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Chaianantakul N, Sungkapong T, Changpad J, Thongma K, Sim-Ut S, Kaewthamasorn M. Genetic polymorphism of the extracellular region in surface associated interspersed 1.1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Thailand. Malar J 2021; 20:343. [PMID: 34399778 PMCID: PMC8365296 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A novel variable surface antigens (VSAs), Surface-associated interspersed proteins (SUFRINs), is a protein that is modified on the surface of infected red blood cell (iRBC). Modified proteins on the iRBC surface cause severe malaria, which can lead to death throughout the life cycle of a malaria parasite. Previous study suggested that SURFIN1.1 is an immunogenic membrane-associated protein which was encoded by using the surf1.1 gene expressed during the trophozoite and schizont stages. This study aimed to identify the regions of SURFIN1.1 and investigate the genetic diversity of the extracellular region of the surf1.1 gene. Methods A total of 32 blood samples from falciparum malaria cases that were diagnosed in Si Sa Ket Province, Thailand were collected. Plasmodium genomic DNA was extracted, and the extracellular region of surf1.1 gene was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A sequence analysis was then performed to obtain the number of haplotypes (H), the haplotype diversity (Hd), and the segregating sites (S), while the average number of nucleotide differences between two sequences (Pi); in addition, neutrality testing, Tajima’s D test, Fu and Li’s D* and F* statistics was also performed. Results From a total of 32 patient-isolated samples, 31 DNA sequences were obtained and analysed for surf1.1 gene extracellular region polymorphism. Researchers observed six distinct haplotypes in the current research area. Haplotype frequencies were 61.3%, 16.2%, and 12.9% for H1, H2, and H3, respectively. The remaining haplotype (H4-H6) frequency was 3.2% for each haplotype. Hd was 0.598 ± 0.089 with the Pi of 0.00381, and S was 15. The most common amino acid polymorphic site was E251Q; other sites included N48D, I49V, E228D, E235S, L265F, K267T, E276Q, and S288F. Fu and Li’s D* test value was − 1.24255, Fu and Li’s F* test value was − 1.10175, indicating a tendency toward negative balancing selection acting on the surf1.1 N-terminal region. The most polymorphic region was variable 2 (Var2) while cysteine-rich domain (CRD) was conserved in both the amino acid and nucleotide extracellular region of surf1.1 gene. Conclusions The Thai surf1.1 N-terminal region was well-conserved with only a few polymorphic sites remaining. In this study, the data regarding current bearing on the polymorphism of extracellular region of surf1.1 gene were reported, which might impact the biological roles of P. falciparum. In addition, may possibly serve as a suitable candidate for future development of SURFIN-based vaccines regarding malaria control. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03876-y. The regions of SURFIN1.1 were identified: SURFIN1.1 is comprised of extracellular, transmembrane (TM), and intracellular regions. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the extracellular region of P. falciparum SURFIN1.1 from a total of 31 field isolates were obtained and analyzed for genetic polymorphism: six different haplotypes were identified. The extracellular region of the SURFIN1.1 among field isolates was conserved, especially in the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) sub-region. High polymorphism was shown in the variable region 2 (Var2), followed by N-terminal (N-ter) and variable region 1 (Var1), respectively. The findings presented herein may enable the discovery and development of a novel SURFIN-based vaccine for prevention and control of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natpasit Chaianantakul
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Tippawan Sungkapong
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Jirapinya Changpad
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Keawalin Thongma
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Sasiwimon Sim-Ut
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Morakot Kaewthamasorn
- Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Miyazaki S, Chitama BYA, Kagaya W, Lucky AB, Zhu X, Yahata K, Morita M, Takashima E, Tsuboi T, Kaneko O. Plasmodium falciparum SURFIN 4.1 forms an intermediate complex with PTEX components and Pf113 during export to the red blood cell. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102358. [PMID: 33901679 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites export several hundred proteins to the cytoplasm of infected red blood cells (RBCs) to modify the cell environment suitable for their growth. A Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins (PTEX) is necessary for both soluble and integral membrane proteins to cross the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) membrane surrounding the parasite inside the RBC. However, the molecular composition of the translocation complex for integral membrane proteins is not fully characterized, especially at the parasite plasma membrane. To examine the translocation complex, here we used mini-SURFIN4.1, consisting of a short N-terminal region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region