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Natto MJ, Miyamoto Y, Munday JC, AlSiari TA, Al-Salabi MI, Quashie NB, Eze AA, Eckmann L, De Koning HP. Comprehensive characterization of purine and pyrimidine transport activities in Trichomonas vaginalis and functional cloning of a trichomonad nucleoside transporter. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:1489-1511. [PMID: 34738285 PMCID: PMC8688338 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is a common and widespread sexually-transmitted infection, caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. T. vaginalis lacks the biosynthetic pathways for purines and pyrimidines, making nucleoside metabolism a drug target. Here we report the first comprehensive investigation into purine and pyrimidine uptake by T. vaginalis. Multiple carriers were identified and characterized with regard to substrate selectivity and affinity. For nucleobases, a high-affinity adenine transporter, a possible guanine transporter and a low affinity uracil transporter were found. Nucleoside transporters included two high affinity adenosine/guanosine/uridine/cytidine transporters distinguished by different affinities to inosine, a lower affinity adenosine transporter, and a thymidine transporter. Nine Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter (ENT) genes were identified in the T. vaginalis genome. All were expressed equally in metronidazole-resistant and -sensitive strains. Only TvagENT2 was significantly upregulated in the presence of extracellular purines; expression was not affected by co-culture with human cervical epithelial cells. All TvagENTs were cloned and separately expressed in Trypanosoma brucei. We identified the main broad specificity nucleoside carrier, with high affinity for uridine and cytidine as well as purine nucleosides including inosine, as TvagENT3. The in-depth characterization of purine and pyrimidine transporters provides a critical foundation for the development of new anti-trichomonal nucleoside analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal J. Natto
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jane C. Munday
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tahani A. AlSiari
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mohammed I. Al-Salabi
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Neils B. Quashie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana
| | - Anthonius A. Eze
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Current affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Harry P. De Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Yadav S, Verma V, Dhanda RS, Khurana S, Yadav M. Latent Upregulation of Nlrp3, Nlrc4 and Aim2 Differentiates between Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis Infection. Immunol Invest 2021; 51:1127-1148. [PMID: 33866944 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.1909062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan that causes trichomoniasis. The involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome in trichomoniasis has been discussed in recent studies. The present study aimed to find out the involvement of Nlrp3, Nlrc4, and Aim2 in the BALB/c mouse model infected with symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates of T. vaginalis by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Our results showed a significantly increased expression of Nlrp3 in the vaginal tissue of the symptomatic group on the 2nd dpi and 14th dpi in the asymptomatic group, respectively. The cervical tissue of asymptomatic groups expressed higher Nlrp3 on 14th dpi than the symptomatic group. The Nlrc4 was expressed on 14th dpi in the vaginal and cervical tissues of mice infected with asymptomatic group as compared to the symptomatic group. Aim2 expression in vaginal tissue was highest at early time points in both the infected groups as compared to controls. However, in cervical tissues, a significant increase of Aim2 expression was observed on 14th dpi in asymptomatic as compared to the symptomatic group. The significantly higher expression of caspase-1 and caspase-4 was observed in cervical tissues of the asymptomatic group on 14th dpi as compared to the symptomatic group, respectively. All NLRs together resulted in higher IL-1β expression in the vaginal tissues of the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. We conclude from this study that early expression of Nlrp3, Nlrc4, and Aim2 was seen in the symptomatic group as compared to the late-onset asymptomatic in the vaginal and cervical tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Yadav
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Verma
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manisha Yadav
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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de Carvalho LSA, Alves Jr Ij, Junqueira LR, Silva LM, Riani LR, de Faria Pinto P, da Silva Filho AA. ATP-Diphosphohydrolases in Parasites: Localization, Functions and Recent Developments in Drug Discovery. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 20:873-884. [PMID: 31272352 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190704152827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
ATP-diphosphohydrolases (EC 3.6.1.5), also known as ATPDases, NTPases, NTPDases, EATPases or apyrases, are enzymes that hydrolyze a variety of nucleoside tri- and diphosphates to their respective nucleosides, being their activities dependent on the presence of divalent cations, such as calcium and magnesium. Recently, ATP-diphosphohydrolases were identified on the surface of several parasites, such as Trypanosoma sp, Leishmania sp and Schistosoma sp. In parasites, the activity of ATPdiphosphohydrolases has been associated with the purine recuperation and/or as a protective mechanism against the host organism under conditions that involve ATP or ADP, such as immune responses and platelet activation. These proteins have been suggested as possible targets for the development of new antiparasitic drugs. In this review, we will comprehensively address the main aspects of the location and function of ATP-diphosphohydrolase in parasites. Also, we performed a detailed research in scientific database of recent developments in new natural and synthetic inhibitors of the ATPdiphosphohydrolases in parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Soares Aleixo de Carvalho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alves Jr Ij
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lauriene Ricardo Junqueira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia Mara Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lorena Rodrigues Riani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Faria Pinto
