1
|
Dalla Fontana M, Anesi S, Czopowicz M, Corr SA. Assessment of potential maladaptive pain in dogs with elbow osteoarthritis using a von Frey aesthesiometer. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e4043. [PMID: 38575548 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.4043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the possible presence of maladaptive pain in the thoracic limbs of dogs with elbow osteoarthritis (OA) using an electronic von Frey aesthesiometer (eVFA). METHODS Twenty-eight client- and staff-owned dogs (OA, n = 14; controls, n = 14) were enrolled in the study. Every dog underwent a full orthopaedic examination, and then five von Frey measurements were obtained from each carpal pad of each dog. A maximum test threshold of 400 g was set and approved by an ethics committee. RESULTS eVFA thresholds were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in dogs with OA (median 248 g, range 128-369 g) than in control dogs (median 390 g, range 371-400 g). In the OA group, the sensory threshold was significantly lower (p = 0.048) in the more severely affected limb than the less severely affected limb. LIMITATION The low maximum threshold required for ethical approval may influence the variability in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Dogs with elbow OA had significantly lower sensory thresholds than control dogs, which is compatible with the presence of maladaptive pain, potentially due to central sensitisation. Further research is required to evaluate the potential use of the eVFA for monitoring clinical progression and treatment response in dogs with elbow OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dalla Fontana
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- Blaise Veterinary Referral, Birmingham, UK
| | - Simone Anesi
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Solihull, UK
| | - Michal Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sandra A Corr
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Monteiro BP, Otis C, Nitulescu R, Troncy E. Quantitative sensory testing in canine musculoskeletal pain: Findings from a systematic review, meta-analysis feasibility assessment, and limitations. Vet J 2024; 304:106102. [PMID: 38492631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Quantitative sensory testing (QST) allows the study of pain mechanisms, patient phenotyping, and response to therapy. The goals of this study were to conduct a systematic review of the use of QST in dogs with musculoskeletal disease including osteoarthritis (OA), and to assess, by means of a meta-analysis, the ability of QST to differentiate affected dogs from healthy controls. The study protocol was registered; three bibliographic databases were screened. Studies involving QST in healthy dogs and those with musculoskeletal disease were included. Data were extracted using a standardized form. Assessment of quality and risk of bias were performed using the CAMARADES critical assessment tool. Twenty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria [systematic review (n = 11); meta-analysis (n = 28)]. In the systematic review, ten studies performed static QST: mechanical [punctate tactile (n = 6); mechanical pressure (n = 5)]; thermal [cold (n = 3); hot (n = 4)]; electrical (n = 1); and one study performed dynamic QST [conditioned pain modulation (n = 1)]. Most studies were of good scientific quality and showed low to moderate risk of bias. A meta-analysis was not possible due to numerous and severe issues of heterogeneity of data among studies. Methods to reduce risk of bias and use of reporting guidelines are some of the most needed improvements in QST research in dogs. Standardization of QST methodology is urgently needed in future studies to allow for data synthesis and a clear understanding of the sensory phenotype of dogs with and without chronic pain including OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B P Monteiro
- Research Group in Animal Pharmacology of Quebec (GREPAQ), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - C Otis
- Research Group in Animal Pharmacology of Quebec (GREPAQ), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - R Nitulescu
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada; Centre d'intégration et d'analyse des données médicales (CITADEL) du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - E Troncy
- Research Group in Animal Pharmacology of Quebec (GREPAQ), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada; University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec H2X 0A9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Monteiro BP, Otis C, Del Castillo JRE, Nitulescu R, Brown K, Arendt-Nielsen L, Troncy E. Quantitative sensory testing in feline osteoarthritic pain - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:885-896. [PMID: 32360738 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Quantitative sensory testing (QST) is a psychophysical test used to quantify somatosensory sensation under normal or pathological conditions including osteoarthritis (OA). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using QST in healthy and osteoarthritic cats, registered at Systematic Review Research Facility (#26-06-2017). DESIGN Hierarchical models with random intercepts for each individual study extracted through the systematic review were fit to subject-level data; QST measures were contrasted between healthy and osteoarthritic cats. Four bibliographic databases were searched; quality and risk of bias assessment were performed using pre-established criteria. RESULTS Six articles were included; most were of high quality and low risk of bias. Punctate tactile threshold (n = 70) and mechanical temporal summation (n = 35) were eligible for analysis. Cats with OA have lower punctate tactile threshold [mean difference (95%HDI): -44 (-60; -26) grams] and facilitated temporal summation of pain [hazard ratio (95%HDI): 5.32 (2.19; 14) times] when compared with healthy cats. The effect of sex and body weight on sensory sensitivity remained inconclusive throughout all analyses. Due to the correlation between age and OA status, it remains difficult to assess the effect of OA on sensory sensitivity, independently of age. CONCLUSIONS Clear and transparent reporting using guidelines are warranted. Similar to people, centralized sensitization is a feature of OA in cats. Future studies should try to elucidate the age effect on feline OA. Research with natural OA in cats is promising with potential to benefit feline health and welfare, and improve translatability to clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B P Monteiro