of an exported integral membrane protein SURFIN4.1. We found that mini-SURFIN4.1 forms a translocation intermediate complex with core PTEX components, EXP2, HSP101, and PTEX150. We also found that several proteins are exposed to the PV space, including Pf113, an uncharacterized PTEX-associated protein. We determined that Pf113 localizes in dense granules at the merozoite stage and on the parasite periphery after RBC invasion. Using an inducible translocon-clogged mini-SURFIN4.1, we found that a stable translocation intermediate complex forms at the parasite plasma membrane and contains EXP2 and a processed form of Pf113. These results suggest a potential role of Pf113 for the translocation step of mini-SURFIN4.1, providing further insights into the translocation mechanisms for parasite integral membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Miyazaki
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ben-Yeddy Abel Chitama
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Wataru Kagaya
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amuza Byaruhanga Lucky
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Yahata
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Morita
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Taku I, Hirai T, Makiuchi T, Shinzawa N, Iwanaga S, Annoura T, Nagamune K, Nozaki T, Saito-Nakano Y. Rab5b-Associated Arf1 GTPase Regulates Export of N-Myristoylated Adenylate Kinase 2 From the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Plasmodium falciparum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:610200. [PMID: 33604307 PMCID: PMC7884776 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.610200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum extensively remodels human erythrocytes by exporting hundreds of parasite proteins. This remodeling is closely linked to the Plasmodium virulence-related functions and immune evasion. The N-terminal export signal named PEXEL (Plasmodium export element) was identified to be important for the export of proteins beyond the PVM, however, the issue of how these PEXEL-positive proteins are transported and regulated by Rab GTPases from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cell surface has remained poorly understood. Previously, we identified new aspects of the trafficking of N-myristoylated adenylate kinase 2 (PfAK2), which lacks the PEXEL motif and is regulated by the PfRab5b GTPase. Overexpression of PfRab5b suppressed the transport of PfAK2 to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and PfAK2 was accumulated in the punctate compartment within the parasite. Here, we report the identification of PfRab5b associated proteins and dissect the pathway regulated by PfRab5b. We isolated two membrane trafficking GTPases PfArf1 and PfRab1b by coimmunoprecipitation with PfRab5b and via mass analysis. PfArf1 and PfRab1b are both colocalized with PfRab5b adjacent to the ER in the early erythrocytic stage. A super-resolution microgram of the indirect immunofluorescence assay using PfArf1 or PfRab1b- expressing parasites revealed that PfArf1 and PfRab1b are localized to different ER subdomains. We used a genetic approach to expresses an active or inactive mutant of PfArf1 that specifically inhibited the trafficking of PfAK2 to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. While expression of PfRab1b mutants did not affect in the PfAK2 transport. In contrast, the export of the PEXEL-positive protein Rifin was decreased by the expression of the inactive mutant of PfRab1b or PfArf1. These data indicate that the transport of PfAK2 and Rifin were recognized at the different ER subdomain by the two independent GTPases: PfAK2 is sorted by PfArf1 into the pathway for the PV, and the export of Rifin might be sequentially regulated by PfArf1 and PfRab1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Taku
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hirai
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Makiuchi
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Naoaki Shinzawa
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiroh Iwanaga
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Annoura
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kisaburo Nagamune
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Ozaki K, Iwasaki A, Sezawa D, Fujimura H, Nozaki T, Saito-Nakano Y, Suenaga K, Teruya T. Isolation and Total Synthesis of Mabuniamide, a Lipopeptide from an Okeania sp. Marine Cyanobacterium. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:2907-2915. [PMID: 31549837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The bioassay-guided fractionation of an Okeania sp. marine cyanobacterium collected in Okinawa led to the isolation of the lipopeptide mabuniamide (1). The gross structure of 1 was determined by spectroscopic analyses, and its absolute configuration was determined using Marfey's analysis of the acid hydrolysate of 1. The absolute configuration of 1 was confirmed by total synthesis. Mabuniamide (1) stimulated glucose uptake in cultured rat L6 myotubes. In addition, mabuniamide (1) and its stereoisomer (2) exhibited moderate antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ozaki
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science , University of the Ryukyus , 1 Senbaru , Nishihara , Okinawa 903-0213 , Japan
