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Leclerc P, Gamache D, Cailhol L. Time to put aside the false dichotomy between personality disorders and psychotic symptoms. J Clin Psychol 2024; 80:1003-1014. [PMID: 38311863 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Unlike internalizing and externalizing symptoms, psychotic symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, delusions) are manifestations of personality disorders (PDs) that are more controversial and poorly understood. This leaves clinicians with very little guidance for clinical practice, especially for diagnosis. What is more, most reviews have focused strictly on the links between psychotic symptoms and the categorically defined borderline PD, which contrasts with the growing movement that emphasizes a dimensional perspective (especially in psychology). Thus, the objectives of this critical review will be to (a) expose typical cases where PDs and psychotic symptoms might cooccur; (b) assess the state of scientific knowledge surrounding PD and psychotic symptoms; and (c) provide clinicians and researchers with recommendations to keep the field moving forward. We conclude that researchers and clinicians should move past the false "PD or psychosis" dichotomy since they often cooccur, avoid (as far as possible) making psychotic symptoms an exclusion criterion in PD research to enhance ecological validity, and consider dimensional PD diagnosis as a potential unifying solution to the dilemma posed by this cooccurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Leclerc
- Faculté d'éducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dominick Gamache
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Lionel Cailhol
- Département de psychiatrie, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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2
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Ristić I, Knežević G, Ristić DI, Miljević Č, Jerotić S, Marić NP. Do people diagnosed with psychosis spectrum disorders share the same personality space as the general population? Big Five complemented by the proneness to psychotic-like experiences/behaviors. J Pers 2023; 91:1381-1394. [PMID: 36660808 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disintegration is a recently proposed broad, trait-like reconceptualization of the proneness to psychotic-like experiences/behaviors. METHODS We tested the assumption that the 6-factor model (Five-Factor traits plus Disintegration) was the most adequate one and that it was invariant across clinical and non-clinical populations. The clinical sample (n = 161) consisted of patients who had at least one psychotic episode, duration of illness less than 10 years, currently in remission. The general population (n = 409) was matched with the patient sample by age, gender, and education. NEO PI-R and DELTA were used to measure personality dimensions in both samples. Invariance of one to six-factor solutions was tested by Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. RESULTS We found that: (a) several criteria for deciding on the number of factors to retain converged to the conclusion that the assumed 6-factor model was the most adequate one, (b) the assumed factorial structure appeared to satisfy the criteria for the scalar invariance across the two samples, (c) all nine Disintegration subdimensions separated from the Big Five, forming the Disintegration factor, and (d) Disintegration was unrelated to Openness. CONCLUSION The Big Five personality structure-complemented with disintegration-was invariant across individuals from the general population and patients with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ristić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Knežević
- Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Ignjatović Ristić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Čedo Miljević
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefan Jerotić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Psychiatry, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nađa P Marić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia
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Purić D, Jokić B. The Serbian validation of the Rational-Experiential Inventory-40 and the Rational-Experiential Multimodal Inventory. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294705. [PMID: 38015870 PMCID: PMC10684000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely used Rational-Experiential Inventory-40 (REI-40) assesses Rational and Experiential thinking styles. Recently, the authors have distinguished three aspects of the Experiential style: Intuition, Emotionality and Imagination and developed the Rational-Experiential Multimodal Inventory (REIm). In this study, we examined the internal consistency, structural/factorial, discriminant and known-groups validity of both REI-40 and REIm, in two samples of Serbian students. Participants in Study 1 (N = 819, mean age M = 19.81, 31% males) completed REI-40 and HEXACO Personality Inventory (HEXACO-PI-R), while participants in Study 2 (N = 304, mean age M = 19.47, 29% males) completed REIm, HEXACO-PI-R and Disintegration inventory DELTA. The internal consistency of both REI version subscales was acceptable to good. The results of CFA analyses indicated an acceptable fit for REI-40, while the structural validity of REIm was poor. Both REI-40 subscales (Rationality and Experientiality), as well as REIm Intuition demonstrated only a small content overlap with basic personality traits, while REIm Experientiality, Emotionality and Imagination correlated highly with Openness and Emotionality. We also observed some gender differences in the expected direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka Purić
- Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Jokić