- Departament of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Ademar Alves da Silva Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Riestra AM, Valderrama JA, Patras KA, Booth SD, Quek XY, Tsai CM, Nizet V. Trichomonas vaginalis Induces NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Human Macrophages. J Innate Immun 2018; 11:86-98. [PMID: 30391945 DOI: 10.1159/000493585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted, eukaryotic parasite that causes trichomoniasis, the most common nonviral, sexually transmitted disease in the USA and worldwide. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in the host immune response to this widespread parasite. Here we report that T. vaginalis induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human macrophages, leading to caspase-1 activation and the processing of pro-IL-1β to the mature and bioactive form of the cytokine. Using inhibitor-based approaches, we show that NLRP3 activation by T. vaginalis involves host cell detection of extracellular ATP via P2X7 receptors and potassium efflux. In addition, our data reveal that T. vaginalis inflammasome activation induces macrophage inflammatory cell death by pyroptosis, known to occur via caspase-1 cleavage of the gasdermin D protein, which assembles to form pores in the host cell membrane. We found that T. vaginalis-induced cytolysis of macrophages is attenuated in gasdermin D knockout cells. Lastly, in a murine challenge model, we detected IL-1β production in vaginal fluids in response to T. vaginalis infection in vivo. Together, our findings mechanistically dissect how T. vaginalis contributes to the production of the proinflammatory IL-1β cytokine and uncover pyroptosis as a mechanism by which the parasite can trigger host macrophage cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Montenegro Riestra
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - J Andrés Valderrama
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kathryn A Patras
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sharon D Booth
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xing Yen Quek
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA, .,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,
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Dias-Lopes G, Saboia-Vahia L, Margotti ET, Fernandes NDS, Castro CLDF, Oliveira FO, Peixoto JF, Britto C, Silva FCE, Cuervo P, Jesus JBD. Morphologic study of the effect of iron on pseudocyst formation in Trichomonas vaginalis and its interaction with human epithelial cells. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:664-673. [PMID: 28953994 PMCID: PMC5607515 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomonas vaginalis is the aetiological agent of human trichomoniasis, which is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases in humans. Iron is an important element for the survival of this parasite and the colonisation of the host urogenital tract. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the effects of iron on parasite proliferation in the dynamics of pseudocyst formation and morphologically characterised iron depletion-induced pseudocysts. METHODS We performed structural and ultrastructural analyses using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. FINDINGS It was observed that iron depletion (i) interrupts the proliferation of T. vaginalis, (ii) induces morphological changes in typical multiplicative trophozoites to spherical non-proliferative, non-motile pseudocysts, and (iii) induces the arrest of cell division at different stages of the cell cycle; (iv) iron is the fundamental element for the maintenance of typical trophozoite morphology; (v) pseudocysts induced by iron depletion are viable and reversible forms; and, finally, (vi) we demonstrated that pseudocysts induced by iron depletion are able to interact with human epithelial cells maintaining their spherical forms. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that pseudocysts could be induced as a response to iron nutritional stress and could have a potential role in the transmission and infection of T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovane Dias-Lopes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Saboia-Vahia
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Eliane Trindade Margotti
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, São João Del Rei, MG, Brasil
| | - Nilma de Souza Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, São João Del Rei, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Francisco Odencio Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Juliana Figueiredo Peixoto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Constança Britto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernando Costa E Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - José Batista de Jesus
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, São João Del Rei, MG, Brasil
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Deep Insight into the Phosphatomes of Parasitic Protozoa and a Web Resource ProtozPhosDB. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167594. [PMID: 27930683 PMCID: PMC5145157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation dynamically regulates the function of proteins by maintaining a balance between protein kinase and phosphatase activity. A comprehensive understanding of the role phosphatases in cellular signaling is lacking in case of protozoans of medical and veterinary importance worldwide. The drugs used to treat protozoal diseases have many undesired effects and the development of resistance, highlights the need for new effective and safer antiprotozoal agents. In the present study we have analyzed phosphatomes of 15 protozoans of medical significance. We identified ~2000 phosphatases, out of which 21% are uncharacterized proteins. A significant positive correlation between phosphatome and proteome size was observed except for E. histolytica, having highest density of phosphatases irrespective of its proteome size. A difference in the number of phosphatases among different genera shows the variation in the signaling pathways they are involved in. The phosphatome of parasites is dominated by ser/thr phosphatases contrary to the vertebrate host dominated by tyrosine phosphatases. Phosphatases were widely distributed throughout the cell suggesting physiological adaptation of the parasite to regulate its host. 20% to 45% phosphatome of different protozoa consists of ectophosphatases, i.e. crucial for the survival of parasites. A database and a webserver "ProtozPhosDB" can be used to explore the phosphatomes of protozoans of medical significance.