| | - Arihiro Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Dai Sezawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Haruka Fujimura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , 1-23-1 Toyama , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640 , Japan
| | - Kiyotake Suenaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi , Kohoku-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Toshiaki Teruya
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science , University of the Ryukyus , 1 Senbaru , Nishihara , Okinawa 903-0213 , Japan
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Chitama BYA, Miyazaki S, Zhu X, Kagaya W, Yahata K, Kaneko O. Multiple charged amino acids of Plasmodium falciparum SURFIN4.1 N-terminal region are important for efficient export to the red blood cell. Parasitol Int 2019; 71:186-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
In the progression of the life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum, a small proportion of asexual parasites differentiate into male or female sexual forms called gametocytes. Just like their asexual counterparts, gametocytes are contained within the infected host's erythrocytes (RBCs). However, unlike their asexual partners, they do not exit the RBC until they are taken up in a blood meal by a mosquito. In the mosquito midgut, they are stimulated to emerge from the RBC, undergo fertilization, and ultimately produce tens of thousands of sporozoites that are infectious to humans. This transmission cycle can be blocked by antibodies targeting proteins exposed on the parasite surface in the mosquito midgut, a process that has led to the development of candidate transmission-blocking vaccines (TBV), including some that are in clinical trials. Here we review the leading TBV antigens and highlight the ongoing search for additional gametocyte/gamete surface antigens, as well as antigens on the surfaces of gametocyte-infected erythrocytes, which can potentially become a new group of TBV candidates.
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Iwasaki A, Tadenuma T, Sumimoto S, Shiota I, Matsubara T, Saito-Nakano Y, Nozaki T, Sato T, Suenaga K. Hoshinoamides A and B, Acyclic Lipopeptides from the Marine Cyanobacterium Caldora penicillata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:2545-2552. [PMID: 30387355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hoshinoamides A (1) and B (2), new acyclic lipopeptides, were isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Caldora penicillata. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and degradation reactions. Hoshinoamides A (1) and B (2) did not exhibit any cytotoxicity against HeLa cells at 10 μM, but inhibited the in vitro growth of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 = 0.52 and 1.0 μM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arihiro Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Takato Tadenuma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Shimpe Sumimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Ikuma Shiota
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Teruhiko Matsubara
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 162-8640 , Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Toshinori Sato
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Kiyotake Suenaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , Keio University , 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku , Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
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Prediction Model for Antimalarial Activities of Hemozoin Inhibitors by Using Physicochemical Properties. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02424-17. [PMID: 29439979 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02424-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of strains of malaria parasites that are resistant to several drugs has threatened global malaria control. Hence, the aim of this study was to predict the antimalarial activity of chemical compounds that possess anti-hemozoin-formation activity as a new means of antimalarial drug discovery. After the initial in vitro anti-hemozoin-formation high-throughput screening (HTS) of 9,600 compounds, a total of 224 hit compounds were identified as hemozoin inhibitors. These 224 compounds were tested for in vitro erythrocytic antimalarial activity at 10 μM by using chloroquine-mefloquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7A. Two independent experiments were conducted. The physicochemical properties of the active compounds were extracted from the ChemSpider and SciFinder databases. We analyzed the extracted data by using Bayesian model averaging (BMA). Our findings revealed that lower numbers of S atoms; lower distribution coefficient (log D) values at pH 3, 4, and 5; and higher predicted distribution coefficient (ACD log D) values at pH 7.4 had significant associations with antimalarial activity among compounds that possess anti-hemozoin-formation activity. The BMA model revealed an accuracy of 91.23%. We report new prediction models containing physicochemical properties that shed light on effective chemical groups for synthetic antimalarial compounds and help with in silico screening for novel antimalarial drugs.
