high-risk behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Gu
- Department of Psychology, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang Hu
- School of Public Finance and Taxation, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhao Wang
- Department of Student Affairs, Guangzhou Civil Aviation College, Guangzhou, China
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Measurement Invariance of Perfectionism Measures in Students with and without a History of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910171. [PMID: 34639472 PMCID: PMC8508290 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Perfectionism is a transdiagnostic process which may be implicated in the onset and maintenance of non-suicidal self-injury. No study has evaluated whether reported differences in perfectionism between individuals with and without a history of self-injury represent genuine group differences or measurement artefacts. The present study reports an investigation of the measurement invariance of two common scales of perfectionism, the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-Brief (FMPS-Brief) and the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ), among university students (Mage = 20.48, SDage = 2.22, 75.3% female, 22.8% male) with and without a history of self-injury (total n = 711). Results revealed full residual error invariance for the two-factor model of FMPS-Brief, while the bifactor model of the FMPS-Brief and the two-factor model of the CPQ demonstrated partial metric invariance. Accounting for partial metric invariance, the bifactor model of the FMPS-Brief also demonstrated partial residual error invariance. The current findings suggest that observed differences using the FMPS-Brief reflect genuine differences in perfectionism between individuals with and without a history of self-injury. Further, while researchers using the bi-factor model can have confidence that the general factor can adequately assess group differences, differential item functioning should be considered if using the strivings and concerns factors. Finally, in the current data, the CPQ did not perform as expected in baseline model fit and future research should replicate assessments of measurement invariance in this measure.
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Gyori D, Balazs J. Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Perfectionism: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:691147. [PMID: 34305684 PMCID: PMC8293614 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.691147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and perfectionism mean a huge concern related to mental health and psychopathology. Recently, there has been a growing interest in research on the exploration of the association of perfectionism and NSSI, but till today there is no systematic review has been prepared in this topic. Aims: Therefore, we performed a systematic literature review of published studies that investigated the association between NSSI and perfectionism. Methods: The systematic search was made on PubMed, OVID Medline, PsychInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search terms were ("nonsuicidal self-injury" OR "nonsuicidal self-injury" OR NSSI OR "self-injury" OR "self-injurious behavior" OR SIB OR "self-harm" OR "deliberate self-harm" OR DSH) AND (perfectionism). The inclusion criteria were as follows: written in English; reported empirical data; used validated self-report measures; investigated the association of nonsuicidal self-injury and perfectionism. There were no restrictions on participants regarding age, gender, race or ethnicity. Exclusion criteria: not written in English; was a review/meta-analysis; measured suicide behavior; measured self-injury irrespective of motivation or suicidal intent; was not about the association between nonsuicidal self-injury and perfectionism. Results: After the screening process, 15 studies were included in our systematic review. The majority of studies (12) were published in the last 10 years. Nine (60%) recruited participants from community samples, four (26.7%) from clinical populations, and two (13.3%) both from community and clinical participants. Fourteen (93.3%) of the studies were cross-sectional studies, and one study contained a longitudinal investigation. The majority of studies included only or mainly female participants (62.3-87.2%) and two studies contained a balanced male-female ratio population. Fourteen (93.3%) studies from the 15 studies found a significant positive association between NSSI and perfectionism. Limitations: The heterogeneity of used instruments makes it difficult to compare the results of involved studies. Only two studies investigated populations with balanced gender ratios. Only two studies examined both clinical and community populations. Clinical investigations enrolled mainly eating-disordered (ED) patients. Conclusions: The results of the current systematic review highlight the role of perfectionism in NSSI engagement. This systematic review may help the development of effective prevention initiatives and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Gyori
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Balazs
- Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Psychology, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway