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Abstract
SUMMARYIron is an essential element for the survival of trichomonads during host–parasite interaction. The availability of this metal modulates several metabolic pathways of the parasites and regulates the expression of virulence factors such as adhesins and proteolytic enzymes. In this study, we investigated the effect of iron depletion on the morphology and life cycle ofTritrichomonas foetus. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that depletion of iron from the culture medium (named TYM-DIP inducer medium) induces morphological transformation of typical pear-shaped trophozoites into spherical and non-motile pseudocysts. Remarkably, inoculation of pseudocysts into an iron-rich medium (standard TYM medium), or addition of FeSO4to a TYM-DIP inducer medium reverted the morphological transformation process and typical trophozoites were recovered. These results show that pseudocysts are viable forms of the parasite and highlight the role of iron as a modulator of the parasite phenotype. Although iron is required for the survival ofT. foetus, iron depletion does not cause a cellular collapse of pseudocysts, but instead induces phenotypic alterations, probably in order to allow the parasite to survive conditions of nutritional stress. Together, these findings support previous studies that suggest pseudocysts are a resistance form in the life cycle ofT. foetusand enable new approaches to understanding the multifactorial role of iron in the cell biology of this protozoan parasite.
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Vieira PDB, Silva NLF, Kist LW, Oliveira GMTD, Bogo MR, Carli GAD, Macedo AJ, Tasca T. Iron from haemoglobin and haemin modulates nucleotide hydrolysis in Trichomonas vaginalis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:201-8. [PMID: 25946243 PMCID: PMC4489450 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP may act as a danger signalling molecule, inducing inflammation and
immune responses in infection sites. The ectonucleotidases NTPDase and
ecto-5’-nucleotidase are enzymes that modulate extracellular nucleotide levels; these
enzymes have been previously characterised in Trichomonas vaginalis.
Iron plays an important role in the complex trichomonal pathogenesis. Herein, the
effects of iron on growth, nucleotide hydrolysis and NTPDase gene expression in
T. vaginalis isolates from female and male patients were
evaluated. Iron from different sources sustained T. vaginalis
growth. Importantly, iron from haemoglobin (HB) and haemin (HM) enhanced NTPDase
activity in isolates from female patients and conversely reduced the enzyme activity
in isolates from male patients. Iron treatments could not alter the NTPDase
transcript levels in T. vaginalis. Furthermore, our results reveal a
distinct ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis profile between isolates from female and male
patients influenced by iron from HB and HM. Our data indicate the participation of
NTPDase and ecto-5’-nucleotidase in the establishment of trichomonas infection
through ATP degradation and adenosine production influenced by iron.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Geraldo Atillio de Carli
- Instituto de Geriatria e Gerontologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Primon-Barros M, Rigo GV, Frasson AP, Santos OD, Smiderle L, Almeida S, Macedo AJ, Tasca T. Modulatory effect of iron chelators on adenosine deaminase activity and gene expression in Trichomonas vaginalis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:877-83. [PMID: 26517498 PMCID: PMC4660616 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellate protozoan that parasitises the
urogenital human tract and causes trichomoniasis. During the infection, the
acquisition of nutrients, such as iron and purine and pyrimidine nucleosides, is
essential for the survival of the parasite. The enzymes for purinergic signalling,
including adenosine deaminase (ADA), which degrades adenosine to inosine, have been
characterised in T. vaginalis. In the evaluation of the ADA profile
in different T. vaginalis isolates treated with different iron
sources or with limited iron availability, a decrease in activity and an increase in
ADA gene expression after iron limitation by 2,2-bipyridyl and ferrozine chelators
were observed. This supported the hypothesis that iron can modulate the activity of
the enzymes involved in purinergic signalling. Under bovine serum limitation
conditions, no significant differences were observed. The results obtained in this
study allow for the assessment of important aspects of ADA and contribute to a better
understanding of the purinergic system in T. vaginalis and the role
of iron in establishing infection and parasite survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Primon-Barros
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Graziela Vargas Rigo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Amanda Piccoli Frasson
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Odelta dos Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Lisiane Smiderle