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Zhu X, He Y, Liang Y, Kaneko O, Cui L, Cao Y. Tryptophan-rich domains of Plasmodium falciparum SURFIN 4.2 and Plasmodium vivax PvSTP2 interact with membrane skeleton of red blood cell. Malar J 2017; 16:121. [PMID: 28320404 PMCID: PMC5359885 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum dramatically alters the morphology and properties of the infected red blood cells (iRBCs). A large group of exported proteins participate in these parasite-host interactions occurring at the iRBC membrane skeleton. SURFIN4.2 is one of iRBC surface protein that belongs to surface-associated interspersed protein (SURFIN) family. Although the intracellular tryptophan-rich domain (WRD) was proposed to be important for the translocation of SURFINs from Maurer’s clefts to iRBC surface, the molecular basis of this observation has yet to be defined. The WRDs of P. falciparum SURFIN proteins and their orthologous Plasmodium vivax subtelomeric transmembrane proteins (PvSTPs) show homology to the intracellular regions of PfEMP1 and Pf332, both of which are involved in RBC membrane skeleton interactions, and contribute to malaria pathology. Methods Two transfected lines expressing recombinant SURFINs (NTC-GFP and NTC-4.2WRD2-GFP) of the 3D7 sequence were generated by transfection in P. falciparum. In vitro binding assays were performed by using recombinant WRDs of SURFIN4.2/PvSTP2 and inside-out vesicles (IOVs). The interactions between the recombinant WRDs of SURFIN4.2/PvSTP2 with actin and spectrin were evaluated by the actin spin down assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based binding assays, respectively. Results The recombinant SURFINs (NTC-4.2WRD2-GFP), in which the second WRD from SURFIN4.2 was added back to NTC-GFP, show diffused pattern of fluorescence in the iRBC cytosol. Furthermore, WRDs of SURFIN4.2/PvSTP2 were found to directly interact with the IOVs of RBC, with binding affinities ranging from 0.26 to 0.68 μM, values that are comparable to other reported parasite proteins that bind to the RBC membrane skeleton. Further experiments revealed that the second WRD of SURFIN4.2 bound to F-actin (Kd = 5.16 μM) and spectrin (Kd = 0.51 μM). Conclusions Because PfEMP1 and Pf332 also bind to actin and/or spectrin, the authors propose that the interaction between WRD and RBC membrane skeleton might be a common feature of WRD-containing proteins and may be important for the translocation of these proteins from Maurer’s clefts to the iRBC surface. The findings suggest a conserved mechanism of host-parasite interactions and targeting this interaction may disrupt the iRBC surface exposure of Plasmodium virulence-related proteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1772-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yifan Liang
- 98K 73B Seven-year Programme 127306, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China. .,Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
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Ansari HR, Templeton TJ, Subudhi AK, Ramaprasad A, Tang J, Lu F, Naeem R, Hashish Y, Oguike MC, Benavente ED, Clark TG, Sutherland CJ, Barnwell JW, Culleton R, Cao J, Pain A. Genome-scale comparison of expanded gene families in Plasmodium ovale wallikeri and Plasmodium ovale curtisi with Plasmodium malariae and with other Plasmodium species. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:685-96. [PMID: 27392654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malaria in humans is caused by six species of Plasmodium parasites, of which the nuclear genome sequences for the two Plasmodium ovale spp., P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri, and Plasmodium malariae have not yet been analyzed. Here we present an analysis of the nuclear genome sequences of these three parasites, and describe gene family expansions therein. Plasmodium ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri are genetically distinct but morphologically indistinguishable and have sympatric ranges through the tropics of Africa, Asia and Oceania. Both P. ovale spp. show expansion of the surfin variant gene family, and an amplification of the Plasmodium interspersed repeat (pir) superfamily which results in an approximately 30% increase in genome size. For comparison, we have also analyzed the draft nuclear genome of P. malariae, a malaria parasite causing mild malaria symptoms with a quartan life cycle, long-term chronic infections, and wide geographic distribution. Plasmodium malariae shows only a moderate level of expansion of pir genes, and unique expansions of a highly diverged transmembrane protein family with over 550 members and the gamete P25/27 gene family. The observed diversity in the P. ovale wallikeri and P. ovale curtisi surface antigens, combined with their phylogenetic separation, supports consideration that the two parasites be given species status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hifzur Rahman Ansari
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas J Templeton
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York 10021, USA
| | - Amit Kumar Subudhi
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abhinay Ramaprasad
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianxia Tang
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Lu
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Raeece Naeem
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasmeen Hashish
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mary C Oguike
- Department of Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Diez Benavente
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taane G Clark
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Sutherland
- Department of Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Public Health England Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - John W Barnwell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA
| | - Richard Culleton
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.