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Steele SJ, Furbish K, Björgvinsson T, Swenson LP. An exploratory mixed methods approach to implicit and explicit identification with non-suicidal self-injury. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2020; 69:101594. [PMID: 32819539 PMCID: PMC7442855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Identification with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is uniquely related to NSSI behavior and predicts future NSSI. This exploratory, mixed methods study used implicit and explicit approaches to further understanding of NSSI identity. METHODS Participants included 15 treatment-seeking adults (60% female, 87% Caucasian) with lifetime NSSI. Participant age ranged from 19 to 38 years (M = 25.33, SD = 6.10). Implicit tasks were completed at two time points in a test-retest design, followed by a qualitative interview. RESULTS Qualitative data suggest that explicit NSSI identity is relevant to some individuals with NSSI history. Mixed methods analyses indicate that individuals who explicitly identify with NSSI have stronger implicit NSSI identities than those who do not, and report more methods of NSSI on average. LIMITATIONS Results are novel, although exploratory in nature due to the sample size, and may not be generalizable to non-clinical samples or individuals currently engaging in NSSI. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with stronger explicit identity evidence higher implicit identity scores, suggesting a potential higher risk profile for future NSSI. This study offers further support for the value of including both implicit and explicit assessment of NSSI identity in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jarvi Steele
- Suffolk University, Department of Psychology, 73 Tremont Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA; McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Kayla Furbish
- Boston University, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Thröstur Björgvinsson
- McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Lance P. Swenson
- Suffolk University, Department of Psychology, 73 Tremont Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA1
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Taylor PJ, McDonald J, Smith M, Nicholson H, Forrester R. Distinguishing people with current, past, and no history of non-suicidal self-injury: Shame, social comparison, and self-concept integration. J Affect Disord 2019; 246:182-188. [PMID: 30583143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) can have a major impact on the lives of individuals and those around them. The way in which a person feels about and perceives themselves (i.e. self-concept) appears central to understanding NSSI. The current study investigates three variables linked to self-concept: shame, social comparison, and self-concept integration. We examine how well these variables differentiate people who report past NSSI, people who report current NSSI, and people who have never engaged in NSSI. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHOD Individuals reporting NSSI in the past year (n = 51), individuals with a history of NSSI but none in the past year (n = 44), and individuals with no history of NSSI (n = 110) were compared on measures of shame, social comparison, and self-concept integration. RESULTS Shame was elevated in people with a history of NSSI but did not distinguish between past and current NSSI when other variables were controlled for. Self-concept integration was poorer in people reporting current NSSI than people reporting past NSSI, even when controlling for other variables. CONCLUSIONS The results support the role of shame as a general marker for NSSI risk, but suggest self-concept integration may fluctuate more dynamically in relation to the recency of NSSI. The study is limited by a non-matched student control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Taylor
- Division of Psychology & Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, England M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - James McDonald
- Division of Psychology & Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, England M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Smith
- Division of Psychology & Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, England M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Nicholson
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England L69 3GB, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Forrester
- Springpark Mental Health Resource Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, Scotland G22 5EU, United Kingdom
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Identity Structure and Processes in Adolescence: Examining the Directionality of Between- and Within-Person Associations. J Youth Adolesc 2018; 48:891-907. [PMID: 30251014 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Developing a stable and coherent identity structure (i.e., a synthesized sense of self that can support self-directed decision making) represents a lifelong task. A person's identity structure is continually revised through ongoing processes of identity exploration and commitment. However, longitudinal studies linking identity structure to identity processes are largely lacking. The present three-wave longitudinal study among 530 Flemish high school students [50.6% female; Mage = 15; SD = 1.85; age range = 11-19 years] examined the directionality of both between- and within-person associations linking identity synthesis and confusion to identity exploration and commitment processes. Between-person cross-lagged models indicated that adolescents who scored high on identity synthesis relative to their peers also scored high on proactive exploration and commitment processes, and low on ruminative exploration one year later, again relative to their peers. Adolescents who scored high on identity confusion relative to their peers also scored high on ruminative exploration one year later, again relative to their peers. With respect to effects of identity processes on identity structure, adolescents who scored high on identification with commitment relative to their peers also scored low on identity confusion one year later. Within-person cross-lagged models indicated that, when adolescents scored high on identity synthesis relative to their own average score, they reported increased proactive exploration processes one year later. In general, reaching a degree of identity synthesis appears to represent a prerequisite for proactive identity exploration at both the between- and within-person levels.