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Silvana Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Pereira-Neves A, Rosales-Encina JL, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Benchimol M. Tritrichomonas foetus: Characterisation of ecto-phosphatase activities in the endoflagelar form and their possible participation on the parasite’s transformation and cytotoxicity. Exp Parasitol 2014; 142:67-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Biochemical properties and possible roles of ectophosphatase activities in fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2289-304. [PMID: 24509700 PMCID: PMC3958851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectophosphatases are surface membrane-bound proteins whose active sites face the extracellular medium. These enzymes have been reported in several microorganisms including a large number of medically relevant fungal species. An effective technique for identifying ectophosphatases is performing phosphatase activity assays using living intact cells. Biochemical characterization of these activities has shown their differential modulation by classical phosphatase inhibitors, divalent metals and pH range. The physiological roles of ectophosphatases are not well established; however, it has been suggested that these enzymes play important roles in nutrition, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, virulence and infection. Adhesion to host cells is the first step in establishing a fungal infection and ectophosphatases may be one of the first parasite proteins that come into contact with the host cells. Several results indicate that ectophosphatase activities increase the capacity of fungi to adhere to the host cells. In this context, the present review provides an overview of recent discoveries related to the occurrence and possible roles of ectophosphatase activities in fungal cells.
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12
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Beltrán NC, Horváthová L, Jedelský PL, Šedinová M, Rada P, Marcinčiková M, Hrdý I, Tachezy J. Iron-induced changes in the proteome of Trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65148. [PMID: 23741475 PMCID: PMC3669245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron plays a crucial role in metabolism as a key component of catalytic and redox cofactors, such as heme or iron-sulfur clusters in enzymes and electron-transporting or regulatory proteins. Limitation of iron availability by the host is also one of the mechanisms involved in immunity. Pathogens must regulate their protein expression according to the iron concentration in their environment and optimize their metabolic pathways in cases of limitation through the availability of respective cofactors. Trichomonas vaginalis, a sexually transmitted pathogen of humans, requires high iron levels for optimal growth. It is an anaerobe that possesses hydrogenosomes, mitochondrion-related organelles that harbor pathways of energy metabolism and iron-sulfur cluster assembly. We analyzed the proteomes of hydrogenosomes obtained from cells cultivated under iron-rich and iron-deficient conditions employing two-dimensional peptide separation combining IEF and nano-HPLC with quantitative MALDI-MS/MS. We identified 179 proteins, of which 58 were differentially expressed. Iron deficiency led to the upregulation of proteins involved in iron-sulfur cluster assembly and the downregulation of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Interestingly, iron affected the expression of only some of multiple protein paralogues, whereas the expression of others was iron independent. This finding indicates a stringent regulation of differentially expressed multiple gene copies in response to changes in the availability of exogenous iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neritza Campo Beltrán
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Horváthová
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr L. Jedelský
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Šedinová
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Rada
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Marcinčiková
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Hrdý
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Horváthová L, Šafaríková L, Basler M, Hrdy I, Campo NB, Shin JW, Huang KY, Huang PJ, Lin R, Tang P, Tachezy J. Transcriptomic identification of iron-regulated and iron-independent gene copies within the heavily duplicated Trichomonas vaginalis genome. Genome Biol Evol 2012; 4:1017-29. [PMID: 22975721 PMCID: PMC3490414 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evs078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene duplication is an important evolutionary mechanism and no eukaryote has more duplicated gene families than the parasitic protist Trichomonas vaginalis. Iron is an essential nutrient for Trichomonas and plays a pivotal role in the establishment of infection, proliferation, and virulence. To gain insight into the role of iron in T. vaginalis gene expression and genome evolution, we screened