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de Koning-Ward TF, Dixon MW, Tilley L, Gilson PR. Plasmodium species: master renovators of their host cells. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:494-507. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Ebine K, Hirai M, Sakaguchi M, Yahata K, Kaneko O, Saito-Nakano Y. Plasmodium Rab5b is secreted to the cytoplasmic face of the tubovesicular network in infected red blood cells together with N-acylated adenylate kinase 2. Malar J 2016; 15:323. [PMID: 27316546 PMCID: PMC4912828 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rab5 GTPase regulates membrane trafficking between the plasma membrane and endosomes and harbours a conserved C-terminal isoprenyl modification that is necessary for membrane recruitment. Plasmodium falciparum encodes three Rab5 isotypes, and one of these, Rab5b (PfRab5b), lacks the C-terminal modification but possesses the N-terminal myristoylation motif. PfRab5b was reported to localize to the parasite periphery. However, the trafficking pathway regulated by PfRab5b is unknown. METHODS A complementation analysis of Rab5 isotypes was performed in Plasmodium berghei. A constitutively active PfRab5b mutant was expressed under the regulation of a ligand-dependent destabilization domain (DD)-tag system in P. falciparum. The localization of PfRab5b was evaluated after removing the ligand followed by selective permeabilization of the membrane with different detergents. Furthermore, P. falciparum N-terminally myristoylated adenylate kinase 2 (PfAK2) was co-expressed with PfRab5b, and trafficking of PfAK2 to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane was examined by confocal microscopy. RESULTS PfRab5b complemented the function of PbRab5b, however, the conventional C-terminally isoprenylated Rab5, PbRab5a or PbRab5c, did not. The constitutively active PfRab5b mutant localized to the cytosol of the parasite and the tubovesicular network (TVN), a region that extends from the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) in infected red blood cells (iRBCs). By removing the DD-ligand, parasite cytosolic PfRab5b signal disappeared and a punctate structure adjacent to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and parasite periphery accumulated. The peripheral PfRab5b was sensitive to extracellular proteolysis after treatment with streptolysin O, which selectively permeabilizes the red blood cell plasma membrane, indicating that PfRab5b localized on the iRBC cytoplasmic face of the TVN. Transport of PfAK2 to the PVM was abrogated by overexpression of PfRab5b, and PfAK2 accumulated in the punctate structure together with PfRab5b. CONCLUSION N-myristoylated Plasmodium Rab5b plays a role that is distinct from that of conventional mammalian Rab5 isotypes. PfRab5b localizes to a compartment close to the ER, translocated to the lumen of the organelle, and co-localizes with PfAK2. PfRab5b and PfAK2 are then transported to the TVN, and PfRab5b localizes on the iRBC cytoplasmic face of TVN. These data demonstrate that PfRab5b is transported from the parasite cytosol to TVN together with N-myristoylated PfAK2 via an uncharacterized membrane-trafficking pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Ebine
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Makoto Hirai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Miako Sakaguchi
- Central Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Yahata
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Petersen W, Külzer S, Engels S, Zhang Q, Ingmundson A, Rug M, Maier AG, Przyborski JM. J-dot targeting of an exported HSP40 in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:519-25. [PMID: 27063072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum exports a large number of proteins to its host cell, the mature human erythrocyte, where they are involved in host cell modification. Amongst the proteins trafficked to the host cell, many are heat shock protein (HSP)40 homologues. We previously demonstrated that at least two exported PfHSP40s (referred to as PFE55 and PFA660) localise to mobile structures in the P. falciparum-infected erythrocyte (Kulzer et al., 2010), termed J-dots. The complete molecular content of these structures has not yet been completely resolved, however it is known that they also contain an exported HSP70, PfHSP70x, and are potentially involved in transport of the major cytoadherance ligand, PfEMP1, through the host cell. To understand more about the nature of the association of exported HSP40s with J-dots, here we have studied the signal requirements for recruitment of the proteins to these structures. By expressing various exported GFP chimeras, we can demonstrate that the predicted substrate binding domain is necessary and sufficient for J-dot targeting. This targeting only occurs in human erythrocytes infected with P. falciparum, as it is not conserved when expressing a P. falciparum HSP40 in Plasmodium berghei-infected murine red blood cells, suggesting that J-dots are P. falciparum-specific. This data reveals a new mechanism for targeting of exported proteins to intracellular structures in the P. falciparum-infected erythrocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Petersen
- Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl von Frisch Strasse 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Parasitology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Külzer
- Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl von Frisch Strasse 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Research School of Biology, 134 Linnaeus Way, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sonja Engels
- Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl von Frisch Strasse 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Qi Zhang
- Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl von Frisch Strasse 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alyssa Ingmundson
- Parasitology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Rug
