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Farkas BF, Takacs ZK, Kollárovics N, Balázs J. The prevalence of self-injury in adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023:10.1007/s00787-023-02264-y. [PMID: 37486387 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
In the past 10 years, there has been a growing interest in self-injurious behavior (SIB) among adolescents. The lifetime prevalence of SIB is between 16 and 22% in community sample with females more likely to engage in SIB. There are conflicting results about the global distribution of the prevalence of SIB and whether the SIB has increased in the 21st century. Our aim in the current study was to conduct a systematic search of and meta-analysis on the prevalence of SIB in adolescents over the past 5 years' worth of published papers and to examine gender, continental, and year differences. We conducted a systematic search in June 2020 of six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, OVID Medline, PsycINFO, EBSCO) with three main search terms: "self-injurious behavior," "prevalence," and "adolescence." Article inclusion criteria were (a) written in English; (b) published between January 1, 2015, and June 18, 2020; and (c) focused on a community sample. Titles and abstracts of the articles were screened first. Then, the relevant full texts were read, and those that met the inclusion criteria were collected. We used Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software was used to conduct the analyses. After the screening process 97, articles were included in the meta-analysis. The age of the samples ranged from 11.00 to 18.53 years. The overall average prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in the studies was 16%. There was a significant gender difference: females reported a higher prevalence than males (19.4% and 12.9%, respectively). A significantly higher prevalence was found among Asian articles than those from other continents (19.5% and 14.7%, respectively). The prevalence of SIB did not change significantly between 2013 and 2018. The current research draws attention to the high prevalence of SIB among adolescents, especially among females and those living in Asia. It is important to address this behavior, both in terms of prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zsofia K Takacs
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Institute of Education, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- School of Health in Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nóra Kollárovics
- Mental Health Sciences Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Balázs
- Department of Developmental and Clinical Child Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Oslo New University College, Oslo, Norway
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James R, Daukantaité D, Nilsson M. A validation of the Swedish self-concept and Identity Measure (SCIM) and its association with mental health problems. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18151. [PMID: 37519721 PMCID: PMC10372226 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological disturbance to one's identity is closely linked with mental illness and in particular personality disorders. Current measures of identity pathology within clinical research are nevertheless inconsistently used and present with substantial limitations such as disproportionate focus on adolescence. The Self-Concept and Identity Measure (SCIM) identifies pathological and non-pathological identity disturbance by implementing a measurement for clinical components of identity, as well as introducing the Lack of Identity concept. This study thus explores the psychometric properties (factor structure, internal consistency, and criterion validity) of the Swedish SCIM in a large sample of Swedish university students (N = 1500). Model fit indices for the three-dimension model of identity pathology consisting of consolidated-, disturbed-, and lack of identity subscales were deemed acceptable and the Swedish SCIM scores correlated with measures of psychopathology in the expected direction, together concluding that the Swedish SCIM was satisfactorily valid and reliable. The results further reveal a significant positive correlation between identity pathology and non-suicidal self-injury, two concepts that co-occur in psychopathologies, such as borderline personality disorder, but have not yet been studied in a Western population with this tool. The potential clinical use of this translated dimensional tool needs to be tested in a Swedish clinical population, however, we conclude that it already offers insight into the complexities of identity functioning and correlations with clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie James
- Faculty of Medicine at Lund University, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Lund University, Sweden
- Clinical Psychiatric Research Centre, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
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Gedevani E, Kopeyko G, Borisova O, Smirnova B, Popovich U, Kaleda V. Suicidal risk in depressions with religious content. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:49-55. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212206249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gandhi A, Luyckx K, Molenberghs G, Baetens I, Goossens L, Maitra S, Claes L. Maternal and peer attachment, identity formation, and non-suicidal self-injury: a longitudinal mediation study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2019; 13:7. [PMID: 30675177 PMCID: PMC6339302 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-019-0267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as the repetitive, direct, and deliberate destruction of one's body tissue without an intention to die. Existing cross-sectional research indicates that the association between maternal/peer attachment and NSSI is mediated by identity synthesis and confusion. However, longitudinal confirmation of the aforementioned mediation models is necessary as cross-sectional models are known to be biased. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether identity formation mediates the association between attachment and NSSI in a longitudinal design. METHODS Three waves of self-report questionnaires data (1 year apart) were collected on maternal and peer attachment, identity, and NSSI from students of a high school in Belgium (at Time 1: Mean age = 15.0 years, SD = 1.85, range = 11-19 years, 50.6% female). Both cross-lagged (between-person) and parallel process latent growth curve (within-person) mediation analyses were used to test the mediation models. RESULTS Findings of the cross-lagged analyses indicated unidirectional associations among the study variables, that is, from attachment to identity to NSSI. Parallel process latent growth mediation analyses showed that the association between the slope of maternal attachment and the slope of NSSI was mediated by the slopes of identity synthesis and confusion. Peer attachment models did not fit the data. CONCLUSION The current work demonstrated that dysfunctional maternal and peer attachment may lead to disturbances in identity formation, which, in turn, may lead to increased NSSI. Additionally, within-person analysis indicated that the growth rate of maternal attachment predicted the growth rate of NSSI through the growth rate of identity synthesis and confusion. The clinical relevance of these findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra Gandhi