iron-regulated genes using an oligonucleotide microarray for T. vaginalis and by comparative EST (expressed sequence tag) sequencing of cDNA libraries derived from trichomonads cultivated under iron-rich (+Fe) and iron-restricted (−Fe) conditions. Among 19,000 ESTs from both libraries, we identified 336 iron-regulated genes, of which 165 were upregulated under +Fe conditions and 171 under −Fe conditions. The microarray analysis revealed that 195 of 4,950 unique genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 117 genes were upregulated under +Fe conditions and 78 were upregulated under −Fe conditions. The results of both methods were congruent concerning the regulatory trends and the representation of gene categories. Under +Fe conditions, the expression of proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, particularly in the energy metabolism of hydrogenosomes, and in methionine catabolism was increased. The iron–sulfur cluster assembly machinery and certain cysteine proteases are of particular importance among the proteins upregulated under −Fe conditions. A unique feature of the T. vaginalis genome is the retention during evolution of multiple paralogous copies for a majority of all genes. Although the origins and reasons for this gene expansion remain unclear, the retention of multiple gene copies could provide an opportunity to evolve differential expression during growth in variable environmental conditions. For genes whose expression was affected by iron, we found that iron influenced the expression of only some of the paralogous copies, whereas the expression of the other paralogs was iron independent. This finding indicates a very stringent regulation of the differentially expressed paralogous genes in response to changes in the availability of exogenous nutrients and provides insight into the evolutionary rationale underlying massive paralog retention in the Trichomonas genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Horváthová
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Cosentino-Gomes D, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Ecto-phosphatases in protozoan parasites: possible roles in nutrition, growth and ROS sensing. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 43:89-92. [PMID: 21253843 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-011-9334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cellular plasma membrane contains enzymes whose active sites face the external medium rather than the cytoplasm. The activities of these enzymes, referred to as ecto-enzymes, can be measured using living cells. Ecto-phosphatases are ecto-enzymes that presumably hydrolyze extracellular phosphorylated substrates, releasing free inorganic phosphate. Although, several alternative functions have been suggested for these enzymes, such as participation in proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, virulence, and infection, little is known about the physiological roles of these enzymes in protozoa parasites. In this review, we discuss the principal features of ecto-phosphatases in protozoan parasites that are causative agents of important diseases such as Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis and, sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cosentino-Gomes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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15
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Characterization of an ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity present on the cell surface of Tritrichomonas foetus. Vet Parasitol 2011; 179:50-6. [PMID: 21367528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is the causative agent of sexually transmitted trichomoniasis in cattle. In females, the infection can be associated with infertility, vaginitis, endometritis, abortion or pyometra, leading to significant economic losses in cattle raising. T. foetus is devoid of the ability to synthesize purine nucleotides de novo, depending instead on salvaging purines from the host environment. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase catalyzes the final step of extracellular nucleotide degradation, the hydrolysis of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates to the corresponding nucleosides and Pi. In this work we show that living, intact cells of T. foetus were able to hydrolyze 5'AMP at a rate of 12.57 ± 1.23 nmol Pi × h(-1) × 10(-7) cells at pH 7.2 and the 5'AMP hydrolysis is due to a plasma membrane-bound ecto-enzyme activity. The apparent K(m) for 5'AMP was 0.49 ± 0.06 mM. In addition to 5'AMP, the enzyme hydrolyzed all substrate monophosphates tested except 3'AMP. No divalent metals or metal chelators were able to modulate enzyme activity. Phosphatase inhibitors did not have an effect on ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity while ammonium molybdate did inhibit the activity in a dose dependent manner. The presence of adenosine in the culture medium negatively modulated the enzyme. These results indicate the existence of an ecto-5'-nucleotidase that may play a role in the salvage of purines.