- Centre for Advanced Microscopy, 131 Garran Road, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alexander G Maier
- Research School of Biology, 134 Linnaeus Way, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jude M Przyborski
- Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl von Frisch Strasse 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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Malaria Parasite Proteins and Their Role in Alteration of the Structure and Function of Red Blood Cells. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 91:1-86. [PMID: 27015947 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium spp., continues to be a major threat to human health and a significant cause of socioeconomic hardship in many countries. Almost half of the world's population live in malaria-endemic regions and many of them suffer one or more, often life-threatening episodes of malaria every year, the symptoms of which are attributable to replication of the parasite within red blood cells (RBCs). In the case of Plasmodium falciparum, the species responsible for most malaria-related deaths, parasite replication within RBCs is accompanied by striking alterations to the morphological, biochemical and biophysical properties of the host cell that are essential for the parasites' survival. To achieve this, the parasite establishes a unique and extensive protein export network in the infected RBC, dedicating at least 6% of its genome to the process. Understanding the full gamut of proteins involved in this process and the mechanisms by which P. falciparum alters the structure and function of RBCs is important both for a more complete understanding of the pathogenesis of malaria and for development of new therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat this devastating disease. This review focuses on what is currently known about exported parasite proteins, their interactions with the RBC and their likely pathophysiological consequences.
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Kagaya W, Miyazaki S, Yahata K, Ohta N, Kaneko O. The Cytoplasmic Region of Plasmodium falciparum SURFIN4.2 Is Required for Transport from Maurer's Clefts to the Red Blood Cell Surface. Trop Med Health 2015; 43:265-72. [PMID: 26865830 PMCID: PMC4689606 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2015-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, exports many proteins to the surface of the infected red blood cell (iRBC) in order to modify it toward a structure more suitable for parasite development and survival. One such exported protein, SURFIN4.2, from the parasite of human malignant malaria, P. falciparum, was identified in the trypsin-cleaved protein fraction from the iRBC surface, and is thereby inferred to be exposed on the iRBC surface. SURFIN4.2 also localize to Maurer’s clefts—parasite-derived membranous structures established in the RBC cytoplasm and tethered to the RBC membrane—and their role in trafficking suggests that they are a pathway for SURFIN4.2 transport to the iRBC surface. It has not been determined the participation of protein domains and motifs within SURFIN4.2 in transport from Maurer’s clefts to the iRBC surface; and herein we examined if the SURFIN4.2 intracellular region containing tryptophan-rich (WR) domain is required for its exposure on the iRBC surface. Results: We generated two transgenic parasite lines which express modified SURFIN4.2, with or without a part of the intracellular region. Both recombinant SURFIN4.2 proteins were exported to Maurer’s clefts. However, only SURFIN4.2 possessing the intracellular region was efficiently cleaved by surface treatment of iRBC with proteinase K. Conclusions: These results indicate that SURFIN4.2 is exposed on the iRBC surface and that the intracellular region containing WR domain plays a role on the transport from Maurer’s clefts to the iRBC membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kagaya
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan; Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shinya Miyazaki
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University , Nagasaki, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Yahata
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University , Nagasaki, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University , Nagasaki, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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16
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Desgrouas C, Chapus C, Desplans J, Travaille C, Pascual A, Baghdikian B, Ollivier E, Parzy D, Taudon N. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of cepharanthine. Malar J 2014; 13:327. [PMID: 25145413 PMCID: PMC4152577 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New classes of anti-malarial drugs are needed to control the alarming Plasmodium falciparum resistance toward current anti-malarial therapy. The ethnopharmacological approach allows the discovery of original chemical structures from the vegetable biodiversity. Previous studies led to the selection of a bisbenzylisoquinoline, called cepharanthine and isolated from a Cambodian plant: Stephania rotunda. Cepharanthine could exert a mechanism of action different from commonly used drugs. Potential plasmodial targets are reported here. METHODS To study the mechanism of action of cepharanthine, a combined approach using phenotypic and transcriptomic techniques was undertaken. RESULTS Cepharanthine blocked P. falciparum development in ring stage. On a culture of synchronized ring stage, the comparisons of expression profiles showed that the samples treated with 5 μM of cepharanthine (IC90) were significantly closer to the initial controls than to the final ones. After a two-way ANOVA (p-value < 0.05) on the microarray results, 1,141 probes among 9,722 presented a significant differential expression.A gene ontology analysis showed that the Maurer's clefts seem particularly down-regulated by cepharanthine. The analysis of metabolic pathways showed an impact on cell-cell interactions (cytoadherence and rosetting), glycolysis and isoprenoid pathways. Organellar functions, more particularly constituted by apicoplast and mitochondrion, are targeted too. CONCLUSION The blockage at the ring stage by cepharanthine is described for the first time. Transcriptomic approach confirmed that cepharanthine might have a potential innovative antiplasmodial mechanism of action. Thus, cepharanthine might play an ongoing role in the progress on anti-malarial drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Desgrouas