- GREPAQ (Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale Du Québec), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
| | - C Otis
- GREPAQ (Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale Du Québec), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - J R E Del Castillo
- GREPAQ (Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale Du Québec), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
| | - R Nitulescu
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - K Brown
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - L Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI®), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - E Troncy
- GREPAQ (Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale Du Québec), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Meeson RL, Todhunter RJ, Blunn G, Nuki G, Pitsillides AA. Spontaneous dog osteoarthritis - a One Medicine vision. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 15:273-287. [PMID: 30953036 PMCID: PMC7097182 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a global disease that, despite extensive research, has limited treatment options. Pet dogs share both an environment and lifestyle attributes with their owners, and a growing awareness is developing in the public and among researchers that One Medicine, the mutual co-study of animals and humans, could be beneficial for both humans and dogs. To that end, this Review highlights research opportunities afforded by studying dogs with spontaneous OA, with a view to sharing this active area of veterinary research with new audiences. Similarities and differences between dog and human OA are examined, and the proposition is made that suitably aligned studies of spontaneous OA in dogs and humans, in particular hip and knee OA, could highlight new avenues of discovery. Developing cross-species collaborations will provide a wealth of research material and knowledge that is relevant to human OA and that cannot currently be obtained from rodent models or experimentally induced dog models of OA. Ultimately, this Review aims to raise awareness of spontaneous dog OA and to stimulate discussion regarding its exploration under the One Medicine initiative to improve the health and well-being of both species. Osteoarthritis occurs spontaneously in pet dogs, which often share environmental and lifestyle risk-factors with their owners. This Review aims to stimulate cooperation between medical and veterinary research under the One Medicine initiative to improve the welfare of dogs and humans. Dogs have many analogous spontaneous diseases that result in end-stage osteoarthritis (OA). Inbreeding and the predisposition of certain dog breeds for OA enable easier identification of candidate genetic associations than in outbred humans. Dog OA subtypes offer a potential stratification rationale for aetiological differences and alignment to analogous human OA phenotypes. The relatively compressed time course of spontaneous dog OA offers longitudinal research opportunities. Collaboration with veterinary researchers can provide tissue samples from early-stage OA and opportunities to evaluate new therapeutics in a spontaneous disease model. Awareness of the limitations and benefits of using clinical veterinary patients in research is important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Meeson
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Services and Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rory J Todhunter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Cornell Veterinary Biobank, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gordon Blunn
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - George Nuki
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew A Pitsillides
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Monteiro BP, Lambert C, Bianchi E, Genevois JP, Soldani G, Troncy E. Safety and efficacy of reduced dosage ketoprofen with or without tramadol for long-term treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:213. [PMID: 31238912 PMCID: PMC6591828 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of reduced-dosage ketoprofen with or without tramadol in dogs. Five healthy dogs receiving standard-dosage ketoprofen (2 mg/kg SC, then 1 mg/kg PO daily) comprised Group A. Twenty dogs with osteoarthritis were randomized to receive reduced-dosage ketoprofen (0.5 mg/kg SC once; 0.25 mg/kg PO daily) alone (Group B) or in combination with tramadol (5 mg/kg/day PO) (Group C). Treatments were administered for 28 days. Platelet aggregation time (PAT), gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were performed up to 60 days after treatment initiation. Pain was scored using a validated clinical metrology instrument up to D120. Data were analyzed with general linear mixed model for repeated measures (α = 0.05). RESULTS PAT was not different between groups but was increased with time for all groups. GI lesion scores were higher in Group A than Groups B and C (day 28; P = 0.005) and were increased with time for Group A (P = 0.005). GFR was lower in Group A than Groups B and C (day 28; P < 0.01) and were decreased with time for group A (P < 0.001). Standard-dosage ketoprofen administration resulted in clinically relevant adverse effects. Pain score decreased in both treated groups (B and C) from D0 to D28. Need of rescue analgesia from D29 to D120 was higher in Group B than in Group C (P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS The long-term safety profile of reduced-dosage ketoprofen is similar whether the drug is administered alone or in combination with tramadol to dogs with osteoarthritis. Analgesic efficacy of the combination looks attractive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz P Monteiro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, GREPAQ (Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Cedric Lambert