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Responsiveness of Trichomonas vaginalis to iron concentrations: Evidence for a post-transcriptional iron regulation by an IRE/IRP-like system. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:1065-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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De Jesus JB, Cuervo P, Britto C, Sabóia-Vahia L, Costa E Silva-Filho F, Borges-Veloso A, Barreiros Petrópolis D, Cupolillo E, Barbosa Domont G. Cysteine peptidase expression in Trichomonas vaginalis isolates displaying high- and low-virulence phenotypes. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1555-64. [PMID: 19186947 DOI: 10.1021/pr8009066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we identified and characterized the cysteine peptidase (CP) profiles of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates exhibiting high- and low-virulence phenotypes using a combination of two-dimensional SDS-PAGE (2DE), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and data mining. Seven of the eight CPs identified belong to Clan CA, family C1, cathepsin L-like CP, and one belongs to Clan CD, family C13, asparaginyl endopeptidase-like CP. Quantitative and qualitative differences in CP expression were detected between the isolates. BLAST analysis followed by CLUSTAL alignment of amino acid sequences of differentially expressed CPs showed identity or high homology to previously described CP cDNA clones CP1, CP3, CP4, and to a secreted CP fraction of 30 kDa involved in apoptosis of vaginal epithelial cells. One- and two-dimensional-substrate gel analyses revealed the differential CP profiles between the isolates, indicating that the combination of zymography with 2DE and MS/MS might be a powerful experimental approach to map and identify active peptidases in T. vaginalis. Toxicity exerted upon HeLa cells by high- and low-virulence isolates was 98.3% and 31%, respectively. Pretreatment of parasites with specific Clan CA papain-like CP inhibitor l-3-carboxy-2,3-trans-epoxypropionyl-leucylamido(4-guanidino)butane (E-64) drastically reduced the cytotoxic effect to 21.7% and 0.8%, respectively, suggesting that T. vaginalis papain-like CPs are the main factors involved in the cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Batista De Jesus
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, Brazil.
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18
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Trichomonas vaginalis: The adhesins AP51 and AP65 bind heme and hemoglobin. Exp Parasitol 2009; 121:300-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Possible effects of microbial ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases on host-pathogen interactions. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2009; 72:765-81, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19052327 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00013-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, purinergic signaling plays an important role in the modulation of immune responses through specific receptors that recognize nucleoside tri- and diphosphates as signaling molecules. Ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (ecto-NTPDases) have important roles in the regulation of purinergic signaling by controlling levels of extracellular nucleotides. This process is key to pathophysiological protective responses such as hemostasis and inflammation. Ecto-NTPDases are found in all higher eukaryotes, and recently it has become apparent that a number of important parasitic pathogens of humans express surface-located NTPDases that have been linked to virulence. For those parasites that are purine auxotrophs, these enzymes may play an important role in purine scavenging, although they may also influence the host response to infection. Although ecto-NTPDases are rare in bacteria, expression of a secreted NTPDase in Legionella pneumophila was recently described. This ecto-enzyme enhances intracellular growth of the bacterium and potentially affects virulence. This discovery represents an important advance in the understanding of the contribution of other microbial NTPDases to host-pathogen interactions. Here we review other progress made to date in the characterization of ecto-NTPDases from microbial pathogens, how they differ from mammalian enzymes, and their association with organism viability and virulence. In addition, we postulate how ecto-NTPDases may contribute to the host-pathogen interaction by reviewing the effect of selected microbial pathogens on purinergic signaling. Finally, we raise the possibility of targeting ecto-NTPDases in the development of novel anti-infective agents based on potential structural and clear enzymatic differences from the mammalian ecto-NTPDases.
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Amazonas JN, Cosentino-Gomes D, Werneck-Lacerda A, de Sá Pinheiro AA, Lanfredi-Rangel A, Souza WD, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Giardia lamblia: Characterization of ecto-phosphatase activities. Exp Parasitol 2009; 121:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ecto-phosphatase activity on the external surface of Rhodnius prolixus salivary glands: modulation by carbohydrates and Trypanosoma rangeli. Acta Trop 2008; 106:137-42. [PMID: 18407240 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The salivary glands of insect's vectors are target organs to study the vectors-pathogens interactions. Rhodnius prolixus an important vector of Trypanosoma cruzi can also transmit Trypanosoma rangeli by bite. In the present study we have investigated ecto-phosphatase activity on the surface of R. prolixus salivary glands. Ecto-phosphatases are able to hydrolyze phosphorylated substrates in the extracellular medium. We characterized these ecto-enzyme activities on the salivary glands external surface and employed it to investigate R. prolixus-T. rangeli interaction. Salivary glands present a low level of hydrolytic activity (4.30+/-0.35 nmol p-nitrophenol (p-NP)xh(-1)xgland pair(-1)). The salivary glands ecto-phosphatase activity was not affected by pH variation; and it was insensitive to alkaline inhibitor levamisole and inhibited approximately 50% by inorganic phosphate (Pi). MgCl2, CaCl2 and SrCl2 enhanced significantly the ecto-phosphatase activity detected on the surface of salivary glands. The ecto-phosphatase from salivary glands surface efficiently releases phosphate groups from different phosphorylated amino acids, giving a higher rate of phosphate release when phospho-tyrosine is used as a substrate. This ecto-phosphatase activity was inhibited by carbohydrates as d-galactose and d-mannose. Living short epimastigotes of T. rangeli inhibited salivary glands ecto-phosphatase activity at 75%, while boiled parasites did not. Living long epimastigote forms induced a lower, but significant inhibitory effect on the salivary glands phosphatase activity. Interestingly, boiled long epimastigote forms did not loose the ability to modulate salivary glands phosphatase activity. Taken together, these data suggest a possible role for ecto-phosphatase on the R. prolixus salivary glands-T. rangeli interaction.