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fFaculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Luyckx
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fFaculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ,0000 0001 2284 638Xgrid.412219.dUNIBS, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Geert Molenberghs
- 0000 0001 0604 5662grid.12155.32Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Imke Baetens
- 0000 0001 2290 8069grid.8767.eDepartment of Clinical and Life Span Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lien Goossens
- 0000 0001 2069 7798grid.5342.0Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shubhada Maitra
- 0000 0004 1937 0757grid.419871.2Center for Health and Mental Health, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Laurence Claes
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fFaculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ,0000 0001 0790 3681grid.5284.bFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Association between Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, Parents and Peers Related Loneliness, and Attitude Towards Aloneness in Flemish Adolescents: An Empirical Note. Psychol Belg 2018; 58:3-12. [PMID: 30479803 PMCID: PMC6194522 DOI: 10.5334/pb.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Loneliness and attitude towards aloneness have been shown to be associated to depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric disorders in adolescents and they may also increase the vulnerability to Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI). Therefore, the present study investigated the association between lifetime prevalence and functions of NSSI, parent- and peer-related loneliness, and attitude towards aloneness (positive and negative). Data regarding NSSI, loneliness, and attitude towards aloneness were collected from a sample of 401 high school students from three different high schools located in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. Lifetime prevalence of NSSI was found to be 16.5%. Females reported a higher lifetime prevalence of NSSI than males. Higher mean scores for parent-, peer-related loneliness, and positive attitude (i.e., affinity) towards aloneness was observed in adolescents with lifetime NSSI as compared to adolescents without a history of NSSI. Finally, a positive correlation between self-related (i.e., automatic) functions of NSSI and parent- and peer-related loneliness and a positive attitude towards aloneness was also observed.
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Gandhi A, Luyckx K, Baetens I, Kiekens G, Sleuwaegen E, Berens A, Maitra S, Claes L. Age of onset of non-suicidal self-injury in Dutch-speaking adolescents and emerging adults: An event history analysis of pooled data. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 80:170-178. [PMID: 29121554 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) has emerged as an important mental-health concern. However, epidemiological features like age of onset of NSSI have remained understudied. Therefore, the current study investigated the distribution of age of onset of NSSI in pooled sample of Dutch-speaking adolescents and emerging adults using event history analysis. METHOD Eleven datasets measuring age at first NSSI in community and clinical participants collected by researchers in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium were pooled together. The final dataset consisted of 1973 community males, 1901 community females, and 505 clinical females. Discrete-time event history analysis was used to model the effect of gender and psychiatric disorders on the age of onset of NSSI. RESULTS Twenty-one percent of adolescents from the community samples engaged in at least one episode of NSSI by the age of 25years. Irrespective of the type of sample (community or psychiatric disorder), the probability of age of onset peaked around the age of 14-15years. A second peak was observed around the age of 20 and 24years in the community and psychiatric samples respectively. CONCLUSIONS Psychosocial interventions for prevention of NSSI should not only target adolescence through school mental health programs but also target emerging adults at the university level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra Gandhi
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Koen Luyckx
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Imke Baetens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Clinical and Life Span Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium
| | - Glenn Kiekens
- Research Group Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Sleuwaegen
- University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann Berens
- University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, Belgium
| | - Shubhada Maitra
- Centre for Health and Mental Health, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India
| | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Ja NM, Jose PE. "I can't Take Hold of Some Kind of a Life": The Role of Social Connectedness and Confidence in Engaging "Lost" Adolescents with Their Lives. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:2028-2046. [PMID: 28337584 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Erik Erikson's theoretical writings on identity have provided a rich foundation upon which decades of research on identity development have been built. However, literature is lacking regarding adolescents who are aware that they lack knowledge about the self (i.e., values, likes, and dislikes) to the extent that they are stuck and directionless, and therefore unable to engage in the process of identity formation, what we refer to as a state of "lostness." Furthermore, while it has been established that supportive relationships facilitate identity development, less is known about whether various domains of social connectedness may diminish "lostness" over time, and if so, what may be the specific processes or conditions within each connectedness domain that supports this aspect of identity development. To address this gap in the literature, this study drew upon self-report data collected from New Zealand adolescents who provided data for two out of three annual time points of measurement (N = 1996; 52% female; 52% European New Zealanders, 30% Māori, and 18% Pacific Islanders and Asian New Zealanders) to examine the longitudinal relationships among three domains of social connectedness (i.e., family, school, and peers), "lostness," and a potential mediator, confidence. The results showed that all three domains of social connectedness predicted diminished "lostness" over time, and confidence mediated these relationships. An examination of the opposite direction of influence showed that "lostness" predicted a decrease in confidence and the three domains of social connectedness, as well. Gender, age, and ethnic group were shown to be moderators of different parts of the model. This study addresses the paucity of research examining "lost" adolescents, while providing insight into the underlying processes through which three key social contexts-family, school, and peers-exert their influence, and are influenced by, identity processes through confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Ja
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Easterfield Building, Kelburn Campus, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Paul E Jose
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Easterfield Building, Kelburn Campus, Wellington, New Zealand
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