- Department of Companion Animals, Vet-Agro Sup, Lyon, France
| | - Elena Bianchi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Soldani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eric Troncy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, GREPAQ (Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Otis C, Guillot M, Moreau M, Pelletier JP, Beaudry F, Troncy E. Sensitivity of functional targeted neuropeptide evaluation in testing pregabalin analgesic efficacy in a rat model of osteoarthritis pain. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:723-733. [PMID: 31046168 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced joint degeneration in rats is the most used animal model to screen analgesic drugs to alleviate osteoarthritis (OA) pain. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of pregabalin (PGB) in an MIA-induced OA model in rodents by using functional and neuroproteomic pain assessment methods. Treatment group included PGB in curative intent over 9 days compared to gold standard therapy (positive controls) and placebo (negative control). Functional assessments of pain (quantitative sensory testing and operant test) were performed concomitantly with spinal neuropeptides quantification. At day 21 post-OA induction, PGB in MIA rats reduced tactile allodynia (P = 0.028) and improved the place escape/avoidance behaviour (P = 0.04) compared to values recorded at last time-point before initiating analgesic therapy. All spinal neuropeptide concentrations, such as substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, bradykinin and somatostatin, came back to normal (non-affected) rat values, compared to their increase observed in MIA rats receiving the placebo (P < 0.0001). Initiated 13 days after chemical OA induction, repeated medication with PGB provided analgesia according to quantitative sensory testing, operant test and targeted neuropeptides pain assessment methods. This report highlights the interest of using reliable and sensitive methods like targeted neuropeptide quantification to detect the analgesic effects of a test article with concomitant functional assessments of pain when studying OA pain components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colombe Otis
- Animal Pharmacology Research Group of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Guillot
- Animal Pharmacology Research Group of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxim Moreau
- Animal Pharmacology Research Group of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Pelletier
- Animal Pharmacology Research Group of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Animal Pharmacology Research Group of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Troncy
- Animal Pharmacology Research Group of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Quantitative sensory testing in dogs with painful disease: A window to pain mechanisms? Vet J 2018; 243:33-41. [PMID: 30606437 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the response to externally applied physical stimuli, such as pressure, heat, or cold is termed quantitative sensory testing (QST). QST may be used to identify and quantify alterations (gain or loss) in function of the sensory systems which detect and mediate these phenomena in both man and animals, and potentially discriminate peripheral and central sensitisation. It has been postulated that evaluation of QST parameters may predict response to analgesics, ultimately increasing the individualisation of treatment for pain. However, while there do appear to be correlations between QST measures and responses to analgesics in man, there is currently insufficient evidence to recommend QST to direct clinical treatments. The use of psychophysical testing, such as QST, in non-verbal subjects presents additional challenges, and requires familiarity with species and individual responses. This narrative review describes the investigations into QST in clinical populations of dogs to date, and discusses the potential benefits and limitations of such testing.
Collapse
|
8
|
Assessment of quality of life and chronic pain in dogs. Vet J 2018; 239:59-64. [PMID: 30197111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of chronic pain and quality of life (QOL) are integral to clinical veterinary research and practice, and recent years have seen an increase in the published tools available for the assessment of both. However, the relationship between chronic pain and QOL in veterinary patients has received insufficient attention. This narrative review for the first time explores similarities, differences and interactions between chronic pain and quality of life and identifies common challenges to their assessment in dogs. In the opinion of these authors, assessments of both chronic pain and quality of life should be pro-active, global, regular, applied to answer specific questions for researchers and decision makers, and transparent about what has, and has not, been assessed. Collaboration in this field between animal welfare scientists, veterinary researchers and clinicians appears rare, and should be prioritised.