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Cultural Development Research, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
- FEFA, Metropolitan University, Belgrade, Serbia
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4
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Tucaković L, Nedeljković B. Personality and Affective Correlates of Openness to Experience from Big Five and HEXACO Personality Models: The Dual Nature of Big Five Openness. J Pers Assess 2022:1-11. [PMID: 36121901 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2022.2117047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Openness to Experience is considered to be one of the broadest personality traits. Different operationalizations of Openness to Experience within and between personality models incorporate various features of this trait. Differences in Openness facets across inventories may lead to differences in relation to certain outcomes. Hence, the current study looked to explore the personality and affective correlates of Openness domains and facets from the Big Five and HEXACO model. The sample consisted of 540 participants who completed measures assessing Openness to Experience domains and facets from Big Five and HEXACO, schizotypy, Disintegration, need for cognition, subjective well-being, and mania. Results revealed that schizotypy and Disintegration had mostly non-significant correlations with Openness domains from both models. However, multiple facets of Openness had significant both positive and negative correlations with these constructs. In contrast to HEXACO, Openness from the Big Five model could be presented with two distinct subdomains. The Pure Openness subdomain is related to higher mania, while Pure Intellect is associated with lower schizotypy, higher well-being, and higher need for cognition. Our results suggest that measuring Openness at lower structural levels provides us with more nuanced patterns of relationships among constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Tucaković
- Department of Psychology and Laboratory for the Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Boban Nedeljković
- Department of Psychology and Laboratory for the Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Welfare Economics Department, Institute of Economic Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
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Knežević G, Lazarević LB, Bosnjak M, Keller J. Proneness to psychotic-like experiences as a basic personality trait complementing the HEXACO model-A preregistered cross-national study. Personal Ment Health 2022; 16:244-262. [PMID: 35107864 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the study is to investigate the relationship between the HEXACO personality model and Disintegration-representing a broad spectrum of psychotic-like experiences and behavioral tendencies (Perceptual Distortions, General Executive/Cognitive Impairment, Enhanced Awareness, Paranoia, Mania, Flattened Affect, Apathy/Depression, Somatoform Dysregulation, and Magical Thinking) that are reconceptualized as a personality trait. In this preregistered study, we predicted that the Disintegration factor would separate from HEXACO. The replicability of the factorial structures of HEXACO and Disintegration subcomponents is investigated across the three national samples (UK, Germany, and Serbia), matched on key socio-demographic variables. Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) is used to study the invariance of the hypothesized seven-factor structure (six HEXACO plus Disintegration). Support for the metric invariance of the seven-factor structure based on HEXACO and Disintegration subcomponents/facets across the three nations was found. The Disintegration factor lied outside the HEXACO personality space with each of its nine subcomponents. The Disintegration factor appeared to be among the most coherent and replicable of the seven across the samples and units of measurement (facets and items). A broad spectrum of psychotic-like experiences/behavioral tendencies relevant in understanding and explaining many aspects of everyday and long-term (mal)adaptations is not captured by the HEXACO model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Knežević
- Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Michael Bosnjak
- ZPID - Leibniz Institute for Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Department of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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The meaning of momentary psychotic-like experiences in a non-clinical sample: A personality perspective. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267054. [PMID: 35443007 PMCID: PMC9020697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships between Momentary Psychotic-Like Experiences (MPLEs) and HEXACO—complemented by the proneness to PLEs conceptualized as a basic personality trait (Disintegration), and a maladaptive trait (PID-5 Psychoticism)—were investigated in a prospective study that includes experience-sampling methodology (ESM). The main goal was to investigate whether MPLEs are better predicted by HEXACO or measures of the dispositional proneness to PLEs. A sample of 180 participants assessed MPLEs and affective states they experienced in the previous two hours, twice per day, with semi-randomly set assessment time-points, during seven days, by using ESM. Personality inventories were administered 1–2 months earlier. MPLEs were better predicted by the measures of dispositional tendencies toward PLEs than by the HEXACO, no matter whether it was broadly defined as the nine-faceted general tendency toward PLEs (Disintegration), or narrowly as three-faceted positive psychotic-like symptoms of maladaptive personality tendencies (PID-5—Psychoticism).