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12
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Verschueren M, Claes L, Bogaerts A, Palmeroni N, Gandhi A, Moons P, Luyckx K. Eating Disorder Symptomatology and Identity Formation in Adolescence: A Cross-Lagged Longitudinal Approach. Front Psychol 2018; 9:816. [PMID: 29915548 PMCID: PMC5994691 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Eating disorder symptomatology, comprising both psychological and behavioral aspects of subclinical eating concerns, constitutes a clear precursor of developing eating disorders. It is crucial to investigate its antecedents and correlates to subsequently inform eating disorder prevention programs. The present study focused on identity formation, a core developmental task in adolescence, that has increasingly been linked to eating disorder development. Our main aim was to examine the temporal sequence between eating disorder symptomatology and identity formation. Methods: Data on eating disorder symptomatology and identity formation were collected in 530 high school students (at Time 1: mean age = 15 years; SD = 1.84; range: 12-18 years; 50.6% females) using self-report questionnaires at three annual measurement points. Cross-lagged structural equation modeling was performed to examine the directionality of effects. Results: Results indicated bidirectional effects between eating disorder symptomatology and identity formation. Identity confusion seemed to increase vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and bulimia symptoms, whereas identity synthesis seemed to protect against their development. Additionally, identity synthesis seemed to protect against the development of drive for thinness as well. At the same time, body dissatisfaction and bulimia symptoms positively predicted identity confusion and negatively predicted identity synthesis over time. Conclusion: The present study adds to the growing body of literature on identity and eating disorders by focusing on their temporal interplay in a community sample of adolescents. As bidirectional effects emerged, a greater emphasis on identity formation in eating disorder prevention programs is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annabel Bogaerts
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nina Palmeroni
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amarendra Gandhi
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Moons
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Koen Luyckx
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Gandhi A, Luyckx K, Baetens I, Kiekens G, Sleuwaegen E, Berens A, Maitra S, Claes L. Age of onset of non-suicidal self-injury in Dutch-speaking adolescents and emerging adults: An event history analysis of pooled data. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 80:170-178. [PMID: 29121554 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) has emerged as an important mental-health concern. However, epidemiological features like age of onset of NSSI have remained understudied. Therefore, the current study investigated the distribution of age of onset of NSSI in pooled sample of Dutch-speaking adolescents and emerging adults using event history analysis. METHOD Eleven datasets measuring age at first NSSI in community and clinical participants collected by researchers in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium were pooled together. The final dataset consisted of 1973 community males, 1901 community females, and 505 clinical females. Discrete-time event history analysis was used to model the effect of gender and psychiatric disorders on the age of onset of NSSI. RESULTS Twenty-one percent of adolescents from the community samples engaged in at least one episode of NSSI by the age of 25years. Irrespective of the type of sample (community or psychiatric disorder), the probability of age of onset peaked around the age of 14-15years. A second peak was observed around the age of 20 and 24years in the community and psychiatric samples respectively. CONCLUSIONS Psychosocial interventions for prevention of NSSI should not only target adolescence through school mental health programs but also target emerging adults at the university level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra Gandhi
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Koen Luyckx
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Imke Baetens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Clinical and Life Span Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium
| | - Glenn Kiekens
- Research Group Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Sleuwaegen
- University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann Berens
- University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, Belgium
| | - Shubhada Maitra
- Centre for Health and Mental Health, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India
| | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Gandhi A, Luyckx K, Maitra S, Kiekens G, Claes L. Reactive and regulative temperament and non-suicidal self-injury in Flemish adolescents: The intervening role of identity formation. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sociotropy, autonomy, and non-suicidal self-injury: The mediating role of identity confusion. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Non-suicidal self-injury in high school students: Associations with identity processes and statuses. J Adolesc 2015; 41:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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