Collapse
|
9
|
McLellan J. Science-in-brief: Bisphosphonate use in the racehorse: Safe or unsafe? Equine Vet J 2018; 49:404-407. [PMID: 28603949 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J McLellan
- Florida Equine Veterinary Associates, Ocala, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Failure of analgesic drugs in clinical development is common. Along with the current "reproducibility crisis" in pain research, this has led some to question the use of animal models. Experimental models tend to comprise genetically homogeneous groups of young, male rodents in restricted and unvarying environments, and pain-producing assays that may not closely mimic the natural condition of interest. In addition, typical experimental outcome measures using thresholds or latencies for withdrawal may not adequately reflect clinical pain phenomena pertinent to human patients. It has been suggested that naturally occurring disease in veterinary patients may provide more valid models for the study of painful disease. Many painful conditions in animals resemble those in people. Like humans, veterinary patients are genetically diverse, often live to old age, and enjoy a complex environment, often the same as their owners. There is increasing interest in the development and validation of outcome measures for detecting pain in veterinary patients; these include objective (eg, locomotor activity monitoring, kinetic evaluation, quantitative sensory testing, and bioimaging) and subjective (eg, pain scales and quality of life scales) measures. Veterinary subject diversity, pathophysiological similarities to humans, and diverse outcome measures could yield better generalizability of findings and improved translation potential, potentially benefiting both humans and animals. The Comparative Oncology Trial Consortium in dogs has pawed the way for translational research, surmounting the challenges inherent in veterinary clinical trials. This review describes numerous conditions similarly applicable to pain research, with potential mutual benefits for human and veterinary clinicians, and their respective patients.
Collapse
|
11
|
The effect of intra-articular botulinum toxin A on substance P, prostaglandin E 2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the canine osteoarthritic joint. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:74. [PMID: 28327134 PMCID: PMC5359943 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-0990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, intra-articular botulinum toxin A (IA BoNT A) has been shown to reduce joint pain in osteoarthritic dogs. Similar results have been reported in human patients with arthritis. However, the mechanism of the antinociceptive action of IA BoNT A is currently not known. The aim of this study was to explore this mechanism of action by investigating the effect of IA BoNT A on synovial fluid (SF) and serum substance P (SP), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in osteoarthritic dogs. Additionally, the aim was to compare SF SP and PGE2 between osteoarthritic and non-osteoarthritic joints, and investigate associations between SP, PGE2, osteoarthritic pain, and the signalment of dogs. Thirty-five dogs with chronic naturally occurring osteoarthritis and 13 non-osteoarthritic control dogs were included in the study. Osteoarthritic dogs received either IA BoNT A (n = 19) or IA placebo (n = 16). Serum and SF samples were collected and osteoarthritic pain was evaluated before (baseline) and 2 and 8 weeks after treatment. Osteoarthritic pain was assessed with force platform, Helsinki Chronic Pain Index, and joint palpation. Synovial fluid samples were obtained from control dogs after euthanasia. The change from baseline in SP and PGE2 concentration was compared between the IA BoNT A and placebo groups. The synovial fluid SP and PGE2 concentration was compared between osteoarthritic and control joints. Associations between SP, PGE2, osteoarthritic pain, and the signalment of dogs were evaluated. Results There was no significant change from baseline in SP or PGE2 after IA BoNT A. Synovial fluid PGE2 was significantly higher in osteoarthritic compared to control joints. Synovial fluid PGE2 correlated with osteoarthritic pain. No associations were found between SP or PGE2 and the signalment of dogs. The concentration of TNF-α remained under the detection limit of the assay in all samples. Conclusions The results suggest that the antinociceptive effect of IA BoNT A in the joint might not be related to the inhibition of SP nor PGE2. Synovial fluid PGE2, but not SP, could be a marker for chronic osteoarthritis and pain in dogs.
Collapse
|