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Sherif DM. How Students' Big Five personality traits manifest in perceived social loafing behavior. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 92:1034-1067. [PMID: 35170020 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social loafing (SL) has a detrimental impact on cooperative learning. SL dysfunctionalities are causing more faculty to avoid assigning group projects as part of their course work. AIMS This qualitative case study examines how students' personalities are expressed in social loafers' behavior during university-level group assignments at a Texas university. The case study added further depth and breadth to current literature on SL in cooperative learning by exploring the perpetrator's personality expressions. SAMPLE(S) Ten faculty members were interviewed, 32 students were surveyed, and 10 loafers were identified and self-assessed. METHODS A qualitative case study was used to provide in-depth investigation of Big Five personality in SL behavior. RESULTS The faculty interviews and students' surveys revealed that Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness were not expressed in SL behavior for university-level group assignments assessed by four IPIP facets. Openness to Experience (values, ideas, actions, and fantasy) was not expressed. Faculty and students indicated that loafers were not curious, barely prepared, with very short attention spans after which they get lost. Social loafers showed no originality, no active imagination, and no deep thinking. Conscientiousness (achievement striving, dutifulness, competence, and order) was not expressed. For Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism, some facets were expressed, and others were withheld. CONCLUSION The results of this study provide faculty with a multifaceted understanding of students' personality traits to better guide their group interaction and cooperative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia M Sherif
- University of Houston-Downtown & Lone Star College, TX, USA
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Knežević G, Savić D, Vermetten E, Vidaković I. From war-related trauma exposure to PTSD and depression: A personality perspective. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Boljanić T, Miljković N, Lazarevic LB, Knezevic G, Milašinović G. Relationship between electrocardiogram-based features and personality traits: Machine learning approach. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2021; 27:e12919. [PMID: 34837662 PMCID: PMC8739611 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Based on the known relationship between the human emotion and standard surface electrocardiogram (ECG), we explored the relationship between features extracted from standard ECG recorded during relaxation and seven personality traits (Honesty/humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness, and Disintegration) by using the machine learning (ML) approach which learns from the ECG‐based features and predicts the appropriate personality trait by adopting an automated software algorithm. Methods A total of 71 healthy university students participated in the study. For quantification of 62 ECG‐based parameters (heart rate variability, as well as temporal and amplitude‐based parameters) for each ECG record, we used computation procedures together with publicly available data and code. Among 62 parameters, 34 were segregated into separate features according to their diagnostic relevance in clinical practice. To examine the feature influence on personality trait classification and to perform classification, we used random forest ML algorithm. Results Classification accuracy when clinically relevant ECG features were employed was high for Disintegration (81.3%) and Honesty/humility (75.0%) and moderate to high for Openness (73.3%) and Conscientiousness (70%), while it was low for Agreeableness (56.3%), eXtraversion (47.1%), and Emotionality (43.8%). When all calculated features were used, the classification accuracies were the same or lower, except for the eXtraversion (52.9%). Correlation analysis for selected features is presented. Conclusions Results indicate that clinically relevant features might be applicable for personality traits prediction, although no remarkable differences were found among selected groups of parameters. Physiological associations of established relationships should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Boljanić
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Tecnalia Serbia Ltd., Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadica Miljković
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana B Lazarevic
- Institute of Psychology and Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Knezevic
- Department of Psychology and Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Lukić P, Živanović M. Shedding light on the Light Triad: Further evidence on structural, construct, and predictive validity of the Light Triad. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lazarević LB, Knežević G, Bosnjak M. Does the disposition towards psychotic-like experiences incrementally predict grandiose narcissism? Representative evidence from Germany. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Barthelmäs M, Keller J. Adult emotional crying: Relations to personality traits and subjective well-being. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Knežević G, Lazarević LB, Purić D, Bosnjak M, Teovanović P, Petrović B, Opačić G. Does Eysenck's personality model capture psychosis-proneness? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Knežević G, Lazarević LB, Montag C, Davis K. Relations Between Lexical and Biological Perspectives on Personality: New Evidence Based on HEXACO and Affective Neuroscience Theory. J Pers Assess 2019; 102:325-336. [DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2018.1553782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Goran Knežević
- Department of Psychology and Laboratory for the Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana B. Lazarević
- Department of Psychology and Laboratory for the Research of Individual Differences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christian Montag
- Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany, and Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation/Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ken Davis
- Pegasus International, Greensboro, North Carolina
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Abstract
Abstract. Earlier research suggested that militant extremists could have certain aspects of psychopathic and psychotic characteristics. Relying on these studies, we investigated whether the Militant Extremist Mind-Set (MEM) could be explained by psychopathy, sadism, and Disintegration (psychosis proneness), as subclinical manifestations of amoral, antisocial, and psychotic-like traits. In Study 1 (306 undergraduate students), it was shown that sadistic and psychopathic tendencies were related to Proviolence (advocating violence as a means for achieving a goal); psychopathic and disintegrative tendencies were associated to the Vile World (belief in a world as a corrupted and vile place), while Disintegration was the best predictor of Divine Power (relying on supernatural forces as a rationale for extremist acts). In Study 2 (147 male convicts), these relations were largely replicated and broadened by including implicit emotional associations to violence in the study design. Thus, while Proviolence was found to be related to a weakened negative emotional reaction to violent pictures, Vile World was found to be associated with stronger negative emotions as a response to violence. Furthermore, Proviolence was the only MEM factor clearly differentiating the sample of convicts from male students who participated in Study 1. Results help extend current understanding about personal characteristics related to militant extremism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Međedović
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia
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Janošević M, Petrović B. Effects of personality traits and social status on academic achievement: Gender differences. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Boban Petrović
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological ResearchBelgrade Serbia
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