- />UMR-MD3, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Bd Jean Moulin CS30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5, Marseille, France
| | - Charles Chapus
- />UMR-MD3, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Jérôme Desplans
- />UMR-MD3, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Bd Jean Moulin CS30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5, Marseille, France
| | - Christelle Travaille
- />Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, CNRS URA2581 and Parasitology Department, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Pascual
- />Département d’Infectiologie de Terrain, Unité de Parasitologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Béatrice Baghdikian
- />UMR-MD3, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Ethnopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Bd Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, Marseille, France
| | - Evelyne Ollivier
- />UMR-MD3, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Ethnopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Bd Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Parzy
- />UMR-MD3, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Bd Jean Moulin CS30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Taudon
- />UMR-MD3, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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Prajapati SK, Culleton R, Singh OP. Protein trafficking in Plasmodium falciparum-infected red cells and impact of the expansion of exported protein families. Parasitology 2014; 141:1-11. [PMID: 25076418 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Erythrocytes are extensively remodelled by the malaria parasite following invasion of the cell. Plasmodium falciparum encodes numerous virulence-associated and host-cell remodelling proteins that are trafficked to the cytoplasm, the cell membrane and the surface of the infected erythrocyte. The export of soluble proteins relies on a sequence directing entry into the secretory pathways in addition to an export signal. The export signal consisting of five amino acids is termed the Plasmodium export element (PEXEL) or the vacuole transport signal (VTS). Genome mining studies have revealed that PEXEL/VTS carrying protein families have expanded dramatically in P. falciparum compared with other malaria parasite species, possibly due to lineage-specific expansion linked to the unique requirements of P. falciparum for host-cell remodelling. The functional characterization of such genes and gene families may reveal potential drug targets that could inhibit protein trafficking in infected erythrocytes. This review highlights some of the recent advances and key knowledge gaps in protein trafficking pathways in P. falciparum-infected red cells and speculates on the impact of exported gene families in the trafficking pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra K Prajapati
- Molecular Biology Division,National Institute of Malaria Research,New Delhi,India
| | - Richard Culleton
- Malaria Unit,Institute for Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University,Nagasaki,Japan
| | - Om P Singh
- Molecular Biology Division,National Institute of Malaria Research,New Delhi,India
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Analysis of antibodies to newly described Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens supports MSPDBL2 as a predicted target of naturally acquired immunity. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3835-42. [PMID: 23897617 PMCID: PMC3811751 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00301-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective studies continue to identify malaria parasite genes with particular patterns of polymorphism which indicate they may be under immune selection, and the encoded proteins require investigation. Sixteen new recombinant protein reagents were designed to characterize three such polymorphic proteins expressed in Plasmodium falciparum schizonts and merozoites: MSPDBL1 (also termed MSP3.4) and MSPDBL2 (MSP3.8), which possess Duffy binding-like (DBL) domains, and SURFIN4.2, encoded by a member of the surface-associated interspersed (surf) multigene family. After testing the antigenicities of these reagents by murine immunization and parasite immunofluorescence, we analyzed naturally acquired antibody responses to the antigens in two cohorts in coastal Kenya in which the parasite was endemic (Chonyi [n = 497] and Ngerenya [n = 461]). As expected, the prevalence and levels of serum antibodies increased with age. We then investigated correlations with subsequent risk of clinical malaria among children <11 years of age during 6 months follow-up surveillance. Antibodies to the polymorphic central region of MSPDBL2 were associated with reduced risk of malaria in both cohorts, with statistical significance remaining for the 3D7 allelic type after adjustment for individuals' ages in years and antibody reactivity to whole-schizont extract (Chonyi, risk ratio, 0.51, and 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28 to 0.93; Ngerenya, risk ratio, 0.38, and 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.82). For the MSPDBL1 Palo Alto allelic-type antigen, there was a protective association in one cohort (Ngerenya, risk ratio, 0.53, and 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.89), whereas the other antigens showed no protective associations after adjustment. These findings support the prediction that antibodies to the polymorphic region of MSPDBL2 contribute to protective immunity.