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Cuervo P, Cupolillo E, Britto C, González LJ, E Silva-Filho FC, Lopes LC, Domont GB, De Jesus JB. Differential soluble protein expression between Trichomonas vaginalis isolates exhibiting low and high virulence phenotypes. J Proteomics 2008; 71:109-22. [PMID: 18541479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of proteomic maps of long-term grown and fresh clinical Trichomonas vaginalis isolates exhibiting low and high virulence phenotypes, respectively, was performed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Of 29 protein spots differentially expressed between the isolates, 19 were over-expressed in the isolate exhibiting high virulence phenotype: proteins associated with cytoskeletal dynamics, such as coronin and several isoforms of actin, as well as proteins involved in signal transduction, protein turnover, proteolysis, and energetic and polyamine metabolisms were identified. Some malate dehydrogenase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and ornithine cyclodeamidase isoforms were exclusively expressed by the highly virulent isolate. During interaction assays with VEC, parasites exhibiting high virulence phenotype rapidly adhered and switched to amoeboid forms. In contrast, low adhesion and no morphological transformation were observed in parasites displaying low virulence phenotype. Our findings demonstrate that expression of specific proteins by high and low virulence parasites could be associated with the ability of each isolate to undergo morphological transformation and interact with host cells. Such data represent an important step towards understanding of the complex interaction network of proteins that participate in the mechanism of pathogenesis of this protozoan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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23
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De Jesus JB, Cuervo P, Junqueira M, Britto C, Silva-Filho FC, Sabóia-Vahia L, González LJ, Barbosa Domont G. Application of two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for proteomic analysis of the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:1463-1473. [PMID: 17960578 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted protozoan parasite that infects the human urogenital tract causing trichomoniasis, a worldwide disease. In this work, a fresh clinical isolate of T. vaginalis was used for study of the protein expression in this species. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry (MS) were employed to create a reference map of soluble proteins in the pH range 4-7. A set of 116 proteins belonging to functional classes expressed in high and low abundance was identified by peptide mass fingerprinting and tandem MS. These identifications corresponded to 67 different proteins, suggesting that post-translational modifications are common phenomena in T. vaginalis. Identified proteins were classified into 16 groups according to biological processes. Among detected proteins we identified the major enzymes involved in both cytosolic and hydrogenosomal metabolic pathways, as well as putative protein targets for new drug design. In addition, this analysis allows validation of previous gene predictions confirming the expression of 15 hypothetical proteins. Finally, the findings here reported represent the first reference proteome map of T. vaginalis and the first steps towards the description of a comprehensive proteome map of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Batista De Jesus
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Solano-González E, Burrola-Barraza E, León-Sicairos C, Avila-González L, Gutiérrez-Escolano L, Ortega-López J, Arroyo R. The trichomonad cysteine proteinase TVCP4 transcript contains an iron-responsive element. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2919-28. [PMID: 17553495 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The differential expression of the Trichomonas vaginalis cysteine proteinase TVCP4 by iron at the protein synthesis level and the prediction of an iron-responsive element (IRE)-like stem-loop structure at the 5'-region of the T. vaginalis cysteine proteinase 4 gene (tvcp4) mRNA suggest a post-transcriptional mechanism of iron regulation in trichomonads mediated by an IRE/IRP-like system. Gel-shifting, UV cross-linking and competition experiments demonstrated that this IRE-like structure specifically bound to human iron regulatory protein-1. IRP-like cytoplasmic proteins that bound human ferritin IRE sequence transcripts at low-iron conditions were also found in trichomonads. Thus, a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism by iron for tvcp4 mediated by IRE/IRP-like interactions was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Solano-González
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN CINVESTAV-IPN, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City, Mexico
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