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Dahm SF, Sachse P. Let's do it: Response times in Mental Paper Folding and its execution. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218241249727. [PMID: 38616184 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241249727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Action imagery is the ability to mentally simulate the execution of an action without physically performing it. Action imagery is assumed to rely at least partly on similar mechanisms as action execution. Therefore, we expected that imagery and execution durations would be constrained by the number of folds in a Paper Folding Task. Analogously, individual differences in execution durations were expected to be reflected in imagery durations. Twenty-eight participants performed two imagery conditions (computer vs. paper) and one execution condition (paper) where two-dimensional grids of a three-dimensional cube were (mentally) folded to determine whether two selected edges overlapped or not. As expected, imagery performance and execution performance were strongly correlated and decreased with the number of folds. Further, the number of folds influenced imagery durations even more than execution durations. This may be due to the additional cognitive load in imagery that emerges when tracking the folds to follow up with the next ones. The results indicate that Mental Paper Folding predominantly involves dynamic visual representations that are not functionally associated with one's own movements as in action imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Frederic Dahm
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pierre Sachse
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Ang N, Brucker B, Rosenbaum D, Lachmair M, Dresler T, Ehlis AC, Gerjets P. Exploring the neural basis and modulating factors of implicit altercentric spatial perspective-taking with fNIRS. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20627. [PMID: 37996437 PMCID: PMC10667356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46205-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans spontaneously take the perspective of others when encoding spatial information in a scene, especially with agentive action cues present. This functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study explored how action observation influences implicit spatial perspective-taking (SPT) by adapting a left-right spatial judgment task to investigate whether transformation strategies underlying altercentric SPT can be predicted on the basis of cortical activation. Strategies associated with two opposing neurocognitive accounts (embodied versus disembodied) and their proposed neural correlates (human mirror neuron system; hMNS versus cognitive control network; CCN) are hypothesized. Exploratory analyses with 117 subjects uncover an interplay between perspective-taking and post-hoc factor, consistency of selection, in regions alluding to involvement of the CCN. Descriptively, inconsistent altercentric SPT elicited greater activation than consistent altercentric SPT and/or inconsistent egocentric SPT in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left motor cortex (MC), but not the inferior parietal lobules (IPL). Despite the presence of grasping cues, spontaneous embodied strategies were not evident during implicit altercentric SPT. Instead, neural trends in the inconsistent subgroups (22 subjects; 13 altercentric; 9 egocentric) suggest that inconsistency in selection modulates the decision-making process and plausibly taps on deliberate and effortful disembodied strategies driven by the CCN. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natania Ang
- LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tübingen, Walter-Simon-Straße 12, 72072, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Birgit Brucker
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Schleichstraße 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Lachmair
- Duale Hochschule Baden-Württemberg Villingen-Schwenningen, Karlstraße 29, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresler
- LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tübingen, Walter-Simon-Straße 12, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tübingen, Walter-Simon-Straße 12, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University Hospital Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Gerjets
- LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, University of Tübingen, Walter-Simon-Straße 12, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Schleichstraße 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Chen Y, Yang K. Variables for designing cube folding tasks influencing sixth‐graders' performance. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.4032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Zu Chen
- Taipei Municipal Nanhu High School Taipei Taiwan
| | - Kai‐Lin Yang
- Department of Mathematics National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan
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Mental Paper Folding Revisited: The Involvement of Visual Action Imagery. PSYCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/psych5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Action imagery describes a mental representation of an action and its consequences. Although it is widely recognized that people differ in their ability to imagine actions, objective validated tests to measure such differences are scarce. In search of an objective testing method for action imagery ability, the present study investigated whether solving mental paper-folding tasks involves action imagery. The stimuli were two-dimensional grids of six squares. A total of 99 participants mentally folded each grid into a three-dimensional cube to judge whether two highlighted lines in the grid overlapped in the imagined cube. This was done in two sessions of 214 judgements each, where the grids differed in overlaps, the least number of imagined folds, and the least number of imagined directional changes. Error rates and reaction times increased with the number of imagined folds and with the number of directional changes. Furthermore, more errors were committed with overlapping lines than with no overlaps. This was not reflected in the reaction times. Hence, the reaction times increased when the stepwise folding process was enlarged, but not when the final selection was more difficult. We concluded that the participants predominantly used action imagery as a task-solving strategy rather than for abstract problem-solving.
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Spatial processing rather than logical reasoning was found to be critical for mathematical problem-solving. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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