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The N-terminal segment of Plasmodium falciparum SURFIN4.1 is required for its trafficking to the red blood cell cytosol through the endoplasmic reticulum. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:215-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sakura T, Yahata K, Kaneko O. The upstream sequence segment of the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain is required for microneme trafficking of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte binding antigen 175. Parasitol Int 2012; 62:157-64. [PMID: 23268338 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocyte invasion is a critical step for survival of Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, in their host and recognition of the host cell receptors by Plasmodium erythrocyte-binding-like (EBL) proteins plays an important role. Although EBL subcellular localization was shown to be closely linked to parasite virulence in the rodent model of malaria, the trafficking of EBL to micronemes, the secretory organelle in the invasive parasite is not fully understood. In this study, we assessed the impact of the deletion and amino acid replacement of Plasmodium falciparum EBL (EBA-175) using transgenic P. falciparum lines expressing modified EBA-175. We found that, in addition to a signal peptide and a cysteine rich region (region 6) to the cytoplasmic tail, a previously unrecognized sequence segment in region 5 was required for correct microneme trafficking of EBA-175. Replacement of Arg or Phe residues in this segment altered microneme trafficking, suggesting that the sequence itself contained critical information. Based on these findings, we propose that the sequence segment in region 5 is also required for the recognition of EBA-175 by the trafficking machinery to direct this protein to the microneme. Our results provide key information to clarify an as yet unidentified EBA-175 trafficking mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Sakura
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Global COE Program, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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Deponte M, Hoppe HC, Lee MC, Maier AG, Richard D, Rug M, Spielmann T, Przyborski JM. Wherever I may roam: Protein and membrane trafficking in P. falciparum-infected red blood cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 186:95-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Choveaux DL, Przyborski JM, Goldring JPD. A Plasmodium falciparum copper-binding membrane protein with copper transport motifs. Malar J 2012. [PMID: 23190769 PMCID: PMC3528452 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Copper is an essential catalytic co-factor for metabolically important cellular enzymes, such as cytochrome-c oxidase. Eukaryotic cells acquire copper through a copper transport protein and distribute intracellular copper using molecular chaperones. The copper chelator, neocuproine, inhibits Plasmodium falciparum ring-to-trophozoite transition in vitro, indicating a copper requirement for malaria parasite development. How the malaria parasite acquires or secretes copper still remains to be fully elucidated. Methods PlasmoDB was searched for sequences corresponding to candidate P. falciparum copper-requiring proteins. The amino terminal domain of a putative P. falciparum copper transport protein was cloned and expressed as a maltose binding fusion protein. The copper binding ability of this protein was examined. Copper transport protein-specific anti-peptide antibodies were generated in chickens and used to establish native protein localization in P. falciparum parasites by immunofluorescence microscopy. Results Six P. falciparum copper-requiring protein orthologs and a candidate P. falciparum copper transport protein (PF14_0369), containing characteristic copper transport protein features, were identified in PlasmoDB. The recombinant amino terminal domain of the transport protein bound reduced copper in vitro and within Escherichia coli cells during recombinant expression. Immunolocalization studies tracked the copper binding protein translocating from the erythrocyte plasma membrane in early ring stage to a parasite membrane as the parasites developed to schizonts. The protein appears to be a PEXEL-negative membrane protein. Conclusion Plasmodium falciparum parasites express a native protein with copper transporter characteristics that binds copper in vitro. Localization of the protein to the erythrocyte and parasite plasma membranes could provide a mechanism for the delivery of novel anti-malarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Choveaux
- Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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